Test 2 (chapters 8-14) review
Components of Henry Clay's American System
-Easy and abundant credit provided by banks -A strong national banking system and currency -A network of federally financed and controlled roads and canals -High tariffs to protect American manufacturing
results of the construction of the Erie Canal
-European immigrants flocked to Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. -Many New England farmers were displaced. -It increased the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. -There was an economic boom in upstate New York.
Describe the election of 1836
-Jackson rigged the nominating convention and rammed his favorite down the throats of the delegates. -Vice president Martin Van Buren was Jackson's choice for appointment as his successor. -The Whigs hoped to scatter the national vote among multiple candidates of different religions
Western land claims were an issue during the ratification of the Articles of Confederation for what reasons?
-Land-rich states would not have retained their lands if other states had not fought for them during the Revolution -Land-rich states would be able to pay off their Revolutionary War debts through land sales
Describe the German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 50s.
-Over 1.5 million Germans stepped onto American soil. -Hardly less spectacular than that from Ireland. -Most of them settled in the Midwest -The bulk of them were uprooted farmers, displaced by crop failures and other hardships. -Some were liberal political refugees after the collapse of the democratic revolutions of 1848. -Preserved their own culture and language
The Great Compromise accomplished what?
-Reconciled the New Jersey plan and 3/5 compromise. -Equal representation in the Senate -Proportional representation in the HOR -Broke a stalemate at the Constitutional Convention.
List some effects of the tariff of abominations
-The Old South was falling on hard times, and the tariff provided a convenient and plausible scapegoat. -Protectionism did not benefit the farmers and planters -Southerners were forced to buy their manufactured goods in an American market heavily protected by tariffs. -Suggestions were made to declare the tariff null and void within Southern borders. -Southerners believed that the Yankee tariff discriminated against them.
What happened for women in the wake of the American Revolution?
-Women indirectly participated in political life -Educational opportunities expanded for women
As the new republic took hold, what happened to the value of paper currency?
After the war, both the national and individual state governments continued printing paper money—despite lacking treasury funds to back it up. This created a large supply of worthless currency, driving people to trade. In some areas, grain was traded as currency, while in Pennsylvania, whiskey was preferred.
Why were the French eager to sign the Convention of 1800?
After two years of unofficial fighting, France and America signed a treaty known as the Convention of 1800 agreeing to formally dissolve their twenty-two-year alliance. After seizing power, Napoleon Bonaparte was eager to be free of American squabbles and focus on European ambitions and an empire in Louisiana.
Describe why/when Americans moved to Texas.
Americans coveted the vast expanse of Texas, which had been abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida in 1819. Before Spanish authorities could populate the region, Mexicans won their independence. In 1823, Mexico granted a huge amount of land (texas) to Stephen Austin with the understanding that he would bring ~300 American families who would convert to Roman Catholicism and become Mexican. Though people began settling in Texas, they remained primarily American at heart.
The new Congress that met in 1811 contained a large number of members who believed which of the following?
Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated.
Through which victory did the Texas rebels win their independence?
Led by General Sam Houston, a small army of 900 Texans wiped out a Mexican force of 1300 men on April 21, 1836, in the Battle of San Jacinto. During the battle, Mexican dictator Santa Anna was captured and forced to withdraw his troops and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's southwestern border.
Why was life on the frontier especially difficult for women?
Life was grim for most pioneer families, who were poorly fed, ill-clad, and housed in hastily erected shanties. Women in particular were haunted by unbearable loneliness, as they were cut off from human contact, even their neighbors, for days or even weeks while confined to their dark cabins, resulting in breakdowns and even madness.
President John Quincy Adams aroused southern and western hostility partly because he did which of the following?
His nationalist views contributed to his woes in the White House. Though most of the nation was turning toward states' rights, Adams urged Congress to construct a national network of roads and canals, renewed George Washington's proposal for a national university, and advocated federal support for an astronomical observatory.
What was one of the greatest problems that John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800?
His refusal to go to war with France. Preparations for war had increased public debt and required new taxes, but the war scare had petered out and left the country feeling it was a waste.
After the American Revolution, most of the southern states did what?
In 1774 the Continental Congress called for the abolition of the slave trade. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery, and they discriminated against freed blacks and enslaved blacks alike.
What happened as a result of the rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers against Hamilton's whiskey excise tax?
