TEST 1 WO pro, 1, and 2

Prime Meridian

0 degrees longitude

Which of the following are true regarding a great circle? 3

1. great circle connecting any two points on Earth's surface defines the shortest distance between them. 2. All longitude lines form great circles. 3. They include any circle on Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center.

big bang was

13.8 billion years ago

There are --- degrees of longitude east and west of the prime meridian to the international date line.

180

There are ----- degrees of longitude east and west of the prime meridian to the international date line.

180

chronometer

18th century instrument for measuring time very accurately

Tropic of Cancer

23.5 degrees North

Tropic of Capricorn 1.4

23.5 degrees south

The hypsographic curve indicates that only ______ percent of Earth's surface is above sea level.

29

The lunar month, whereby the Moon passes through all four phases, takes ______ days.

29 1/2

The oldest sedimentary rocks on earth are

3.9 billion years old

How old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

How long ago did vertabraes come around?

500 million years ago

Its latitude is ______ degrees north.

90

galaxy

A clump/collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity

nuclear fission

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

Cenzoic

Age of mammals

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

shallowest ocean

Arctic Ocean

How did the oceans form?

As a result from volcanic activity bringing water from earths interior to the surface or other space sources

paleozoic era 6 parts

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Cenozoic Era book

Earliest hominids

Which of the following processes added heat to early Earth? 2

Early Earth was bombarded by particles of all sizes, and some of that energy was converted to heat on impact. The growing layers of accumulated material resulted in the energy of compression being converted to heat.

Paleozoic Era book

First fish and first reptiles

Mezozoic Era book

First mammals and first dinosaurs

The four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic, make up ______ time.

Geologic

the process by which stars create elements that can have a greater atomic weight than lithium.

Nuclear fusion

Rank the following water reservoirs from longest residence time at the top to shortest residence time at the bottom.

Ocean,Large Lake,Pond,Atmosphere

What do the positions of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles at 66.5°N and 66.5°S, respectively, represent?

On the summer solstice, the Sun does not set above the Arctic Circle and does not rise above the Antarctic Circle.

largest ocean on earth

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following are necessary in order for you to find your position on Earth using GPS? 2

Precise measurements of distance between a receiver and four satellites Satellites to transmit a unique digital code to a ground receiver

central line of longitude

Prime Meridian

Which of the following geologic timescale periods are part of the Cenozoic or "Age of Mammals"?

Quaternary

the - ocean is the newest ocean

Southern

Summer Solstice

The Sun stands above the Tropic of Cancer.

Winter Solstice

The Sun stands above the Tropic of Capricorn

residence time

The average time a given particle will stay in a given system

Sublimation

The conversion of ice directly to water vapor

hydrologic cycle

The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff

Is equatorial radius or polar radius greater

The equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius.

What is the primary force that causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius?

The force of rotation causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius.

great circle

The intersection of a sphere and a plane that contains the center of the sphere

During the first few hundred million years after Earth was formed, its interior reached the melting point of iron and nickel. How did this process lead to even hotter temperatures occurring in Earth's interior?

The iron and nickel melted and migrated toward the center of the planet, and frictional heat was generated.

Transpiration

The release of water to the atmosphere by plants

Autumnal and Vernal Equinox

The sun stands above the equator

Greenwich Mean Time

The time in that time zone ecompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

Which of the following are types of evidence that support the presence of oceans on two of Jupiter's moons?

There are induced magnetic fields around both moons, indicating that they both consist partly of strongly conducting material, such as seawater. The surfaces of the moons are ice covered, but heat is generated by friction from Jupiter's strong gravitational force.

If Earth's axis were not tilted, what would happen to the seasons?

There would be no perceived seasons on Earth and global day lengths and temperatures would be uniform.

dark matter

This is thought to make up about 24% of all energy in the universe and does not interact with light.

normal matter

This kind of matter is found in atoms and the world around us, making up only about 5% of the energy in the universe.

Mesozoic 3 parts

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

The hydrologic cycle involves

a constant movement of water into and out of reservoirs

Any circle at Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center is called

a great circle

nuclear fusion

a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

arc length

a portion of the circumference of a circle

nautical mile

a unit of length that is approximately 6076 feet

Earth did not form into a perfect spherical shape because

as it rotates, the forces of rotation and gravity cause the equator to bulge outward

In the eighteenth century, a ______ was used to help determine longitude more precisely on ships.

chronometer

Galaxies are generally found in groups called

clusters

The most probable (original) sources of the water in Earth's ocean are ______ 2

continual addition of water from outer space Earth's mantle, some of which is brought to the surface through volcanic activity

This is thought to make up about 71% of all energy in the universe and to be causing the expansion of the universe. This is thought to make up about 71% of all energy in the universe and to be causing the expansion of the universe.

dark energy

Latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

A sidereal day is about ______ than the mean solar day.

four minutes shorter

A ______ is the time over which one-half of the atoms of a radioactive isotope decay.

half life

Using the North Star to Determine Latitude

has been possible for the past 1000 years will not work forever because Earth's axis of rotation changes slowly over time

The amount of water in glaciers ----during an Ice Age with a subsequent ------ in water level in the oceans.

increased,decreased

The 180 degree longitude line approximates the

international date line

a star chart determines

latitude

The mesozic era began and ended with...

mass extinction events

Mesozoic Era

middle life (245-144 million years ago); rise of mammals and dinosaurs; the rise of birds; extinction of dinosaurs, rise of flowering plants

A(n) _____ is equal to one minute of arc length of latitude or longitude at the equator.

nautical mile

most of the worlds landmasses are located in the

northern hemisphere

Stars create heavier elements through the process of

nuclear fusion

A light-year is equal to the distance light travels in

one year

The most important gaseous element to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, which had to await the evolution of photosynthesis in order to exceed its loss to space, is

oxygen

We use isotopes to determine the ------ age of a rock unit. This also helped us determine the age of Earth.

radiometric

Earth did not form a perfect sphere because it -------- on its axis.

rotated

The force of ---- causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius.

rotation

THE GPS system uses uses a group of ----- as reference points for calculating positions on Earth's surface with an accuracy of a few meters.

satelittes

hypsographic curve

shows relationship between height of land and depth of ocean

Major changes after the big bang to earth

temperature and size

The central line of latitude is...

the equator,

zenith

the highest point; peak

eon

the largest division of geologic time

It is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's longitude line because

the longitude line rotates with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours

Two potential sources of water on Earth include

the mantle and continual addition from outer space by icy comets.

Which of the following reservoirs would likely show a marked increase decades after an ice age (during a warming period)?

the ocean

Paleozoic Era

the oldest era - immediately after Precambrian; organisms developed hard parts. the part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant

radiometric dating

the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

sidereal day

the time needed between successive risings of a given star

The North Pole is located one-quarter of a circle in degrees latitude from the equator t or f

true

The Phoenix Probe landed on Mars and collected soil and ice samples that confirmed the presence of water on Mars true or false

true

artic is N Antartic is S true or false

true

Latitude can be calculated by measuring

your angle in reference to the bright star, Polaris

A--- is the point of highest elevation above a reference longitude.

zenith

the three major oceans are

Indian, Atlantic, Pacific

The hypsographic curve compares

Land and water elevation relationships

Cenzoic two periods

Neogene and Quaternary