Test 2

Olympic Movement: Olympism

"a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will, and mind" Conceived by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, on whose initiative led to the International Athletic Conference of Paris on June 23, 1894 There the IOC was constituted as the supreme authority of the Olympic Movement The Games provide a space where countries from around the world can unite through a shared interest in festival and sport

Franchise Ownership

- Initially sport team ownership was a hobby for the wealthy; teams operated as "Mom and Pop" businesses - Focus of owners today is on running team like a business rather than a hobby - Most ownership groups today are diversified because of the costs of purchasing and operating a team: -- Exception is the NFL: Family or individual ownership is still the norm because of enhanced degree of revenue sharing

Paralympic Games

- not governed or funded by IOC, challenge to raise money to cover operating cost FIRST: 1960 Rome - wide variety of athletes

John Montgomery Ward

1885; established first players association to fight reserve system, salary caps, and practice of selling players without the players' receiving a share of profits, negotiate wage-benefits-rights with owners

Ownership Rules

-Permission to own sports franchise granted by ownership committee of league -League imposes restrictions on ownership, including limit on number of franchise rights granted (number of teams) and restriction on franchise location -League may also impose eligibility restrictions for franchise ownership (NFL bans corporate and public ownership) -Franchise and territorial rights are granted with ownership -issue of cross-ownership

How do you create an effective cod of conduct?

1. Codes should be based on a few overriding principles that can be used to deal with a variety of ethical dilemma faced by members of the organization. 2. Codes should clearly state to whom they apply; if codes are to be influential, leadership and membership within the organization must accept and be willing to adhere to the prescribed standards 3. Codes should contain consequences for violations

Jacobs (1992) said there are two types of work

1. Commercial- moral rules have their roots in the rules of the marketplace and guide activities such as sales and marketing (honesty necessary) 2. Non commercial- moral values guide other occupations (accountants, police, athletes, officials, coaches) loyalty is the most important Innovation is admired in commercial, tradition admired in non commercial

Ethical Decision Making Process

1. Identify the correct problem to be solved 2. Gather all the pertinent information 3. Explore codes of conduct relevant to your profession or to this particular dilemma. 4. Examine your own personal values and beliefs. 5. Consult with your peers or other individuals in the industry who may have experience in similar situations. 6. List your options 7. Look for a "win-win" situation if at all possible 8. Ask yourself "how would my family feel if my decision and how I arrived as my decision were printed in the newspaper tomorrow?" 9. Sleep on it. 10. Make your best decision, knowing it may not be perfect. 11. Evaluate your decision

To be effective, discipline must meet two criteria

1. It must be meaningful 2. It must be enforceable

3 key structure components of NFHS

1. National Council- legislative body, 1 rep from each state 2. Board of Directors- 12 members elected 3. Administrative Staff- Robert Gardner

Self-examinations are effective tools to:

1. Remind people of the ethical actions 2. Express institutional concern for ethical issues Can be performed on a personal and/or organizational level

Josephson's Six Pillars of Character

1. Trustworthiness (includes honesty, integrity, reliability, and loyalty) 2. Respect (includes civility, courtesy, and decency; dignity and autonomy; and tolerance and acceptance) 3. Responsibility (includes accountability, pursuit of excellence, and self-restraint) 4. Fairness (includes process, impartiality, and equity) 5. Caring (the "heart" of ethics) 6. Citizenship (includes civic virtues and duties)

What are the 6 primary units of the NCAA?

1. administrative services 2. championships and alliances 3.communications 4. NCAA eligibility center 5. membership and student athlete affairs 6. enforcement

Pro Sport Leagues' International Focus

1. broadcasting 2. licensing and merchandising 3. playing exhibition games and regular season games 4. cultivating participation in sports throughout each country (grassroots efforts) 5. placing teams in international markets

What is the motivation for realigning conferences?

1. increased revenue of conference television contracts 2. football bowl payouts in the BCS games 3. Conference revenue sharing from new TV networks

When and where was the first intercollegiate athletic event?

1852: Crew race between Harvard and Yale Sponsored by Boston, Concord, and Montreal RR Co.

