Test 2 McGraw-Hill Microbiology Chapter 8 & 9

Which of the following mutations frequently results in the production of a shortened and non-functional protein because a different set of codons is translated? Frameshift Base substitution Nonsense Missense Silent Point

Frameshift

Which of the following terms describes the sequence of nucleotides (genetic makeup) of an organism or a cell? - Phenotype - Serotype - Genotype - Haplotype

Genotype

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are involved in the naming process for restriction enzymes? Discovering scientist Genus name Year of discovery Species name Number showing order of discovery Palindrome recognized

Genus name Species name Number showing order of discovery

This figure depicts the interconversion between an F+ cell and a(n) _________ cell.

Hfr

Which process requires visible light to repair DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light? Photolysis Excision repair Photoreactivation

Photoreactivation

A bacterial cell described as ________ can take up DNA from the surrounding environment.

competent

Which step of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) involves the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA? termination denaturation digestion elongation priming

elongation

Once fragments of DNA have been separated using gel electrophoresis, the DNA bands are typically visualized by using a(n) _______. fluorescent dye complex stain spectrophotometer

fluorescent dye

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are caused by chemical mutagens? frameshift mutations double stranded breaks thymine dimers base substitutions

frameshift mutations base substitutions

The type of transduction that can transfer any genes of a host cell is called _________ transduction.

generalized

__________ engineering has been used to produce vaccines, pharmaceutical proteins, transgenic plants and animals, and DNA.

genetic

Chymosin or rennin, which is used to coagulate milk in cheese production, is now commonly made by ______. genetically engineered bacteria creating it from scratch in the lab isolating it from cow stomachs

genetically engineered bacteria

An auxotroph can be isolated from a prototrophic parent strain by ______ selection. direct indirect differential degenerate

indirect

When two bacterial strains that are His-/Trp- (require his and trp for growth) and Leu-/Thr- (require leu and thr for growth) are mixed together and plated on minimal media, any colonies that form are likely due to one strain acquiring genes from another strain. This is called ____________ gene transfer.

horizontal

Organisms most fit to survive in a given environment will predominate because they can reproduce more rapidly than others. This phenomenon is called ___________ _______________.

natural selection

Which type of DNA repair is shown in this figure? nucleotide excision repair base excision repair proofreading mismatch repair photoreactivation

nucleotide excision repair

This figure shows the steps of ______, a process that repairs thymine dimers by breaking the covalent bonds that have formed between adjacent thymines. proofreading excision repair SOS repair photoreactivation

photoreactivation

A collection of clones that together contain the entire genome of an organism being studied is ______. a colony-forming unit a DNA library a cloning vector a restriction digest

a DNA library

(LETTER C IN PHOTO) The structure connecting these two cells is called an F _______ and is formed during the mechanism of DNA transfer called _______.

pilus conjugation

Restriction enzymes are naturally produced by ______. fungi protozoa viruses bacteria

bacteria

The type of DNA damage repair illustrated here is _______. mismatch repair thymine dimer repair proofreading repair base excision repair

base excision repair

The _____ ______ ______ (PCR) is a technique that makes numerous copies of a given region of DNA in a matter of hours.

polymerase chain reaction

This figure shows the first two steps of a technique called the: _______ _______ _______ . (No abbreviations please)

polymerase chain reaction

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the _______ dictate which part of the DNA will be amplified.

primers

Plating bacteria in duplicate patterns on both a nutrient agar plate and a glucose-salts agar plate is an example of _______ plating.

replica

Reverse transcriptase is naturally produced by _______. rhabdoviruses Mycoplasma species retroviruses Mycobacterium species

retroviruses

The Ames test measures the effect of potential carcinogens on the _______ rate of a histidine-requiring Salmonella auxotroph.

reversion (or mutation)

A base substitution that results in a codon that still codes for the wild type amino acid is called a(n) ______ mutation.

synonymous

Because E. coli cells are not naturally competent, when used for cloning, they must be treated to induce them to take up DNA by the process of ______. transduction transformation competence conjugation

transformation

The process of bacterial ________ involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells.

