Test 2 for EPSY

A baby's brain during the first year reaches _____ percent of the weight of an adult's brain

70

Which of the following is true of a night terror? a. The best way to tackle night terrors is to wake the child up while he or she is experiencing the terrors. b. When a child experiences a night terror, he is unlikely to be soothed down easily and requires medical help. c. When a child experiences a night terror, he remembers the entire episode the next morning. d. A child is not really awake when he awakens after experiencing a night terror.

A child is not really awake when he awakens after experiencing a night terror.

An example of a transitional object is

A child's favorite blanket

Research has substantiated which of the following statements about childhood obesity?

As children get older, activity levels decrease significantly

Which of the following is true of children's growth? a. Changes within the brain during early childhood are more outwardly apparent and less significant. b. During early childhood, cartilage constitutes a majority of the skeletal system. c. Children's growth is slowest in infancy and toddlerhood. d. At about age 3, children begin to take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood.

At about age 3, children begin to take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood.

What provides a potential explanation for the tendency of preschoolers to actively resist going to bed?

Bedtime may bring on a form of separation anxiety

Jenna's doctor recommends that she provide her newborn son with more sensory stimulation focusing on touch. Which technique should Jenna use?

Rub the infants back

During middle childhood, there is loss of density in gray matter in the brain. This is balanced by

an increase in nerve fibers

Even though Terri has recently lost a lot of weight, she views herself as being too fat. She often skips meals, without the knowledge of her parents, to reach her weight loss goals. Off late she has been having irregular menstruation. Terri is most likely to be diagnosed with

anorexia nervosa

People with _____ have a distorted body image and, though typically severely underweight, think they are too fat.

anorexia nervosa

Although many of an infant's reflexes disappear during the first year, three reflexes that remain are the _____ reflexes.

blinking, gagging, and sneezing

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be given

breast milk exclusively for the first six months

Sallie studies at a professional dance academy in Chicago. She often eats huge quantities of food to overcome feelings of sadness and insecurity. Soon after these binges, she forces herself to expel the food through vomiting or by using laxatives. Even though she has a normal weight, Sallie is always preoccupied with her figure. She is most likely to be diagnosed with

bulimia nervosa

All of the following are contributing factors to children's unhealthy eating habits except a. television and other advertisements for low-nutrition snacks. b. changes in food labeling and daily allowance recommendations. c. school vending machines. d. family influences like socioeconomic status and eating habits at home.

changes in food labeling and daily allowance recommendations.

A child who experiences a(n) _____ appears to awaken abruptly from a deep sleep early in the night in a state of agitation.

night terrors

Although the brain's early development is in large part genetically directed, its structure is continually modified by environmental experiences and this modifiability is called _____.

plasticity

The parietal lobes deal with _____ understanding.

spatial

The first ejaculation that occurs at an average age of 13 in a boy is known as _____.

spermarche

Newborns have an innate preference for _____ tastes

sweet

Fourteen-year-old Warren has undergone a rapid increase in height and weight. The phase he has been going through is commonly referred to as

the adolescent growth spurt.

Typically, the first sense to develop in the infants is the sense of

touch

According to the cephalocaudal principle

upper body parts develop before lower parts.

Which of the following is a locomotor reflex? a. Walking b. Shivering c. Rooting d. Blinking

walking

Sally's primary teeth have been falling out at a rate of about four each year. This process will probably continue until she is about _____ years old.

11

Sleep needs decline from about _____ hours a day at age five to a little more than _____ hours a day by age nine

11; 10

During early childhood, children grow ___ per year.

2 to 3 inches

During middle childhood, school children need on average about _____ calories a day to maintain growth and activity levels.

2400

Most young Americans need at least _____ minutes of exercise everyday.

30

Alysha can dress herself with help, cut along a line, draw a fairly complete person, and fold paper into a double triangle. Given your knowledge of average fine-motor skill development in early childhood, how old would you think Alysha is?

4

Myelination of pathways for hearing is complete around the age of _____ years.

4

The primary teeth begin to fall out at around age _____ and are replaced by permanent teeth.

6

Which of the following terms represents the social construction for the developmental transition between childhood and adulthood? a. Menopause b. Growth spurt c. Adolescence d. Young adulthood

Adolescence

Which of the following characterizes adolescence? a. Adolescence involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. b. In most parts of the world, entry into adulthood has become shorter and more clear cut than in the past. c. As a result of globalization of adolescence, adolescence has become the same the world over. d. In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they got married.