Gunnery School, Washington, CT

1859 first school to feature games against outside competition Frederick Gunn

William Wood

1864 hired by Yale Crew team as the first professional coach

History of Professional Sport

1869: First professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings 1876: North America's first professional sport league, the National League, emerged - Included bylaws for limits on franchise movement, club territorial rights, and mechanism for expulsion of a club Self Governance vs corporate governance models: - Owners act as the board of directors, and the commissioner acts as the chief executive officer

First intercollegiate football game

1869; Rutgers and Princeton (R won)

When was the first women's college basketball game?

1896; Cal vs. Stanford (predominant theme of women's involvement in athletics was participation)

Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States(IAAUS)

1905; was formed in response to severe injuries, to make football safer to play (MacCracken) Union College and NYU; Harold Moore died of cerebral hemorrhage and Mccracken said no more 1912- IAAUS changed its name to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Individual Pro Sports: PGA

1916: Birth of PGA - Objectives are to grow golf interest, elevate standards of golf professionals, establish a relief fund, and hold meetings and tournaments • 1968: PGA tournament players broke away from the larger membership to form a Tournament Players Division (1975: renamed PGA Tour) • For six decades, players had to qualify annually for the PGA Tour through a grueling qualifying tournament known as Q-School, unless they earned an exemption by winning a tournament or one of the four majors. • Current players must qualify annually for the PGA Tour based on their prior year's performance on the Tour or by moving up through the ranks on the Web.com Tour

The Commissioner

1920: First commissioner of a pro sport league - MLB's Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis • League constitution and bylaws set forth commissioner's powers - Granted authority to investigate and impose penalties when individuals are suspected of acting against the best interests of the game • Players' associations have used collective bargaining to limit commissioner's powers. - Owners have also challenged commissioner in court, but rulings usually upheld

MLBPA

1952; formed, dominated by management, negotiations limited to pensions and insurance

NHL union

1957; they tried to unionize but NHL owners humiliated, threatened, traded, and/or released players for involvement in players organizing efforts

What was the first gov organization for women sport?

1966; Created the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (CIAW) 1971: Became Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)

Marvin Miller

1966; organized players as true labor union by convincing all players that each of them was essential to game revenues convinced players to fund players' association by giving their group licensing rights to the union from which the union would operate and give remaining funds back to players in pro-rata shares

Was the integrity of higher education being threatened by college athletics?

1989: Harris poll found that 78% of Americans thought collegiate athletics were out of hand 1989: Knight Commission formed, prompting NCAA membership to pass numerous rules and regulations regarding recruiting activities, academic standards, and financial practices (composed of university presidents, CEOs, and congress rep)

American Athletic Conference

2013 formed with no football

Case Study: Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando, Florida

255 acre complex hosts more than 350 amateur and pro sports in 60 different sports

2010 Pac-10 and Big 12 conference expansion

4 large institutions changed conferences Nebraska from Big 12 to Big 10 Colorado from Big 12 to Pac 10 Utah from Mountain West to Pac 10 Boise State from Western Athletic Conference to Mountain West WAC discontinued football as sponsored sport after 2012-2013 season

Conference Realignment

A school wanting to join a conference or change conference affiliation. An issue that occurs periodically, effectively changing the landscape of college athletics.

Introduction to College Athletics

A significant segment of the sport industry over 450,000 student-athletes at all levels increased number of corporate partnerships enhanced value of broadcasting rights contracts increased number of international students licensed merchandise can be found globally conference realignment and expansion emergence of conference and team TV networks

Absolutism vs relativism

Absolutism- moral precepts are universal; applicable to all circumstances Relativism-what is moral depends on the situation Making moral decisions in the practical world of work falls between the 2 extremes

Key Concepts:Legal Issues and Contract Law

All players sign a standard player contract particular to each league. • Commissioner of league can refuse to approve player's contract if he or she believes it violates league rule or policy. • Disputes may occur over which team retains rights to a particular player, and such disputes may lead to legal battles between teams and players of different countries.

Intercollegiate Football Association

An athletic association formed in 1876 and made up of students from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia who agreed on consistent playing and eligibility rules for football.

Big Ten Conference

An athletic conference formed in 1895 by college and university faculty representatives (under the name Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives) to create student eligibility rules for football. The athletic conference has a 100-year tradition of shared practices and policies that enforce the priority of academics and emphasize the values of integrity, fairness, and competitiveness in all aspects of its student-athletes' lives.