In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
How did the French respond to the Orders in Council that were issued between 1806 and 1807?
In 1806, the London government issued a series of Orders in Council that closed all ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the seizures of all merchant ships, including American, that entered British ports. As a result, Americans had no way of trading with Britain or France.
Who initially proposed the mediation between Britain and the United States that led to the Treaty of Ghent in 1814?
In 1812, Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation between Britain and her former colonies. Alexander wanted to ensure that Britain (Russia's ally) would have enough resources to keep Napoleon at bay. The tsar's suggestion personally led to a meeting of American and British envoys in 1814.
South Carolina attempted to block the Tariff of Abominations by doing what?
In response , Vice President John C. Calhoun authored a pamphlet that proposed the Southern states should nullify the tariff. Known as the "South Carolina Exposition," the pamphlet was published by the state legislature in 1828. In 1832, the South Carolina legislature called a special convention and declared the tariff null and void and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. The crisis was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.
How did the Land Act of 1820 benefit the West?
It fueled settlement in the Northwest and Missouri Territories by authorizing a buyer to purchase eighty acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The act also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the panic of 1819.
What happened in the Panic of 1819
It was a severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspectulation (too much business risk) on Western Lands. -the price and demand for land plummeted and speculators lost millions -loans tended to be of short duration, which helped debtors and hurt creditors -It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses, known as debtors' prisons.
hat did the legal principle of free incorporation mean?
Laws of free incorporation, first passed in New York in 1848, meant that businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature.
List some prominent problems of Martin Van Buren's presidency
-A severe economic depression -Antislavery agitators who had hostility to the annexation of Texas -A Canadian rebellion and the threat of war with Britain -Vigorous opposition from the same democrats who opposed President Jackson
Why were Joseph Smith and the Mormons criticized
-Being a cooperative sect -Drilling a militia for defense -Having multiple wives -Voting as a unit
What was a difference between the Democrats and the Whigs?
-Democrats: states' rights and federal restraint -Whigs: favored a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms (ie. abolition of slavery). -Though the parties had differences of philosophy and policy, they both tried to command the loyalties of Americans, regardless of social class.
President Adams's political supporters in the election of 1828 used which dirty tactics against Andrew Jackson?
-Describing Jackson's mother as a prostitute -Claiming Jackson's wife was an adulteress -Recounting his numerous deadly duels and brawls -Trumpeting his hanging of six mutinous militiamen
As a condition for ratification, the federalists promised that, if adopted, the constitution would be amended to include what?
A bill of rights because antifederalists worried the government would not protect people's basic rights.
What factors contributed to westward expansion
Acute economic stress following the embargo years; poor quality soil resulting from overuse in old tobacco states and land mining, and the ever-present promise of vast tracts of cheap land.
The new naturalization law passed by Congress in 1802 replaced the unreasonable terms of the...
Alien and Sedition Acts
What kind of people were the antifederalists?
Antifederalists were opponents of the 1787 Constitution and claimed the document was antidemocratic. Led by revolutionaries like Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee, antifederalists were primarily states' rights advocates, farmers, and backcountry/frontiersmen
When was the white house burned?
August 24, 1814
What happened with French influence in America in 1800?
In 1800 france retook control of the trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana from Spain. By 1802, the provisions outlined in Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 were revoked, which angered Americans who depended on the Mississippi.
What major change in U.S. politics did the election of 1840 demonstrate?
It demonstrated the triumph of a populist democratic style. By the 1840s, the aristocracy had lost power and politicians were forced to seek favor among the voting masses. Aspiring politicians need not be well dressed or intellectual but could boast of their birth in a log cabin and life on the frontier.
What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri would enter the union as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase (north of the line of 36°30')
When creating a state constitution, Massachusetts served as an innovative example to the federal government by doing what?
Submitting the final draft to the people for ratification
What was "republican motherhood"?
The idea that women played an important role in teaching their children to be good citizens
The new spirit of nationalism reflected in American literature found strong expression in whose writings?
The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was heightened nationalism. This change was manifested through the work of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, who were the nation's first writers to use American scenes and themes in their work.
The great Irish immigration of the 1840s primarily stimulated by what?
The potato famine in Ireland
True or False: Terms of the cease-fire at the Battle of New Orleans were articulated in the Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817.