transformation

In molecular cloning, the DNA replicon in which the gene of interest is inserted functions as a carrier of that DNA, and is termed a(n) ______. vector marker vehicle amplicon

vector

*Select all that apply* Transduction exists in two kinds. What are they? localized compartmentalized specific nonspecific generalized specialized

generalized specialized

There are two types of transduction: ____________ , which transfers any genes of the donor cell, and ___________ , which transfers only a few specific genes.

generalized specialized

The ___________ is the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell or an organism.

genotype or genome

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are sources of "naked" DNA? Lysed (burst) bacterial cells Contained in bacteriophages Contained within bacteria that lack cell walls Secreted into the environment by bacteria

Lysed (burst) bacterial cells Secreted into the environment by bacteria

Which of the following terms describes the sequence of nucleotides (genetic makeup) of an organism or a cell? - Serotype - Phenotype - Haplotype - Genotype

Genotype

In __________ gene transfer, DNA moves from one organism to another, while in__________ gene transfer, DNA is passed from a parent cell to its progeny.

Horizontal - Vertical

______ is used to fix nucleotide incorporation errors that are missed by the proofreading function of DNA polymerase. SOS repair Excision repair Mismatch repair Polymerase repair Photoactivation

Mismatch repair

A bacteriophage consists of a genome made up of DNA or _________ , surrounded by a coat made up of __________.

RNA protein (or polypeptides, or proteins)

For DNA to be visualized in a gel after electrophoresis, ______. a DNA-staining dye must be used the gel must be photographed the gel must be irradiated the gel must be refrigerated

a DNA-staining dye must be used

This image shows two steps in a mechanism of DNA transfer called _________.

conjugation

A plasmid that can directs its own transfer from donor to recipient cells is called a(n) _________.

conjugative

During the second step of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle, the temperature is lowered. This results in ______. the primers annealing to their complementary sequences the dsDNA template denaturing as a result of the heat DNA polymerase synthesizing new DNA

the primers annealing to their complementary sequences

Consider a population of bacteria susceptible to an antimicrobial. If a bacterium acquires a spontaneous mutation that gives resistance to the antimicrobial, this bacterium will ______ if the population is exposed to the antimicrobial. grow without competition grow as well as all the other bacteria not grow as well as all the other bacteria

grow without competition

During horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, the transferred donor DNA may be integrated into the recipient's genome via a process called ______. heterologous conversion chromatid exchange nonhomologous end joining homologous recombination

homologous recombination

A base substitution that leads to the creation of a stop codon is called a(n) ________ mutation.

nonsense

Chemical mutagens that modify ______ increase the odds of incorrect nucleotide incorporation during DNA replication. amino acids pentose sugars nucleobases monosaccharides

nucleobases

Chemical mutagens that modify ______ increase the odds of incorrect nucleotide incorporation during DNA replication. nucleobases amino acids monosaccharides pentose sugars

nucleobases

Repair of nucleotide incorporation errors during the process of DNA replication is accomplished by _________ by DNA polymerase and by __________ repair.

proofreading mismatch

The pieces of DNA produced when restriction enzymes cut DNA are called ______ fragments. restriction polymerization probe primer

restriction

In generalized transduction, donor DNA is mistakenly packaged into a phage coat, forming a __________ particle.

transducing

Bacteria such as E. coli are an excellent model system for genetics studies because they can quickly grow to high densities, allowing us to screen for rare genetic events. These can give rise to different __________ , which are genetic variants within a species.

strains

The most common type of mutation is base __________, where an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated during DNA replication.

substitution

The genetic transfer mechanism shown here is called ____________ .

transformation

In prokaryotes, genes can be transferred from a donor to a recipient via three different mechanisms: ______ , _______ , and ________.

transformation (or bacterial transformation, or DNA-mediated transformation) transduction conjugation

Cloned genes introduced into a plant create ______ plants. transgenic identical polygenic cloned

transgenic

A genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a _________.

vector

The top panel in this figure indicates the wild type sequence. What type of mutation does the bottom panel illustrate? nonsense base substitution frameshift synonymous missense

frameshift

DNA in the environment that is not contained within a cell or virus is called ________ DNA.

naked

Agarose gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acid fragments according to ___________. shape. nucleobase sequence. density. type of 5-carbon sugar. size.