Phillips Exeter Academy

Appointed first faculty member as a director of athletics

The "Powers" of the Commissioner

Approval of player contracts • Resolution of disputes between players and clubs • Resolution of disputes between clubs • Resolution of disputes between player or club and the league • Disciplinary matters involving owners, clubs, players, and other personnel • Rule-making authority

Olympic History

Began in 1896 in Athens, Greece Prior to the 1980s focused on amateur sport, dropped for 1992 Barcelona Games Returned to Athens in 2004 Now includes 200+ nations, 300+ events, billions of viewers worldwide

What is the most valuable college athletic conference?

Big Ten 250 million in TV revenue

What is the governing body of each division?

Board of Directors (Division I) and leadership and legislative council Presidents Council (Divisions II and III) and a management council

Corporate Involvement in International Sport

Can be grouped in two categories 1. Efforts by manufacturers of sport-related products, such as athletic shoes, athletic equipment, and sport drinks (nike, brazil football team) 2. Efforts by nonsport-related companies that sponsor international sporting events, teams, and athletes to gain name recognition and thus sell their products in new global markets (coca cola IOC)

roster management

Capping the roster sizes for men's teams in an effort to comply with Title IX gender equity provisions

Who founded the Little League?

Carl Stotz of Williamsport, Penn in 1939

Ethical Issues in Youth Sport

Coaches as sexual predators (increased incidents, new safety policies implemented aka Jerry Sandusky) Drug Use more prevalent in youth sports Gender equity (suburban rates equal, urban rates behind only 36% female)

Incorporating what helps ensure that sport managers and employees make the right decisions?

Codes of ethics, self-examinations, forums for moral disclosure, and statements of consequences for ethical violations

Key Skills: forum or moral disclosure

Communication is critical to decreasing corruption and resolving ethical dilemmas Employees should be encouraged to get together to discuss where and how they face specific problems The process takes pressure off individuals and clarifies issues at stake Decisions should be reviewed only after they have been made

Global Strategy: Global Brand

Cooper suggests the five following strategies: 1. Build a strong consistent brand culture. 2. Be borderless in your marketing. 3. Build yourself an internal hub. 4. Adopt a "global" structure. 5. Make customers your co-creators.

Globalization Of Sports

Corporations have begun to adopt a global strategy in selling their products technological advances and increased accessibility of technology worldwide has been major driving factors in the globalization of sport largely influenced by countries with dominance over worldwide media, leading to high-profile sports receiving greater media exposure; however globalization is not dependent on media alone (products)

Marketing and Participation Youth Sports

Corporations use youth sports to increase profit expanding of opportunities draws more students (new sports and activities like bass fishing, home school student policy, high school partnership in Colorado with the Special Olympics)

Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Rep.

Dangerous nature of football pushed faculty and admin to get involved in governing intercollegiate athletics

Situational absolutes

Describe the hybrid approach of using absolutism and relativism

Career Opportunities in College Sport

Division 1: Athletic Departments usually employ a large number of associate and assistant athletic directors with specialized responsibilities (athletic director more like CEO) Division III: Athletic directors wear many "hats" Coaches are usually part-time of if full time have other admin responsibilities Business manager, media relations director, ticket sales manager, director of marketing, sport programs admin, facilities and event coordinator, academic affairs director

NCAA Conferences

Division I member conferences must have a minimum of seven institutions in a single division to be recognized as voting member conference have their own compliance director and run seminars regarding NCAA rules and regulations Sponsor championships in at least 12 sports sponsored by member institutions in the conference May also provide revenue sharing program to their member institutions (Big Ten 25 mil per team)

Carnegie Reports of 1929

Documents by the Carnegie Foundation that examined intercollegiate athletics and identified many academic abuses, recruiting abuses, payments to student-athletes, and commercialization of athletics. These reports pressured the NCAA to evolve from a group that developed rules for competition into an organization for overseeing all aspects of intercollegiate athletics.