This is false. Like their neighbors to the south, Canadians too were infused with a sense of nationalistic patriotism. They felt betrayed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, which left them without an adequate buffer to separate them from the Americans. Fearing future aggression from the United States, they brokered the Rush-Bagot agreement in 1817 to limit naval armament on the Great Lakes that separated the two nations.
Who were major players in the constitutional convention?
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine were in Europe; Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not elected by Massachusetts; and Patrick Henry, though elected as a delegate from Virginia, declined to serve.
What contributed to the bleak economic picture after the American revolution?
Though America could now trade freely with other nations, American ships were barred from British harbors and British commerce was reserved for loyal parts of the empire. Domestically, profiteering and extravagance ran rampant, and Congress failed in its attempts to curb economic laws.
Shakers
1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy
Who did the Anti-Masonic party of 1832 appeal to?
American suspicions of secret societies. During the campaign of 1832, the newborn Anti-Masonic party campaigned against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.
John Marshall, as chief justice of the United States, helped to strengthen the judicial branch of government by doing what?
Asserting the doctrine of judicial review of congressional legislation, giving the Supreme Court the power to determine constitutionality In Marbury v. Madison.
In the late eighteenth century, despite the flourishing cities, how much of America's population was rural?
By 1790, there were almost 4 million people in America and 90% were rural.
The government of Mexico and the Americans who settled in Mexican-controlled Texas clashed over what issues?
By 1835, there were nearly 30,000 Americans living in Texas. Friction quickly increased between Mexicans and Texans over issues of slavery, immigration, and local rightsof Americans in TX. The explosion came in 1835 when Mexican dictator Santa Anna wiped out all local rights and began raising an army to suppress Texans.
Pre-war of 1812, Adams tried to make peace France and restrict the antifederalists how?
By the alien and sedition acts of 1798 that targeted pro-Jeffersonian immigrants and raising citizenship requirements from 5 to 14 years
What was the greatest impact of the "Revolution of 1800"?
Demonstrating that even a bitterly contested American election could result in the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the British used impressment to:
Forcibly enlist American soliders
How did France react to Jay's Treaty?
French warships seized about three hundred defenseless American merchant vessels by mid-1797.
Why did the Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate in the election of 1840?
He was an aging war hero known for his successes against Indians and the British. Nicknamed "Old Tippencanoe," Harrison was not an able statesman but was nominated primarily because he wasn't controversial and had few enemies, a tested recipe for electoral success.
Know-Nothing Party
Political party of the 1840s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant. The nativist party sought to place restrictions on immigrants, predominantly Irish, to obtain employment, vote, and practice Catholicism. This political party had widespread support in the Northeast, where many immigrants flocked to find work.
In the 1820s, why were Americans particularly worried about the fate of republicanism in the New World?
Re-throned European monarchs banded together to protect their power and undertook steps to stamp out democratic tendencies that had sprouted throughout Europe after many rebellions. Americans feared that if the European powers intervened in the New World, republicanism would suffer irreparable harm
What mistake did the United States make at the beginning of the War of 1812?
The Americans' offensive strategy against British Canada at the start of the War of 1812 was poorly conceived. Rather than focusing their energy on capturing Montreal, the center of population and transportation, they divided their military strength into three weaker forces that were quickly beaten back after crossing the Canadian border.
After several Indian battles in the Northwest Territory, whom did the Indians battle and why?
The Indian battles were fought over land rights. Members of the Miami Confederacy viewed it as an American invasion of their ancestral lands. The British fueled the fire by openly selling guns to the Indians. American forces were initially crushed in 1790 and 1791. In 1794, forces under General Wayne exacted revenge for those earlier defeats. When the British refused to aid the confederacy, they conceded defeat at Fallen Timbers and entered into a peace agreement that resulted in the 1795 Treaty Line of Greenville.
What did Eli Whitney's cotton gin enable?
The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable and inspired slave-driving planters to clear more acres for cotton. As a result, the Cotton Kingdom pushed westward from the coastal plains into the vast plains of Alabama and Mississippi.
Why were Southerners apprehensive about the Tallmadge amendment?
When the territory of Missouri sought admission to the union as a slave state in 1819, Congress passed the Tallmadge Amendment. The law stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents. Southerners saw the amendment as a threat to their sectional balance and eventually defeated it in the Senate.
How did Spain prevent America from exercising control over some of its territories?
in 1784, the country closed the Mississippi river to American commerce, preventing goods from reaching territories in the West.
