Test 2

What did the second continental congress decide on July 2, 1776?

"that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states

September 11, 1777 The Battle of Brandywine

- Brandywine Creek, southwest of Philadelphia, the British overpowered Washington's army and occupied Philadelphia, then the largest and wealthiest American city. -he members of the Continental Congress were forced to flee the city. -Washington and his army withdrew to winter quarters twenty miles away at Valley Forge, while Howe and his men remained in the relative comfort of Philadelphia.

The revolution created 2 wars

- In addi tion to the main conflict between armies in the east, a frontier guerrilla war of terror and vengeance pitted Indians and Loyalists against isolated Patriot settlers along the northern and western frontiers. - In the Ohio Valley, as well as western New York and Pennsylvania, the British urged frontier Loyalists and their Indian allies to raid farm settlements and offered to pay bounties for American scalps.

Clinton's Strategy

- It had originally worked -Within twenty months, the British and their allies had defeated three American armies; seized the strategic port cities of Savannah and Charleston, South Carolina; occupied Georgia and much of South Carolina; and killed, wounded, or captured some 7,000 American soldiers

What was the greatest Patriot loss in the war?

- May 12, 1780, General Lincoln surrendered Charleston and its 5,500 defenders -Soon thereafter, General Cornwallis, in charge of the British troops in the South, defeated a much larger American force led by General Horatio Gates at Camden, South Carolina.

John Murray

- November 1775, the British royal governor of Virginia, John Murray (Lord Dunmore), himself a slave owner, announced that all slaves and indentured servants would gain their freedom if they joined the Loyalist cause - Within a month, the British had attracted more than 300 former servants and slaves to what came to be called the "Ethiopian Regiment

Articles of Confederation

- Once the colonies had declared their independence in 1776, the Patriots needed to form a national government as well -As early as July 1776, a committee appointed by the Continental Congress had produced a draft constitution called the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union -finally were ratified in March 1781, they essentially legalized the way things had been operating since independence had been declared - Nine states had to approve measures dealing with war, treaties, coinage, finances, and the army and navy. Unani- mous approval from the states was needed both to impose tariffs (often called "duties," or taxes) on imports and to amend the Articles

Oriskany August 6 1777

- Patriot militiamen, mostly local Ger- man American farmers and their Indian allies, withstood an ambush by Loyalists and Indians and gained time for Patriot reinforcements to arrive at nearby Fort Stanwix, which had been besieged by British soldiers -When the British demanded the fort's surrender, General Gates rejected the offer "with disdain," saying that the fort would be defended to the "last extremity."

State governments

- The first state constitutions created state governments during the War of Independence much like the colonial governments, but with elected governors and senates instead of royally appointed governors and councils -Most of the constitutions also included a bill of rights that protected freedom of speech, trial by jury, freedom from self-incrimination -Most also limited the powers of governors and strengthened the powers of the legislatures

What did Nathaneal Greene find when he landed in Charlotte North Carolina?

- a shadow army - The 2,200 troops lacked everything "necessary either for the Comfort or Convenience of Soldiers."

What did the Battle of Kings Mountain resemble?

- an extended family feud - Seventy-four sets of brothers fought on opposite sides, and twenty-nine sets of fathers and sons

What was Howe's strategy?

- hoped to maneuver the American army into fighting a single decisive battle that the superior British forces would surely win and thereby end the war in one glorious engagement

December 31 1775

- it was a disaster -Montgomery was killed early in the battle and Arnold was seriously wounded -more than 400 Americans were taken prisoner

General Richard Montgomery

- led a team of continental soldiers into Canada through way of Lake Champlain along New York Canadian border -former British army officer

General Benedict Arnold

- led team of continental soldiers into Canada through Maine woods

What did the Continental congress do after they found out Britain was willing to negotiate?

- named a group of prominent Americans to go to Paris to discuss terms with the British - included John Adams, who was then representing the United States in the Netherlands; John Jay, minister (ambassador) to Spain; and Benjamin Franklin, already in France -The negotiations dragged on for months until, on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was finally signed

What did most of the loyalist rush to do after the war?