Key Skills: Consequences

Employees need to know there are consequences for immoral behavior If people understand that corruption comes with certain risks, they are less likely to engage in immoral acts Making consequences clearly understood can eliminate poor judgement

Continuous Concerns College Sports

Escalating costs of fielding athletic teams recruiting violations academic abuses and fraud behavioral problems of athletes and coaches commercialization and exploitation of student athletes financial gap between athletic departments in the same NCAA division: the "haves" vs. the "have-nots"

Ed O'Bannon

Filed a lawsuit to the NCAA behalf of its division 1 football and men's basketball players over the organization's use for commercial purposes of the images of its former athletes

National Youth League Organizations

Focus administrative efforts on promoting participation in a particular sports among children (Little League) Requires strict adherence to administrative guidelines; standardized field size; use of uniforms and a draft system; promote adult supervision and safe play

Top 5 boys sport

Football Track Basketball Baseball Soccer

Areas of growth in college sport

Fund development- increase in importance as athletic departments want to increase revenue, oversee alumni donations to the department and oversee fundraising events Student athlete services- addresses the academic concerns and welfare of student athletes Compliance- adherence to NCAA and conference rules and regulations works closely with coaches to make sure they know the rules

Olympic Movement: International Olympic Committee

Governmental, nonprofit organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland promote Olympism in accordance with Olympic Charter IOC has the final authority on all questions concerning to Games and the Movement

St. Paul School, Concord, NH

Hired first full time faculty member to coach team sports in 1878

Current Issues: Drug Testing and HGH

Human growth hormone (HGH) testing in professional sport has become a significant issue. - The four major leagues have adopted drug testing policies and have adopted the penalties noted in Table 10-5. • The question will be how the leagues manage HGH, which has still to be addressed. • Case Study: MLB and Alex Rodriguez

How many members does each division have?

I-340 II-290 III-436

Boston-area schools formed

Inter scholastic Football Association in 1888

Labor Relations Pro Sport

Labor relations did not play major role in professional sports until the late 1960s, when growing fan interest and increased TV and sponsorship revenues transformed leagues. • Once players unionize, collective bargaining must occur before league management can change hours, wages, or terms and conditions of employment. With a players union in place, a league can negotiate acceptance for restrictive practices with players' association. - Practices that on their own might violate antitrust laws • When the collective bargaining process reaches an impasse (a breakdown in negotiations), the players can go on strike or owners can "lock out" players. • Strikes and lockouts are far more disruptive in professional sports than in other industries because of the lack of replacement players (employees). • Leagues encourage unions because labor exemptions can be used to implement restrictive policies.

Career Opportunities:Pro Sport

League Office - Hundreds of employees in a range of functional areas - Necessary skills: Vary with position, yet a few universal skills include working knowledge of given sport, teams, and industry; good customer relation skills; willingness to work long hours • Team Front Office - General Manager: (Traditionally former player or coach) - Entry level tends to be in sales, marketing, community relations, and media/public relations with low starting salaries. • Tour Personnel - Tours such as PGA and ATP employ many sport managers. - Much of event management work for site operations of tour events; however, it is often left to outside sport agency.

Key Concepts: League Revenues

League revenues derive from: - National TV and radio contracts - League wide licensing - League wide sponsorship programs • Local revenues kept by local teams: - Local broadcasting -media contracts - Gate receipts - Preferred seating sales - Other forms of stadium revenues - Creates competitive balance

League Structure

Leagues are structured as an umbrella organization for franchises to cooperate in business while competing on playing field Trend for emerging leagues to be established as single entities to avoid antitrust liability and to create centralized fiscal control (e.g., MLS, WNBA). MLS challenged in court - WNBA moved to standard league structure

What are two of the more prominent NCAA administrative areas?

Legislation and governance Academics Enforcement oversees violations, imposes penalties

Five Major North American Men's Leagues

MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA, MLS

Morality vs. the Law

Many moral values in society are codified in laws For example, theft is not only immoral, but also against the law Moral behavior cannot always be legislated, and people cannot be forced to act morally.

Morality and Multiple Roles

Moral decisions are complicated by the fact that moral principles are often applied and valued differently in different social contexts The process of making a moral choice of deciding what is right and wrong, involves understanding the parameters of acceptable behavior with thin the context of ones multiple roles in society

Where were athletics incorporated into school curricula?