Samuel Morse invented...
telegraph and morse code
What stimulated the work of America's first internationally recognized writers Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper?
the wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 stimulated and inspired the work of America's first great writers
What caused Napoleon's decision to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States?
1. Failure to reconquer the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) following a long and bloody slave rebellion starting in 1791 by Toussaint L'Overture. Cost outweighed the benefits. The Louisiana Territory had served as a source of supplies for the French colony, but Napoleon's decision to cut his losses and pull out of the Caribbean removed the need for the territory. 2. Practical considerations surrounding a renewal of the war effort against the British. Napoleon considered that his opponents' mastery of the sea might prompt them to seek the Louisiana Territory as a concession of war. Rather than risk this and a British-American alliance, Napoleon sold the territory and used the money to focus on Europe.
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers
What principle was established in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
The Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.
John Marshall
The Supreme Court's chief justice, he promoted the spirit of nationalism through a number of rulings that favored federal power. He advocated for loose constructionism, which held that if the Constitution didn't specifically prohibit an action, it implied permission. Marshall maintained that since the Constitution was intended as a long-lasting document, it was also intended to be adapted to the developing society it governed. Consequently, Marshall entered several landmark rulings that favored federal power over states' rights.
Indian Removal Act
This act (1830) granted the U.S. government permission to pursue active land exchange negotiations with the Native American tribes with the goal of removing them from their lands. These removal policies had drastic consequences for the future of several native tribes, forcibly moving tens of thousands of people.
Conservative-minded delegates at the Constitutional Convention made what safeguards?
-The president was elected indirectly by the Electoral College. -Barriers were created against the "mob." -Senators were chosen by state legislatures -Federal judges were appointed for life -System of checks and balances
"Ten Nights in a Bar-Room," Timothy Shay Arthur
A melodramatic story, published in 1856, which became a favorite text for temperance lecturers. In it, a traveller visits the town of Cedarville occasionally for ten years, notes the changing fortunes of the citizens and blames the saloon.
Where did almost all the growth of the American population after 1820 come from?
A natural increase rather than immigration. As the American people moved west, they multiplied at an amazing rate. By midcentury, the population was doubling almost every twenty-five years due primarily to a continuing high birthrate.
By 1814, British forces did which of the following in the war of 1812?
British forces were invading the United States on three fronts: in New York, the Chesapeake region, and Louisiana. Though the United States held their ground in upstate New York, New Orleans, and Baltimore, the British managed to enter Washington D.C. and set fire to most of the public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House.
What were the results of Jay's treaty?
British promise: to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels. U.S. promise: repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.
What did feminists at the Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York, demand?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," declaring that "all men and women are created equal." One resolution formally demanded at the convention was the right to vote. Amid scorn from the press and churches, the Seneca Falls meeting launched the modern women's rights movement.
Which literary figure was a lifelong recluse in Amherst, Massachusetts, whose poetry was recognized only after his or her death?
Emily Dickinson. Using deceptively spare language and simple rhyme schemes, she explored the universal themes of nature, love, death and immortality. During her lifetime, Dickinson published few of her poems, but nearly two thousand of them were found among her papers and published after her death.
What did the Sedition Act of 1798 declare?
Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to stop Jeffersonian opposition, the Sedition Act of 1798 made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine.
American Temperance Society
Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.
What was the first American college to admit both women and blacks?
In 1837, Oberlin College in Ohio—which had already begun admitting black students—shocked traditionalists when it opened its doors to women.
What did the Supreme Court rule in Commonwealth v. Hunt?
In Commonwealth v Hunt (1842), the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal, provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful." This decision strengthened the labor movement but did not change it overnight. Strikes were still not legal throughout the country, and trade unions had nearly a century to go before they could meet management on relatively even terms.
What was true about the cult of domesticity?
The cult of domesticity was a pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that glorified the domestic role of women. Upon marriage, women left their paying jobs and took up their new work (without wages) as wives and mothers. Married women were given greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.
Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?
There were no executive branches, no power to tax or regulate trade, and new laws were hard to pass (unanimous vote of the states to pass an amendment, important legislation required the vote of nine states, and most judicial matters were left to the states)
For what are the Grimke sisters, Angelina and Sarah, remembered?
They were champions of abolition. Women like them were instrumental in redirecting the moral compass of American society during this era. During a time when gender differences were becoming increasingly articulated, women were deemed artistic and refined. As such, women were tasked with overseeing the moral development of the nation.