Adolescence involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.

Diane is trying to find ways to encourage her 4-year-old to develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following would NOT be a good measure for her to take?

Allowing the child to eat while watching her favorite cartoon show on TV

Which of the following brain structures has its major growth period before birth and is responsible for basic bodily functions, such as breathing and heart rate? Select one: a. Limbic system b. Cerebrum c. Frontal lobe d. Brain stem

Brain stem

Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. Which principle of development does this sequence demonstrate?

Cephalocaudal principle

Which part of the brain is divided into two cerebral hemispheres?

Cerebrum

_____ is one of the prime results of rising obesity rates among children.

Childhood diabetes

Which of the following statements regarding early childhood sleep behaviors is true? a. Most sleep disturbances persist into adulthood and warrant medical help. b. Children who experience night terrors are typically unaware of episodes of disturbance the next morning. c. Walking and talking during sleep is unusual in early childhood. d. Most sleep disturbances are caused by poor parenting practices.

Children who experience night terrors are typically unaware of episodes of disturbance the next morning

Which of the following links the left and right hemispheres of the brain? a. Superior frontal gyrus b. Prefrontal cortex c. Corpus callosum d. Insular cortex

Corpus callosum

Which of the following is NOT typically a factor in enuresis? a. Heredity b. Diet c. Family history d. Sex of the child

Diet

Vision becomes more acute during the first year, reaching the 20/20 level by about the __________ month.

Eighth

Which of the following is true of enuresis? a. Enuresis lacks any clear indications of being a hereditary problem. b. Enuresis rarely manifests itself in children belonging to age group of 3 to 5 years. c. Enuresis refers to voluntary urination by children. d. Enuresis results from a lack of awareness relating to bladder control.

Enuresis results from a lack of awareness relating to bladder control.

Which of the following is true of early childhood brain growth and development? a. By age 4, the brain has reached its total adult volume. b. The brain experiences the slowest growth and development in infancy. c. The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at age 14. d. From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain.

From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain.

Which of the following characterizes the Moro reflex in infants? a. Extending arms and drawing back head b. Well coordinated swimming movements c. Grasping any object placed in their palm d. Sucking and rooting for the nipple

Extending arms and drawing back head

Which of the following is true of adolescence? a. Globalization of adolescence does not mean adolescence is the same the world over. b. Adolescence is a developmental transition from adulthood to old age. c. Adolescence is solely a Western phenomenon. d. Adolescence takes consistent forms across all cultures.

Globalization of adolescence does not mean adolescence is the same the world over.

_____ refers to closely packed neuronal bodies, in certain regions of the cerebral cortex.

Grey matter

Which of the following distinguishes gross motor skills and fine motor skills? a. Gross motor skills involve the large muscles, while fine motor skills are manipulative skills. b. Fine motor skills build on the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood, while gross motor skills build on environmental influences. c. Fine motor skills are developed at about the age of 7 as opposed to gross motor skills, which develop at the age of 10. d. Gross motor skills tend to develop in isolation as opposed to fine motor skills.

Gross motor skills involve the large muscles, while fine motor skills are manipulative skills.

Which of the following tastes would a newborn most likely prefer? a. Honey b. Broccoli c. Water d. lemon

Honey

Which of the following is true of secondary sex characteristics?\ a. It refers to the organs necessary for reproduction. b. It involves menarche and spermarche. c. It includes physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not involve the sex organs. d. It refers to social rituals that mark the sexual maturation of an adolescent.

It includes physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not involve the sex organs.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a night terror? a. Unable to fall asleep at his normal bedtime, Joey got out of bed and began walking around the house. b. Kellie woke up crying when she realized that her mother would scold her the next morning for wetting her bed. c. Jason was gently patted back to sleep after his parents heard him crying loudly and rushed to his room. d. Christine dreamt that there was an earthquake after watching television coverage of an earthquake-affected area.

Jason was gently patted back to sleep after his parents heard him crying loudly and rushed to his room.

Which of the following statements about obesity is true? a. Infants in the United States eat an average of 20% less than normal daily food intake requirements. b. Lack of iron-enriched solid foods, usually cereals, in the initial 6 months leads to obesity among infants. c. Obesity has increased in infancy as it has in all age groups in the United States. d. An overweight child having obese parents is not likely to become obese later in life.

Obesity has increased in infancy as it has in all age groups in the United States.