- tens of thousands of panicked Loyalists made their way to seaports to board British ships and flee the United States -thousands of African Americans, mostly runaway slaves, also flocked to New York City, Charleston, and Savannah, with many of their angry owners in hot pursuit - Some of the doubly displaced Loyalists sneaked back into the United States, but most went to British islands in the Caribbean -the largest number of Loyalist exiles landed in Canada, where royal officials wanted them to displace the earlier French presence

July 2 1776

- the day the continental congress voted for independence -British redcoats landed on Staten island across New York's harbor from Manhattan -1st wave in major British attacks trying to end the war early

Battle of Princeton and Tarelton

- the wins helped boost patriot morale which helped Washington gain more soldiers

What were Thomas Jefferson and john Adams view on women freedoms?

- there was no place in the new republic for female political participation

August 30 1781

-Admiral de Grasse's twenty-four warships won the race to Yorktown, and French troops landed to join the Americans

December 1776

-American revolution was near collapse -Washington only had 3,000 men left and was in desperate need of more men -many "rebels" were "without shoes or stockings, and several were observed to have only linen drawers -The men suffered dramatically during the winter

Battle of Saratoga

-American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution. -3 week long battles -Gates's army sur- rounded the British forces, cutting off their supply lines. Desperate for food and ammunition, the British failed twice to break through the encircling Americans. -The trapped Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777, turning over 5,800 troops, 7,000 muskets, and forty-two brass cannons to Gates -In London, King George fell "into agonies on hearing the account" of Burgoyne's defeat.

What did the Loyalist view the Revolution as?

-An act of treason -They believed the British empire was important to protecting them from foreign foes and help them prosper -mostly resided in New York city, Philadelphia, and the Carolina

Thomas Paine

-Author who wrote The American crisis which boosted patriot morale after the defeat at long island

Battle of Yorktown

-Begins September 28 - American and French troops soon closed off Cornwallis's last escape route and began bombarding the British with artillery - The British held out for three grim weeks before running out of food and suffering from widespread disease -October 17, 1781, a glum Cornwallis surrendered. Two days later, the British forces marched out and laid down their weapons

What happened after the Battle of Kings Mountain?

-British forces under Cornwallis were forced to retreat to South Carolina and found it virtually impossible to recruit more Loyalists

What gave the war in the Carolinas a major turn?

-British forces, led by Generals Clinton and Charles Cornwallis, bottled up an entire American army on the Charleston Peninsula

General Howe

-British general who tried to negotiate a settlement of the revolution with the American leaders after the British landed on Staten island

Lord George Germain

-British official in London -After seeing the British southern strategy he predicted "speedy and happy termination of the American war." -Germain's optimistic prediction, however, fell victim to three developments: first, the Loyalist strength in the South was weaker than estimated; second, the British effort to unleash Indian attacks convinced many undecided back country settlers to join the Patriot side; and, third, some British and Loyalist soldiers behaved so harshly that they drove Loyalists to switch sides.

Winter at Morristown

-Brutal winter that the Continental army, making camp in Morristown, NJ 1777 - enlistment contracts expired and deserters fled the hardships caused by the brutal weather, inadequate food, and widespread disease. - enlistment contracts expired and deserters fled the hardships caused by the brutal weather, inadequate food, and widespread disease. -Washington had come to view smallpox with greater dread than "the Sword of the Enemy." -Only about 1,000 Patriots stayed with Washington through the brutal Morristown winter. -With the spring thaw, however, recruits began arriving to claim the bounty of $20 and 100 acres of land offered by Congress to those who would enlist for three years or for the duration of the conflict, if less.

By September 1781 where had the Americans narrowed British control?

-Charleston and Savannah -although local Patriots and Loyalists would continue to battle for more than a year in the backcountry, where there was "nothing but murder and devastation in every quarter," Greene said

What was given to Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

-Congress was given full power over foreign affairs and disputes between the states -But it had no national courts and no power to enforce its resolutions and ordinances. It could not levy taxes, and its budgetary needs depended on requisitions from the states, which state legislatures often ignored

What happened on July 1775

-Continental congress organized an expedition in Canada against Quebec in hopes of gaining French allies -They arrived in Canada on September

What had Cornwallis decided about Virginia?

-Cornwallis had pushed his army northward from Wilmington -Virginia must be eliminated as a source of American reinforcements and supplies

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

-Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army-a lack of stable supplies and munitions. -By March 1778, the troops at Valley Forge saw their strength restored. Their improved health enabled Washington to begin a rigorous training program.