What was stressed by the transcendentalist movement?
Transcendentalism was a literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance. The philosophy was predicated on a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that could point the way to truth and direct contact with God.
Who did Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton believe that federal fiscal policies should be designed to favor?
His plan was for fiscal policies to favor the wealthy, who in turn would be grateful and lend the government monetary and political support. He believed the federal gov would thrive and prosperity would trickle down to lower classes.
What was a negative outcome of the case Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
In Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), John Marshall sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature. The decision had the fortunate effect of protecting business enterprise from domination by state government. On the flip side, it had the unfortunate effect of creating a precedent that enabled chartered corporations to escape necessary public control.
After becoming president, why did Jefferson reduce spending on the military?
Jefferson's reluctance to fund the military was less about money and more about his republican ideals. He hoped to set an example to the rest of the world by winning friends through "peaceful coercion" rather than military force.
How did Americans react to the Reign of Terror in France?
Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the Republic, while Federalists quickly withdrew their support.
What did Deism teach?
It emphasized moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most Deists rejected the bible and the divinity of Christ but did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.
The resolutions enacted by the delegates at the Hartford Convention did which of the following?
It turned out to be the death of the Federalist party, which disappeared altogether in the 1820s in the "Era of Good Feelings"
What was the most fundamental and unifying political perspective underlying the organization of the Whig Party?
As the 1830s went on, new political parties began to emerge.The Whigs' (a name chosen specifically to recollect 1700s American opposition to the monarchy) party members were unified by their hatred of Jackson and his supporters. The group evolved into a national political force by attracting groups who felt alienated by Jackson.
How did President Andrew Jackson reveal his deep hostility to eastern elites and moneyed interests?
During the Bank War of 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill to re-charter the Bank of the United States. Jackson's veto not only squashed the bank bill but also amplified the powers of the executive office over the legislative branch.
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 determine about the western territories?
It said the Old Northwest should be sold and the money should be used to pay off national debt. The law also provided a solution for how the nation would deal with new colonies. There would be two new territorial stages, during which the area would remain under the federal government. When a territory had sixty thousand inhabitants, it might be admitted by Congress as a state with the privileges of the thirteen charter members.
Why did New England suffer a great discredit at the end of the War of 1812?
Its antiwar dissent led to a flirtation with disloyalty and secession in the Hartford Convention. New Englanders were eyed warily.
what was NOT a consequence of Jay's treaty?
Federalists and Jeffersonians found common ground. Instead Jeffersonians were outraged by the treaty, and mobs hanged, burned, and guillotined in effigy that "damn'd archtraitor, Sir John Jay."
What was the Hartford Convention of 1814?
From December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, twenty-six Federalist delegates from all of the New England states met in secrecy in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss their grievances against Congress and the White House, whom they believed favored the South and the West. As they delivered their demands to the capital of Washington, the country received news of the American victory in New Orleans, overshadowing the Federalists' complaints, which were now seen as treasonous.
What was significant about the case Gibbons v. Ogden?
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was a suit over whether New York State could award a monopoly on waterborne commerce between New Jersey and New York to a private company. John Marshall ruled against New York, reasserting that Congress, not the state, had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.
What was George Washington's response to the escalating conflict between England and France?
He issued the Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. The document claimed the government's official neutrality in the conflict and warned American citizens to be impartial. Federalists were heartened by the proclamation, Jeffersonians were enraged that the president would turn his back on their French allies.
Common theme in Chief Justice John Marshall's most famous Supreme Court decisions?
They often bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.
After the war, what happened to most Loyalist land holdings?
They were confiscated and divided into smaller parcels.
The new Constitution did not provide for the creation of what?
A cabinet
loose constructionism
A judicial philosophy that believes the Constitution should be interpreted in an open way, not limited to things explicitly stated.
Oneida Community
One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.
Describe the federalists
Advocated for a strong central government and believed strongly in the constitution. They believed in rule by the "best" people (wealthy and educated) and that "those who own the country ought to govern it." They distrusted full-blown democracy, and feared the "swayability" of the untutored common folk. -Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
Why was Thomas Jefferson conflicted about the Louisiana Purchase?
Because there was no clause in the Constitution that authorized the president to negotiate treaties incorporating large tracts of land into the Union. But he also believed the new territory would ensure the life of America's experiment, and submitted the treaties to the Senate while privately admitting the purchase was unconstitutional.