NY, Illinois, Wisconsin John Dewey theories

NCAA

National Collegiate Athletic Association is the primary governing body of intercollegiate athletics in the U.S. voluntary association (more that 1250 institutions, conferences, organizations, and related associations)

NJCAA

National Junior College Athletic Association -- association for two-year colleges founded in 1937, current membership is approx 500

Career Opportunities Nationally

National Office of NCAA, NJCAA, NAIA Individual NCAA member conference offices

International Federations IFs

Nongovernmental, international governing bodies recognized by the IOC to administer one or more sports at the world level and encomopassing organizations administering sports at the national level Each IF sanctions international competitions and establishes its own eligibility rules for the sport it governs (FIFA)

1838 Horace Mann

Noted that urbanized U.S. children at risk for physical deterioration

Morality and Corruption

One of the biggest distinctions between moral decision making and other ethical decisions is the extensive ramifications of immoral choices An immoral decision can lead to a systematic corruption that can destroy a sport enterprise 1980 Marathon Rosie Ruiz

Private schools and sports

Private schools and their students copied English boarding school model: "muscular Christianity" They were the first to provide athletic participation

International Sport Intro

Sports is increasing in interaction and expansion across international borders globalization does not mean americanization-scope of international sport much wider club system much more common outside of US

Key Skills: Self-Examinations

One way to promote moral reasoning is to ask employees to think about hypothetical ethical dilemmas, or conduct self examinations of current or past decisions or actions

What does ethical reasoning depend on?

Our values or the values of the organizations for which we work and reflects how we believe people should behave and how we want our world to operate

Key Concepts: Franchise Values and Revenue Generation

Owners diversify investments to protect against risk that a franchise will lose a great deal of money. • Currently, franchise values for major league clubs are in the hundreds of millions of dollars, with the most lucrative reaching into the billions. • Franchise free agency—'stadium games': (Example Los Angeles) - Team owners threaten to move teams if their demands for new stadiums, renovations to existing stadiums, or better lease agreements are not met. Example of revenue generation: Boston Red Sox, who are maximizing revenue potential in every inch of Fenway Park (plus Fenway Sports Group) • Large vs. small-market dichotomy created by the disparity in local broadcast revenues in MLB - Forcing some teams (Oakland A's) to focus on efficiency and use a system that uses less common statistics, wise drafting, and drafting of players who are "signable" • Labor stability = Cost stability (NFL is example) - Challenge: Long-term CBA creates stability

Franchise Ownership Issues

Owners trying to recoup initial investment in club and make more money on their franchises - A growing trend is for owners to challenge league control over shared revenue streams. • Some owners clamoring for local control over marketing revenues using logos, trademarks, and sponsorship - Examples: Dallas Cowboys and NY Yankees • Or working to maximize revenues - Examples: Boston Red Sox and Fenway Sports Group

Playing exhibition or regular season games

People in different countries can witness the sport live NFL playing games in European countries MLB has opening day in Japan every year NBA has played exhibition games overseas since 1988

Moral reasoning and work

People never hold only one position in society and therefore, cannot simply adopt one set of moral guidelines Managers have to assess their responsibilities and choose virtues to help them to complete their work fairly and morally

Introduction to Pro Sport

Pro sports are events and exhibitions where athletes compete individually or on teams and perform for pay Major international business gross billions of dollars each year through media rights, gate receipts, luxury seating, sponsorship, and properties. Drafting more international players, the sale of licensed merchandise, and providing online services has catapulted professional sports leagues into new markets.

Governance: State Associations

Replicate NFHS model organize state championships and competitions in athletics and activities (non profit) final authority in determining athlete eligibility (UIL)

Governance: State direct Associations

Replicate state NFHS model Organize championships

What was the first school in the U.S. to devote time to physical education? Where was the school?

Round Hill School, Northampton, MA Charles Beck was 1st known PE teacher in US

Career Opportunities

School Athletic/Youth League Director Coach/Trainer Athletic Trainer/Physical Therapist Officials/Judges

What are the most influential sport programs in the United States?

School and youth sports High school students have better GPA's and more self confidence, leadership No activities 49% more likely to use drugs and 37% more likely to become teen parents

Sports resulted in boost in...