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic? a. Breasts b. Ovaries c. Pubic hair d. Underarm hair

Ovaries

Based on experiments done with animals, which of the following statements about environmental influences on brain development is correct? a. Positive experiences or an enriched environment can spur brain development. b. Early experiences can affect cognitive and social functioning but cannot bring about actual physical changes. c. Negative experiences have been shown to have little or no effect on brain development. d. Negative experiences have been shown to have an adverse impact on development only when the infant is born with a genetic vulnerability.

Positive experiences or an enriched environment can spur brain development.

What in the corpus callosum permits more rapid transmission of information and better integration between the hemispheres?

Progressive myelination of fibers

Which of the following is true of puberty in humans? a. Girls have higher levels of androgens and boys have higher levels of estrogen. b. The first stage of puberty occurs between ages 4 and 6. c. In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione. d. Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs

Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs

Which of the following best describes children's height gain during middle childhood? a. Children generally grow about 5 inches from the age of 6 until the adolescent growth spurt begins. b. School-age children grow an average of about 2 to 3 inches a year between ages 6 and 11. c. School-age children grow an average of about 4 to 5 inches a year between ages 6 and 11. d. Children's height typically increases about 6 inches a year until age 9, after which it remains stable until puberty.

School-age children grow an average of about 2 to 3 inches a year between ages 6 and 11

Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic a. Pubic hair b. Axillary hair c. Seminal vesicles d. Voice changes

Seminal vesicles

Which of the following is true of physical play? a. Rough-and-tumble play refers to playing games with rules. b. Rough-and-tumble play is unique to humans. c. Six- to 9-year-olds need shorter instruction time while playing organized sports. d. Only boys participate in rough-and-tumble play.

Six- to 9-year-olds need shorter instruction time while playing organized sports

Which of the following is a gross motor skill? a. Typing b. Skipping c. Painting d. Reading

Skipping

Which of the following is true of sleep disturbances? a. Sleep disturbances may be caused by accidental activation of the brain's motor control system. b. Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are generally harmful and hence should be prevented during the beginning stages. c. The frequency of sleep disturbances increases as children age. d. Night terrors generally peak between 8.5 to 10 years of age.

Sleep disturbances may be caused by accidental activation of the brain's motor control system.

Susanna is a 4-year-old child. Which of the following would most likely be occurring with Susanna? a. Susanna's toddler potbelly would continue to grow. b. Susanna would stop experiencing night terrors. c. Susanna would experience height and weight loss as she becomes more slender. d. Susanna's cartilage would turn to bone at a faster rate.

Susanna's cartilage would turn to bone at a faster rate

Which of the following motor skills is present at birth? a. The ability of infants to roll over purposefully b. The ability of infants to sit up unassisted c. The ability of infants to hold the head erect while being held d. The ability of infants to turn their heads from side to side

The ability of infants to turn their heads from side to side

Which of the following statements reflects the pattern of brain development in infancy and toddlerhood? a. The spinal cord lacks the ability to coordinate reflex behaviors in the first two years of life. b. The brain reaches its complete adult size by the end of gestation. c. The cerebellum experiences least development in the first two years of life. d. The brain growth occurs in fits and starts called brain growth spurts.

The brain growth occurs in fits and starts called brain growth spurts.

Which of the following is an environmental influence that affects the physical development in the early years of life? a. The inherent disposition of the baby b. The nutrition provided by the mother c. The chromosomal abnormalities inherited from the mother d. The genotype of the child

The nutrition provided by the mother

Which of the following statements regarding the cerebral cortex is true? a. The parts of the cerebral cortex that govern mental associations and remembering are mature by 5 years of age. b. The parts of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for vision, hearing, and other sensory information are mature by 6 months of age. c. The cerebral cortex primarily maintains balance and motor coordination. d. The cerebral cortex is like a giant switchboard of fibers connecting the hemispheres and allowing them to share information and coordinate commands.

The parts of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for vision, hearing, and other sensory information are mature by 6 months of age.

Which of the following statements is true of physical growth patterns in early childhood? a. By age 10, the brain reaches 90 percent of its adult weight b. The slight edge that boys have in height and weight continues until the growth spurt of puberty. c. The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at 10 years of age. d. Both boys and girls typically grow 5 to 6 inches a year during early childhood.

The slight edge that boys have in height and weight continues until the growth spurt of puberty.