What was the importance of the treaty of Amity and Commerce?

-France officially recognized the new United States and offered important trading privileges to American shipping. -both parties agreed, first, that if France entered the war, both countries would fight until American independence was won -second, that neither would conclude a "truce or peace" without "the formal consent of the other - and third, that each would guarantee the other's possessions in America -France further agreed not to seek Canada or other British possessions on the mainland of North America

Thomas Jeremiah

-Free Black, who was hung, then burned, because he told other slaves that the British "were come to help the poor Negroes."

July 1780

-French had finally managed to land 6,000 soldiers at New- port, Rhode Island, but they had been bottled up there for a year, blockaded by the British fleet -As long as the British navy maintained supremacy along the coast, the Americans could not hope to win the war

Marquis de Lafayette

-French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general for no pay in the Continental Army. -The young French general also proved to be an able diplomat in helping to forge the military alliance with France.

campaign of 1777

-General Burgoyne had led 7,000 soldiers southward from Canada towards New York's lake Champlain -as they went deeper into New York, it became harder to get food and supplies from Canada -Short of wagons and carts, the advance slowed to a snail's pace, thereby allowing the Americans to spring a trap. -The outnumbered but more mobile Patriots had the benefit of fighting in familiar territory

Battle of long island

-George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle on August 27, 1776. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan. -If the British had moved faster they could have captured the whole army and ended the revolution -British rested as the main American army, joined by Patriot civilians, made a miraculous escape from Manhattan over the next several weeks

February 1776

-George Washington moved his forces to defensive positions around New York city after ousting the British in Boston -He was still struggling to raise an army strong enough to fight the British

What was the sharpest irony of the American Revolution?

-Great Britain offered enslaved blacks more opportunities for freedom than did the United States

What did the treaty of Paris do?

-Great Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen former colonies —agreed that the Mississippi River was America's western boundary, thereby more than doubling the territory of the new nation -the boundaries of the United States created by the treaty covered some 900,000 square miles, most of which were west of the Proclamation Line of 1763, a vast region long inhabited by Indians and often referred to as trans Appalachia -Native Americans were given no role in the negotiations, and they were by far the biggest losers in the final treaty - Florida, as it turned out, passed back to Spain from Britain. As for the prewar debts owed by Americans to British merchants

Battle of Trenton

-Happened on Christmas night-Washington was not ready to hibernate for the winter and wanted to do something with the boosted morale of the patriots -he led 2,400 men packed into forty-foot-long boats, from Pennsylvania across the icy Delaware River into New Jersey. -Near dawn, at Trenton, the Americans surprised 1,500 sleeping Hessians, attacking them from three sides -Only 2 Americans died

General sir Henry Clinton

-In December 1778 became Britain's new Commander and chief -he plan was to enlist support from local Loyalists and the Cherokees, led by Chief Dragging Canoe - sent 3,000 redcoats, Hessians, and Loy- alists to take the port city of Savannah, on the southeast Georgia coast, and roll northeast from there

What did colorful fighters such as Francis Marion lead?

-In mid-1780, small bands of Patriots based in the swamps and forests of South Carolina launched a successful series of hit-and-run raids -"the Swamp Fox," and Thomas Sumter, "the Carolina Gamecock," -they gradually wore down British confidence and morale

What disadvantages did the British army have?

-It took 5-10 weeks for orders from the government in London to reach British commanders in America -the British also had to adjust to the fighting of the patriots. The Patriots were willing to fight at night, in the woods, cold, in the rain and snow. -getting resources to America which became expensive

Boonesborough

-It was a settlement named after Daniel Boone -In Kentucky Daniel Boone and his frontiersmen repeatedly clashed with the Shawnees and their British and Loyalist allies.

What was army life like for the Patriots?

-It was harsh, strict, deserters were hanged -few of them had ever faces mortal combat

Why did the British withdraw at Oriskany?

-Many of the Iroquoia deserted the British army -the withdraw led to Mohawk Valley running across central New York being secured for the Patriot forces.

What dilemma did General Montgomery face?