School retention and graduation rates 1/3 entered high school and 1/9 graduated in 1918

Period during and just after World War I

School sports for males were promoted as a source of physical training for armed forces

Dr. Dudley Sargent, James Naismith, Amos Alonzo Stagg

Significant contributions toward meeting instructional and curricular development needs

Current Issues: Conference Realignment

Since the spring of 2010, there have been 84 institutional moves affecting 28 Division I conferences

Progressive Movement 20th Century

Social and political efforts of educators aligned with the progressive movement Educators touted athletics as tool to prepare for rigors of modern life and democracy and to assimilate immigrants into American culture Promoted child welfare by advocating for increased playground space Promoted formalized public school athletics as an antidote to regimented physical education curricula based on he German tradition of body building through repetitious exercise

Morality in the Work World

Sound moral reasoning is the basis of a healthy sport organization Some moral principles are universal and esteemed in all aspects of life. Such principles include cooperation, courage, perseverance, and wisdom

History of International Sport

Sports first spread across international borders through imperalistic efforts ( GB colonized various nations around the world, sports were used to impose conquerors' culture on land) sports have fueled feelings of nationalism (platform for political and social protests and boycotts) FIFA wants to expand soccer in the US

By 1924, who managed high school athletics?

State associations

Legal Issues Youth Sport

Student-Athlete Eligibility Increased incidents of rule breaking to gain competitive advantage with ineligible athletes increased number of international students impacting conference and state championship competition

Who organized games at the college level?

Students

2013 New Big East

Syracruse, Pitt, ND (all sports but not football) wanted to leave Big East for ACC realigns with no football

NAIA

The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) founded in 1940 for small colleges and universities. Current membership is approx 300

Introduction:Club System

The club based system is separate and distinct from the education system primary purpose is to fulfill social and fitness functions, rather than to promote superior athletes allows anyone to participate and take advantage of good facilities that are often maintained by local or state government

Current Issues: Doping

The deliberate or inadvertent use by athletes of banned substances or methods that may enhance performance 1999 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) created international cooperation among countries allows worldwide standards of definitions and procedures, replacing isolated and disjointed efforts by individual governing bodies (provides testing and education, funds research, and conducts athlete outreach)

National Olympic Committees (NOCs)

The organizations responsible for the development and protection of the Olympic Movement in their respective countries. Regional Authority to designate cities that may bid to host the Games in their countries 204 NOCs spanning 5 continents

Top 5 girls sport

Track Basketball Volleyball Soccer Softball

Ethical Considerations: Morality

When an issue is about doing what is right, we are usually dealing with a moral issue. Because people perceive moral values as a basic and inalienable, it is often assumed they derive from a "higher order" or from common sense.

YMCA

Young Men's Christian Association Most prominent non-school (private) agency to promote youth athletics Founded by George Williams in England in 1844, US in 1851 to attract urban youth to Christianity through athletics

History:School Sports

Youth athletic participation predates formation of United States and signing of the constitution Formally organized youth educational athletic participation did not emerge until mid 19th century Schools and other agencies promoted sport participation to aid in solving broad social problems such as ill health and juvenile delinquency

ethical dilemma

a practical conflict involving more or less equally compelling values or social obligations (when to resume play after a community or national tragedy)

3 types of sport tourism

active (participate), event(watch), nostalgia(museum)

Financial Concerns Youth Sport

although school and youth sport organizations are not for profit enterprises this does not mean that associated programs are not concerned with controlling costs and maintaining budgets 2008 economic downturn led to tighter budgets (cancellation of local sports teams, reduction in coaching staff, pay for play policies to increase revenues)

Codes of Conduct

are also known as Codes of Ethics the most visible statements of a company, business, or organizational ethical philosophy and beliefs explicitly outline and explain the principles under which an organization or profession operates

Morals

are the fundamental baseline values that dictate appropriate behavior within a society(stealing and murder are wrong)

NCAA Division II

awards athletic scholarships but on a more modest basis must sponsor at least 10 teams (at least 2 team sports for each gender)

1930s-1950s YMCA

branches were opened in suburban areas that allowed female members

Margaret Putukian

chair woman of U.S. Lacrosse's Safety Committee , she banned helmets

Current Issues: Pay for Play

debate on if college athletes should be paid student athletes help generate millions in revenue only 23 out of the 228 Division I athletic programs showed a surplus in 2012

NCAA Division III

does not allow athletic scholarships, emphasizes participation, placing primary emphasis on regional in-season and conference competition at least 5 sports