The idea of free public education as an essential component of American democracy grew in the early nineteenth century with the influence of which people?
Between 1825 and 1850, the spread of democratic ideals and manhood suffrage for whites won acceptance for the public schools, even in the South. Public school advocates like Thomas Jefferson and Massachusetts education reformer Horace Mann campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and expanded curriculum.
How did the Congress of the Articles of Confederation obtain funding?
Congress lacked the power to regulate commerce and enforce tax collection. Congress set a tax quota for each of the states and asked them to contribute voluntarily. The government was lucky to receive 1/4 of its requests each year.
What was one way in which Jefferson clearly departed from previous Federalist practice?
Establishing a simple and informal style in presidential entertainment and relations with Congress. He walked to the Capitol rather than taking a horse-drawn coach, received callers in sloppy attire, and was particularly effective in hosting informal dinner parties.
Describe the route taken by Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery upon setting out from St. Louis in 1804
From St Louis they ascended the Missouri River, proceeded west to the Columbia River, and finally made their way to the Pacific coast.
What were some developments for African Americans in the wake of the American Revolution?
Northern states either abolished slavery or provided gradual emancipation, and the world's first abolitionist society was formed in America
The 1786 rebellion of Daniel Shays and his followers represented the pent-up grievances of whom?
Shays's Rebellion was the armed uprising of poor farmers and debtors from western Massachusetts seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired the fear of mob rule among leading revolutionaries.
Describe the reaction of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued
The US largely lacked the power to back it up, and the pronouncement was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.
Northern critics of Jefferson's electoral victory in 1800 complained that his ascendancy to power rested on Southern "slave power" derived from:
The three-fifths clause of the Constitution which provided that 3/5 of each enslaved African be counted for congressional and electoral college representation and collectively. Detractors called Jefferson a "Negro President" whose legitimacy as a leader was propped up by "slave power."
Which American is credited with securing Florida for the United States?
After Andrew Jackson's multipronged military campaign in Florida, John Quincy Adams demanded huge concessions from Spain. Jackson received permission to engage in his campaign but was instructed to respect all Spanish posts. This directive Jackson ignored completely. His demands for Spanish concessions resulted in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.
In 1793, George Washington declared the United States neutral in the war between England and France. How did Britain respond
Britain ignored America's right to neutrality and instead launched a savage campaign against U.S. merchant ships. Some 300 vessels were seized and their seamen either impressed into service on British vessels or into jail. This enraged Americans, especially the pro-French Jeffersonians, who called for action against the king.
Which of the following was an outcome of the case McCulloch v. Maryland?
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) involved an attempt by the State of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes. Speaking for the Court, John Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. At the same time, he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank, affirming "that the power to tax involves the power to destroy" and "that a power to create implies a power to preserve."
Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions essentially declared which of the following?
States were the final say of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could nullify/refuse national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. The resolutions were approved in the Kentucky legislature in 1798 and 1799.
The Virginia Plan called for which of the following?
The Virginia Plan called for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and resulted in smaller states proposing the New Jersey Plan, which called for equal representation in a unicameral government.
Which was the last state to approve of the Articles of Confederation and why?
On March 1, 1781, Maryland approved of the terms. The small state had no holdings beyond the Appalachian Mountains (unlike New York and Virginia). MD argued that these states would not have gained possession of the land if the other states hadn't fought for it too. The Articles received unanimous approval when New York surrendered its western claims and Virginia seemed about to do so.
What happened as the new continental market economy grew?
Once a center of economic production in which all family members cooperated, the home grew into a place of refuge from the world of work, a refuge that became increasingly the special and separate sphere of women.
What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 accomplish?
Passed by the departing Federalist congress, the Judiciary Act of 1801 created sixteen new federal judgeships. On the evening of his last day in office, President John Adams supposedly remained at his desk until 9:00 at night signing the commissions of Federalist "midnight judges."
Who aided the Corps of Discovery on their expedition through the Louisiana Territory?
Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman
What was the fundamental requirement for holding federal office under President Jackson and his successors?
President Jackson nationalized the spoils system, a policy of rewarding political supporters with public office. The practice was widely abused by office seekers, but it helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system as those in federal office were expected to support the president and his party.
The terms of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, provided what?
Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice between the United States and Britain. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No mention was made of the grievances for which America had ostensibly fought.
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.
How did the Second Great Awakening primarily spread to the masses?
Spread to the masses on the frontier by huge "camp meetings" where as many as 25,000 people would gather for several days. Through the meetings, thousands were converted by various denominations who vied for new members for their churches.
The principles of noncolonization and nonintervention in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 were which of the following?
The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was President Monroe's warning to European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. Monroe first directed his message to Russia, who had territorial designs on Alaska and Oregon in the Northwest.
True or False: In 1840, the Whigs ran a longtime political insider as a unified party candidate.
This is true. Having learned their lesson from the election of 1836, the Whigs decided to choose one candidate for the presidency. Their choice was longtime political insider William Henry Harrison, a military hero and former governor of the Indiana Territory. The strategy was successful, and Harrison replaced Democrat Martin Van Buren as president in 1840.
What are some facts about the political unity in the "Era of Good Feelings"
The era of good feelings was somewhat of a misnomer... -The vanquished Federalist party left the triumphant Republicans with one-party rule. -It was sharply interrupted by the controversy over slavery. -The issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public land were still debated -It coincided with the election of James Monroe.
Where did the worst anti-Catholic violence occur in 1834 and 1844?
The invasion of so-called immigrant "rabble" in the 1840s and 1850s inflamed the prejudices of American "nativists," who resorted to occasional mass violence against the immigrants, many of whom were Catholic. In early 1834, a Catholic convent near Boston was burned by a howling mob, and a flare-up in Philadelphia in 1844 resulted in two Catholic churches being burned and thirteen citizens being killed over days of fighting.
Ecological imperialism, as exemplified during the American historical period of 1790 to 1860, can best be described as what?
The wanton, heedless exploitation of natural resources by humans aggressively engaged in economic development and trade
What drove southern anger at the Tariff of Abominations?
They believed that the Tariff of Abominations discriminated against the South. Additionally, southerners feared that American abolitionists might use the power of Washington government to suppress slavery
Why was American industry slow to develop?
Though Britain began ushering in the modern factory system around 1750, it took nearly a generation to take hold in the United States. The slow development of industry in America was due, in part, to the fact that the young country had difficulty producing goods of high enough quality and cheap enough cost to compete with mass-produced European products.
What was one of the main reasons Andrew Jackson decided to weaken the Bank of the United States after the election of 1832?
Though his veto of the bank bill ensured the Bank of the United States would expire in 1836, Jackson feared that bank president Nicholas Biddle might try to manipulate the bank to force its recharter. To prevent this, Jackson proposed to bury the bank for good by removing all federal deposits from its vaults, bleeding the bank dry and ensuring its demise.
Which was a major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolutions?
Though revolutionary advances in manufacturing and transportation brought increased prosperity to all Americans, it also widened the gulf between the rich and the poor. Cities, in particular, bred the greatest extremes of economic inequality.
Consequences of the Embargo Act?
U.S economy declined, U.S. shipping wrecked, high unemployment, and smuggling widely practiced -The U.S. economy staggered. -The Federalist party was revived. -Southern farmers were unable to sell their cotton. -An illicit trade ring sprang up along the Canadian border.
Why was the invention of McCormick's reaper significant?
Virginia-born Cyrus McCormick mechanized the harvests of grains with his mechanical mower-reaper. With one reaper, a single harvester could do the work of five men. The reaper allowed farmers to cultivate larger crops and fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.
How did Washington attempt to avoid getting pulled into a second war with England in 1794?
Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to broker an agreement. Jeffersonians felt he was an Anglophile. Indeed, the pact gained little for the US and Britain didn't agree to stop any future seizures or arms supplies to Indians. This lead to the detriment of Washington's prior popularity.
Describe American involvement in the XYZ Affair
While on a visit in France, three American envoys were secretly approached by three French go-betweens, (X,Y, and Z). The envoys were asked to pay a bribe to meet with the French foreign minister. In response, many in the United States called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.
In line with his Democratic-Republican principles, Thomas Jefferson viewed the Louisiana Purchase as a way to...
promote the ideal of an agrarian republic across the western half of the fertile Mississippi River valley. Reflecting one of the core tenets of the Democratic-Republican political philosophy, Jefferson believed that acquisition of land would provide the ideal, virtuous yeoman-farmer-citizen with the room to flourish.