-Most of the soldiers had signed up for short tours of the war and many were scheduled for discharge at the end of the year -Because of the impending departure of his men he could not wait till spring for the smallpox to subside he ordered attack on the British forces defending Quebec during a blizzard

In the late 1780 who did the Continental Congress choose as the new commander for the American army in the South?

-Nathaneal Greene -known as the fighting Quaker of Rhode Island -A former blacksmith blessed with unflagging persistence, he was bold and daring, and well-suited to a drawn-out war.

State Constitutions

-Not only was a new nation coming into being as a result of the Revolutionary War, but new state-level governments were also being created, all of which were designed to reflect the principles of the republican ideology limiting the powers of government so as to protect the rights of the people

Daniel Morgan

-On January 17, 1781, Morgan's force took up positions near Cowpens, an area of cattle pastures in northern South Carolina about twenty-five miles from Kings Mountain -lured Sir Banastre Tarleton's army into an elaborate trap Tarleton escaped, but 110 British soldiers were killed and more than 700 were taken prisoner

Battle of King's Mountain (1780)

-On October 7, the two sides clashed near Kings Mountain, a heavily wooded ridge along the border between North Carolina and South Carolina. In a ferocious hour-long battle - Seven hundred Loyalists were captured, twenty-five of whom were later hanged

What were the 3 sides to the war?

-Patriots, who formed the Continental army and fought in state militias; Loyalists, or Tories, as the Patriots mockingly called them; and a less committed middle group -Both the Patriots and the British, once they took control of a city or community, would often require the residents to swear an oath of loyalty to their cause.

Republican ideology

-Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens' behalf. -American Revolutionaries embraced a republican ideology instead of the aristocratic or monarchical outlook that had long dominated Europe -representative democracy had many advantages over monarchies, one of which was greater transparency -To preserve the delicate balance between liberty and power in the new republic, Revolutionary leaders believed that they must protect the rights of individuals and states from being violated by the national government

What countries did the Americans join forces with?

-Spain, France, and the Netherlands -they supplied money, supplies, soldiers, and warships

How was the revolutionary war a civil war as well?

-The American society was divided in to three groups Patriots (whigs) which was the conntinental army, colonial malitias, and patriot citizens -loyalist (torries),e - and neutral which was mostly Native Americans

May 1781

-The British marched into Virginia there Benedict Arnold - was eager to strike at the American forces -Arnold had earlier plotted to sell out his former American command of West Point, a critically important fortress on the Hudson River north of New York City -As Cornwallis's army moved into Virginia, Washington persuaded the commander of the French army in Rhode Island to join in an attack on the British army in New York City -Before they could strike, however, word came from the Caribbean that Admiral François-Joseph-Paul de Grasse was headed for the Chesapeake Bay with his large fleet of French warships and some 3,000 soldiers -Washington soon immediately began moving his army south toward Yorktown. At the same time, French ships slipped out of the British blockade at Newport and also headed south -the French and Americans coordinated a complex plan to join naval and army forces and cut off and destroy the main British army

What happened after the battle of Quebec?

-The British sensed weakness and attacked the American camp which sent them on a frantic retreat up the St Lawrence river to Montreal and eventually to New York and back to New England

Why was it hard for America to fund the Continental army?

-The Confederation Congress lacked the ability to impose taxes - They could only ask the states to raise funds for the national government -the states rarely raised funds so they allowed the armies to take from farmers with promise of paying at a later date

December 27 1776

-The continental congress gave George Washington Large powers to strengthen the war effort -he had the ability to give army recruits cash, land clothing, and blankets

Treaty of Paris 1783

-The treaty that ends the revolutionary war -The war was not yet over. The British still controlled New York City, Charles- ton, and Savannah, and British ships still blockaded other American ports, but any lingering British hopes of a military victory vanished at Yorktown -In December 1781, King George decided against sending more troops to America -On February 27, 1782, Parliament voted to begin negotiations to end the war, and on March 20, Lord North resigned

What was the status of women?

-They were second-class citizens and treated like children - limiting their roles to child rearing and maintaining the household -could not vote or hold office - Few had access to formal education -Boys were taught to read and write; girls were taught to read and sew. -most of the 18th century could not write their name -Once a woman married, she essentially became the property of her husband, and her property became his

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben

-This Prussian's tight and ridged commanding structure worked to produce a European worth (weak but worth) continental army under GW, and became GW chief of staff by the conclusion of the war. His drill instruction would be used by the US army until the initiation of The War of 1812

What did Cornwallis as his base of operations?