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)

endorsed an alternative athletic model for women, emphasizing educational needs of students and rejected the commercialized men's model Early 1980s; engaged in a "power struggle" with NCAA over governance of women's athletics 1981: NCAA membership voted to add championships for women in Division I (first step toward controlling women college sport) 1981: NBC did not televise and AIAW championships and would not pay monies due under its contract 1982: AIAW executive board voted to dissolve its association

FCS

for institutions that are football playing, but do not need to meet attendance requirements

FBS

for institutions that are somewhat larger football playing schools, which must maintain certain attendance requirements

Olympic Charter

fundamental document of the Olympic Movement that establishes guidelines, rules, and policies for the Olympic Games

Current Issues: Title IX/Gender Equity

how to comply has given institutional financial limitations numerous institutions are choosing to eliminate sport programs and funding for the overrepresented sex (usually men's teams)

Management Concerns in High School and Youth Sport

increased pressure to win, "win at all costs" mentality head injuries: concussions (100 HS 544 concussions in 08-09, 136,000 annually) up to coaches to provide safe environment (maintaining equipment, actual play regarding bad weather and physical mismatches evaluating coaches is important- consistent performance reviews

Senda Berenson

introduced basketball to women in 1892 at Smith College

Morality

is concerned with the values that guide behavior

Financial implications of Great Depression of 1930s

launched unprecedented governmental involvement in recreation, private companies cut back on sponsorship

What is the primary goal of the NCAA? How did they do this?

maintain athletics as part of education program 1956: Creation of "university" and "college" divisions in an effort to address competitive inequalities 1973: 3 division system, Divisions I, II, and III was created to increase flexibility of the NCAA in addressing member needs and interests of schools of varying size

1984 LA Olympic Games

marked turning point for commercial involvement; over $200 million in profit marked launch of The Olympic Partner Programme (TOP) opportunity to market products through athletes

National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)

national coordinator for high school sports, plus activities such as music, debate, theater, and student council encompasses 50 state high school athletics and activity associations coordinates official certification issues playing rules; holds national conferences and competitions; acts as advocate/lobbying agent

Case Study: Southwest Conference (1994)

one of the first major conference realignments, movement of 9 institutions led to demise of 80 year old Southwest Conference

National Governing Bodies (NGBs)

operate within guidelines set forth by respective IFs to administer a specific sport in a given country (USA Track and Field)

Case Study: ESPN International

own 35 TV networks outside of the U.S.

Case Study: Works Progress Administration (WPA)

provided 500 million dollars for fields and playgrounds by 1937

Organizing Committee for Olympic Games OCOG

responsible for operational aspects of Olympic Games event management arm

Sport for All Movement

seeks to promote mass participation in sport without discrimination began in Europe in the 60s (social integration) make sport affordable and available for all communities commission created in 1985

Licensing and Merchandising

sport leagues are increasingly using the sales of logo merchandise as a means to increase league popularity overseas (online shopping) team logo merchandise provides people with a means to identify and associate with favorite teams sale of merchandise serves as a promotional vehicle for the team or league

Current Issues: International Sport

sport manager must always be sensitive to cultural differences foreign-student athletes in U.S. colleges and universities Marketing Olympic Games -2014 NBC paid 7.75 billion for exclusive broadcast rights to 6 Olympic Games from 2022-2032

NCAA Division I

supports philosophy of competitiveness, generating revenue through athletics, and national success have to sponsor at least 7 sports FBS and FCS

Ethical decision making

systematic process of reasoning, is not a random process but an organized process affects other people in a way that personal preferences do not, have social implications

Ethics

systematic study of the values that guide our decision making

ethical reasoning

the process of making a correct and fair decision

IOC bodies of gov

the session: once a yr, adopt, modify and interpret Olympic Charter, award host cities the executive board: 1 president, 4 vps, 10 members, meet several times a year the president: elected by IOC members by secret ballot, 8 yr term, can nominate special commissions

Sport for Development and Peace

use of sport as a tool to promote positive social change (SDP) objective is the use of sport to educate youth, provide leadership opportunities, and to bring communities together to help others less fortunate

Broadcasting

visual images are easily exportable comodities access to tv and internet increasing at rapid rate leagues often rely on actual game broadcasts and also utliize highlight shows to build an audience