Which of the following is true of motor development in children between the ages of 3 and 6 years? a. They are able to hop and jump in this phase but skipping and skating are not learnt until eight years of age. b. They experience minor motor skill developments in this phase. c. They are equally comfortable going up or down the stairs at the beginning of this stage. d. They begin to show a preference for using either the right or left hand.

They begin to show a preference for using either the right or left hand.

Jane's soft toy is kept in her mother's car to help calm her down when she has to go to daycare. The soft toy is her _____ object.

Transitional

Which of the following sensory systems is least developed at the time of birth? a. Taste b. Vision c. Touch d. Smell

Vision

Bonnie has apparently awakened from a deep sleep. She is staring ahead and breathing quickly. When asked if she has had a bad dream, she does not answer but promptly lies down and falls asleep. The next morning, she has no recollection of the experience. Bonnie experienced

a night terror

Jason has a cold. His pediatrician tells his mother that the cold will probably last for two days. Given the short-term nature of Jason's illness, we would say that he suffers from a(n) _____ medical condition.

acute

When taking blood samples from infants, physicians typically

administer a sweet solution for the baby to suck on in order to manage the pain

During the first stage of puberty, the _____ glands located above the kidneys secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrosterone.

adrenal

Nightmares during early childhood

are serious only if they occur frequently

The caudate is a part of the _____.

basal ganglia

Enuresis is the medical term for

bed wetting

The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood

begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward

Agnes, who is 8 years old, was diagnosed with an eating disorder three years ago. She has been undergoing psychotherapy and medical treatment for the past three years. Her condition is referred to as a(n) _____ medical condition.

chronic

The basal ganglia are involved in _____.

controlling movement

The brain

develops from a long hollow tube into a spherical mass of cells.

Scientists have concluded that the cerebellum grows most rapidly

during the first year of life

The secular trend often referred to by developmentalists is the trend toward

earlier physical and sexual maturity

Michael generally urinates on his bed while sleeping without his knowledge. This implies that Michael is experiencing

enuresis

Menarche is the

first menstruation for girls

In girls, increased levels of _____ lead to the onset of menstruation.

follicle-stimulating hormone

The _____ handles higher-order functions, such as thinking.

frontal lobe

Although individual growth in middle childhood varies widely, one typical difference between school-age boys and school-age girls is that

girls retain more fatty tissue than boys do

During puberty, an increase in _____ in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

gonadatropin releasing hormone

Physical skills that involve the large muscles are called __________ motor skills.

gross

Between the ages of 11 and 13, girls on average are _____ than boys.

heavier

The secular trend involving increased adult height and weight in the United States is attributable to all of the following factors except

increased diversity of the American population

A child's rate of growth is most rapid during

infancy

The function of the corpus callosum is to

join the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Brain imaging techniques have identified that during middle childhood there is a

loss in the density of gray matter

Jack's parents noticed that when he woke up on Sunday morning, he was looking upset and restless. He told his parents that he had dreamt that he was being chased by the large dog that lives down the street. Jack had experienced a

nightmare

Gerard went out for dinner and watched a horror movie with his parents at the cinemas. The next morning, he woke up sweating and scared after having dreamt of the ghost in the movie. Gerard experienced a

nightmare.

Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and disobedient, disregardful, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children may be diagnosed with _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

Justin, a 9-year-old boy, has been given detention several times within the last eight months for unruly and disruptive behavior. His teachers have reported that he often talks back and is rude toward them. He disobeys his parents and frequently fights with his siblings. Justin does not have any friends at school, since other children are put off by his short temper. He is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

Reflex behaviors that gradually disappear during the early months of infancy are called _____ reflexes.

primitive

The _____ principle states that growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward.

proximodistal

Shelley, age 13, is undergoing rapid physiological growth, and her reproductive functions and sex organs are maturing. This is referred to as _____.

puberty

The process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce is called _____.

puberty

Chronic medical conditions refer to

recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions

Jonathan and Priscilla study in the second grade. During recess they race around trying to catch each other. They often have physical fights, which involve a lot of shouting and laughing. This sort of behavior is called

rough-and-tumble play

Vigorous play that involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming is referred to as

rough-and-tumble play

Puberty began for Molly when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 and her grandmother at 13. This is an example of a _____ trend.

secular

The trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago, is an example of a _____ trend.

secular

Irving is a typical 6-year-old boy. He would most likely

sleep through the night without any daytime naps

Brain development in middle childhood indicates that there is a loss in the density of gray matter. This process reflects

the pruning of unused dendrites.