-Yorktown, a small tobacco port between the York and James Rivers on the Chesapeake Bay -was not worried about an American attack, since General Washington's main force seemed preoccupied hundreds of miles away with the British occupation of New York City, and the British navy still controlled American waters

During 1780 what did the Revolutionary war become?

-a war of endurance -Americans held the advantage in time, men, and supplies -they knew they could outlast the British as long as they avoided a catastrophic defeat

What was the Southern British strategy created in 1778?

-built on the assumption that large numbers of Loyalists in the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia would join the British cause -Once the British gained control of the southern colonies, they would have the shrinking United States pinched between Canada and a British-controlled South

What troubles did loyalist face in their communities?

-civil unrest with the patriots

General Guy Carleton

-commander of British forces who organized mass evacuation of loyalist from United States - He intentionally violated the provisions of the Treaty of Paris by refusing to return slaves to their owners, defiantly telling George Washington that his slaves had already escaped and boarded ships bound for Canada

What did the departure of so many loyalist do for the economy of America?

-created new social, economic, and political opportunities for Patriots -In Paris, however, the Americans negotiating the peace treaty agreed that the Continental Congress would "earnestly recommend" to the states that the confiscated property be restored, although it rarely was

What did General Howe do in December 1776?

-decided the war was all but done -settled down and married his loyalist mistress to wait out the New York city winter

Daniel Boone

-fought against Indians in Kentucky -was twice shot and twice captured - Indians killed two of his sons, a brother, and two brothers-in-law. His daughter was captured, and another brother was wounded four times.

Major John André

-had exposed Arnold's plot -British spy -Warned that his plan had been discovered, Arnold joined the British side, while the Americans hanged André as a spy

What did George Washington confess to the continental congress?

-he had no experience of moving armies on a large scale and only had limited knowledge on miltary matters

What kind of strategy did Greene use?

-hit-and run -From Charlotte, he moved his army eastward while sending General Daniel Morgan, one of the heroes of the Battles of Saratoga, a heavy-drinking, fist-fighting wagonmaster, with about 700 riflemen on a sweep to the west of Cornwallis's headquarters at Winnsboro, South Carolina

Why was the American victory at the Battle of Kings Mountain crucial?

-it undermined the British strategy in the South -homas Jefferson later said that the battle was "the turn of the tide of success."

What was Washington's strategy?

-knew the Patriots would not win one large battle so instead decided to evade the main British army -carefully select when and where to attack, and, in the end, wear down the enemy forces and their will to fight on. -did not have to win large battle but just had to focus on not loosing the war

How did congress entice new soldiers for the war?

-land grants and cash bonuses in return they would fight for the duration of the war

What roles did women play during the war?

-made clothing for soldiers and organized fund-raising efforts -Others became camp followers, traveling and camping with the soldiers, often with their children in tow -women in the army camps cooked meals, washed clothes, nursed wounds, and, on occasion, took part in battle

What did Morgans army do after their victory at Cowpens?

-moved into North Carolina and linked up with Greene's troops -Greene lured Cornwallis's starving British army north, then attacked the redcoats at Guilford Courthouse (near what became Greensboro, North Carolina) on March 15, 1781

August 22 1776

-negotiations for the revolution failed -British invasion of New York -fleet of 427 ships carrying 32,000 troops, including 8,000 hired German soldiers, began landing on Long Island near New York City. -was the largest seaborne military expedition till that point

What was Greene do after the Battle of Guilford Courthouse

-resolved to go back into South Carolina, hoping to lure Cornwallis after him or force the British to give up the state - connected with local guerrilla bands led by Francis Marion, Andrew Pickens, and Thomas Sumter - the guerrillas eventually forced the British back into Charleston and Savannah - George Washington praised Greene for having done "great things with little means."

How did Cornwallis create more enemies for Britain?

-sending lieutenants into the country- side to organize Loyalist fighters to root out Patriots -they mercilessly burned homes and hacked to death surrendering rebels -their behavior alienated many poor rural folk who had been neutral.

What was the British plan in defeating the American rebellion?

-split America into 2 and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies - the complicated plan called for the British army to based in Canada led by general John Burgoyne advance southward from Quebec via Lake Champlain to the Hudson River At the same time, another British force would move eastward from Oswego, in western New York. - General William Howe, meanwhile, would lead a third British army up the Hudson River from New York City -All three advancing armies would eventually converge in cen- tral New York and wipe out any remaining Patriot resistance. -plan failed because of communication

What did a delegation by the northern Indians talk about in early 1776?

-the Shawnees, Delawares, and Mohawks had talked the Cherokees into attacking at frontier settlements in Virginia and the Carolinas -Swift retaliation had followed as Carolina militiamen led by Andrew Pickens burned dozens of Cherokee villages. -By weakening the major Indian tribes along the frontier, the American Revolution cleared the way for white settlers to seize Indian lands after the war.

What did George Washington do to combat the Iroquois attacks led by Mohawk chief Joseph Brant?

-the attacks had killed many of the militia men so George Washington sent 4,000 men under General John Sullivan to crush "the hostile tribes" and "the most mischievous of the Tories." -at Newton, New York, on August 29, 1779 -they forty Seneca and Cayuga villages, which broke the power of the Iroquois Confederacy for all time.

September 6 1781

-the day after a British fleet appeared, de Grasse attacked and forced the British navy to abandon Cornwallis's surrounded army, leaving him with no way to get fresh food and supplies - De Grasse then sent ships up the Chesapeake to ferry down the soldiers who were marching south from New York, bringing the combined American and French armies to 19,000 men—more than double the size of Cornwallis's army

Patriots and Loyalist in the Carolinas

-the warfare was brutal -neighbors fought - Both sides looted farms and plantations and tortured, scalped, and executed prisoners. Families were fractured by divided loyalties. Fathers fought sons and brothers killed brothers.

Who suffered the most most by the brutal civil war embedded within the Revolutionary War?

-they suffered greatly for their loyalty to King George III and for their refusal to pledge allegiance to the new United States -During and after the Revolution, their property was confiscated, and many were assaulted, brutalized, and executed by Patriots

What happened to the Native Americans after the war?

-they were promised land but many land hungry white Americans stole land from them

George Rogers Clark

-tried to end the English-led attacks in 1778 by taking 175 Patriot frontiersmen on flatboats down the Ohio River. -On the evening of July 4, the Americans captured English-controlled Kaskaskia, in present-day Illinois also took Cahokia -After the British retook Vincennes, Clark led his men across icy rivers and flooded prairies, sometimes in water neck-deep, and prepared to attack the British garrison. -Clark's rugged fron- tiersmen, called Rangers, captured five Indians carrying American scalps. Clark ordered his men to kill the Indians in sight of the fort. After watching the terrible executions, the British surrendered.

What did Francis Kinlock warn of?

-was a loyalist -"the lower sort of people, who were in many parts . . . originally attached to the British government, have suffered so severely and been so frequently deceived, that Great Britain now has a hundred enemies where it had one before."

Benjamin Lincoln

-was the U.S commander - begged local planters to arm their slaves and let them join the defense of the city, but the slaveholders refused - Prominent South Carolina leaders then used their control of local militia units to prevent Lincoln and his army from escaping the British invasion

Sir Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson

-were in charge of training Loyalist militiamen -often let their men burn Patriot farms, liberate slaves, and destroy livestock -Major Ferguson sealed his doom when he threatened to march over the Blue Ridge Mountains, hang the mostly Scots-Irish Presbyterian frontier Patriot leaders ("backwater barbarians"), and destroy their frontier farms. Instead, the feisty "overmountain men" from southwestern Virginia and western North and South Carolina (including "Tennesseans"), all of them experienced hunters and riflemen, went hunting for Ferguson and his army of Carolina Loyalists in late September 1780

in 1786, the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

-written by Thomas Jefferson -declared that "no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever" and "that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion."

Battle of Princeton

A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they surprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

Why did turning farmers into soldiers hurt the American economy?

America was a predominantly agricultural economy

Nathaniel Greene

American commander in the South known as the "fighting Quaker"

What types of people were mostly loyalist?

Anglican ministers, Anglican worshipers, Governors, judges and other royal officials

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Virginia Statue of religious freedom

Which alliance provided the most support to the colonies?

France

What stated did Cornwallis have mostly under British control by 1780?

Georgia and most of South Carolina

Who did the British Empire recruit to fight?

Hessians, American loyalist, Native Americans, and African Americans

Benjamin Franklin

Major American peace negotiator

What did the Revolution mean to the workers, servants, farmers, and freed slaves who participated?

Many hoped that the Revolution would remove, not reinforce, the elite's traditional political and social advantages

Why were Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and other plantation owners mad?

Many of their slaves were escaping and joining the British effort in hopes of freedom

When the Iroquois league split what tribes were with the British?

Mohawks, Onon- dagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, led by Mohawk Joseph Brant and Seneca Old Smoke,also joined by the Cherokees

What city became the headquarters for the Royal Navy and Army after the battle of long island?

New York City

Where did many of the Tories reside after the battle of long island?

New York city and New Jersey

When the Iroquois league split what tribes were with the Patriots?

Oneidas and Tuscaroras

What was the largest group of the war?

Patriots

What did the British commanders have to admit by August 1780?

South Carolina was "in an absolute state of rebellion."

Revolutionary war also sort of became a world war what European countries joined in ?

Spain, France,and the Netherlands

What did Arnold warn Washington about in February 1776?

That smallpox was going to be the ruin of the army

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

The Americans loose the battle but inflicted such heavy losses that Cornwallis left behind his wounded and marched his weary men toward Wilmington, on the North Carolina coast, to lick their wounds and take on supplies from British ships

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington

Why were the British more successful at recruiting the Native Americans?

They had longstanding relationships with the chieftains and promised to protect Indians lands

Why advantages did the British have in revolutionary war?

They had more money and a stronger empire

For what reason did most of they Indians join the war?

To protect themselves and their own interest

what did the war become for many Southern whites?

a war to defend slavery

John Burgoyne

arrogant British general defeated at saratoga

What did George Washington do in response to the British recruitment of enslaved African Americans?

authorized the enlistment of free blacks but not slaves into the American army

How was most of the Patriots ammunition acquired?

capturing British weapons or importing from France

What disadvantages did the patriot army have?

create an army and navy from scratch with little money

John Andre

ended Benedict Arnold's plot, hanged as a spy

In 1776, the Virginia Declaration of Rights

guaranteed the free exercise of religion

What did general Cornwallis do when he found out about the American victory at Cowpens?

he was so furiously disappointed that he snapped his ceremonial sword in two, saying that the news

Who was the American continental army made of?

militia men and a professional trained army under George Washington supervision

What side did most of the Stock bridge Indians of Massachusetts take?

mostly Mahicans, formed a company of Minutemen who fought alongside Patriot and pledged "wherever your armies go, there we will go; you shall always find us by your side; and if providence calls us to sacrifice our lives in the field of battle, we will fall where you fall, and lay our bones by yours."

Who made up the continental army?

mostly young, single, relatively poor farmers, laborers, or indentured servants

What side did most of the Indians take in New England?

neutral or sided with the Patriots

Malitia men

primarily civilians summoned from their farms and shops on short notice to defend their communities

Lord Dunmore

promised American slaves their freedom if they would join the British war effort

Why was the Articles of Confederation important?

represented the most practical structure for the new nation

What was the silent killer during the expedition into Canada?

smallpox

Why did the British leaders choose peace with America?

so that they could concentrate on their continuing global war with France and Spain

Lord Charles Cornwallis

surrendered his army to George Washington at Yorktown

t/f All but Virginia eliminated tax support for the church before the fighting was over, and Virginia did so soon afterward

t

July 4

the date the Declaration of Independence was approved, became Independence Day

What advantages did the Patriots have in the revolutionary war?

they fought on their own home ground

What did the Articles of Confederation not allow for?

they were scared of another monarchy so it did not allow for a president or a chief executive

What was the issue with the malitia men

they were unreliable and ungovernable

What did the Battle of Saratoga convince the French to do?

to sign two crucial treaties that created an American alliance with France

Banastre Tarleton

was a brutal British leader in the South

Why was Cowpens and important battle?

was the most complete victory for the American side in the Revolution and was one of the few times that Patriots won a battle in which the two sides were evenly matched

Deborah Sampson

woman who hid her gender during the war in order to be able to fight

Thomas Paine

wrote The American Crisis