size

In a typical cloning procedure, the DNA of interest and the vector are cut with the same ___________ ____________ and then joined to form a recombinant DNA molecule.

restriction enzyme (or endonuclease)

During bacterial conjugation, synthesis of a new strand of F plasmid DNA occurs in _________. neither the donor nor the recipient both the donor and recipient either the donor or the recipient, but not both the recipient only the donor only

both the donor and recipient

Bacteria lack the ability to remove introns from precursor RNA. Thus, for cloning purposes it may be necessary to ______. use different promoters generate cDNA from mRNA turn cDNA into mRNA use the DNA after it has been processed use the DNA directly

generate cDNA from mRNA

Biotechnology is generally associated with __________ _____________ , the process of deliberately altering an organisms genetic makeup using in vitro techniques.

genetic engineering

Most vectors have a second genetic marker that is made non-functional if an insert is in the multiple-cloning site. This disruption of the marker's function is called ______. recombinant DNA knockout mutant selective gene deletion insertional inactivation

insertional inactivation

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by a sex ______ during conjugation. membrane receptor pilus cilium fimbria

pilus

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are needed for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? DNA polymerase from Escherichia coli primers DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus DNA ligase template RNA deoxynucleotides template DNA

primers DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus deoxynucleotides template DNA

*Select all that apply* Which of the following can be found in a bacteriophage? hybrid DNA/RNA genome nucleus lipid membrane protein coat protein genome DNA or RNA genome

protein coat DNA or RNA genome

Gel electrophoresis may be used to separate DNA, RNA, or ______ according to their size. proteins carbohydrates lipids

proteins

An organism that does not require growth factors is called a(n)__________.

prototroph

An organism that has the same nutritional requirement as the wild type is said to be a(n) ______. - heterotroph - autotroph - auxotroph - prototroph - phototroph

prototroph

In penicillin enrichment, the penicillin selects against the ______ which can grow in the medium. heterotrophs prototrophs auxotrophs chemotrophs

prototrophs

Which of the following mutations frequently results in the production of a shortened and non-functional protein because a different set of codons is translated? Nonsense Base substitution Frameshift Silent Point Missense

Frameshift

_________ mutations are genetic changes caused by factors from outside of the cell such as radiation or chemicals.

Induced

______ repair is activated by extensive DNA damage and uses a polymerase that lacks proofreading ability, ultimately resulting in mutations. Excision Photoreactivation Proofreading SOS Mismatch

SOS

Vectors used in molecular cloning typically have a(n) ______, meaning a gene that allows the researcher to eliminate any cells that have not taken up molecules containing the vector sequences. An example of such a gene is one that encodes resistance to an antibiotic. insertional inactivation second genetic marker cloning site selectable marker

selectable marker

A plasmid or other replicon into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes is called a(n) _________.

vector

*Select all that apply* Errors by DNA polymerase that incorporate the wrong nucleotide into replicating DNA can be repaired quickly by which two mechanisms? Mismatch repair Photoactivation SOS repair Excision repair Proofreading by DNA polymerase

Mismatch repair Proofreading by DNA polymerase

_______ selection is used to isolate an auxotroph from a prototrophic parent strain, because no selective medium exists to inhibit the parent.

Indirect (or Negative)

*Select all that apply* The distortion of DNA by thymine dimers directly blocks which of the following cellular processes? Translation Respiration Replication Transcription

Replication Transcription

Extensively damaged DNA activates the _________ repair mechanism, which cannot always determine the correct nucleotide sequence, thus introducing mutations resulting from the repair process itself.

SOS

Cancer-causing chemicals are called ________.

carcinogens

The ends shown here are generated by the action of a restriction enzyme. They are called _______ ends. cohesive blunt adhesive conserved

cohesive

Conjugation in bacteria requires ______. formation of a biofilm matrix the presence of bacteriophages contact between donor and recipient cell the isolation of chromosome fragments

contact between donor and recipient cell

*Select all that apply* What is the importance of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? It can be used to cut DNA into defined fragments. It can be used to detect target DNA in a sample. It can be used to increase the amount of a select region of DNA in a sample.

It can be used to detect target DNA in a sample. It can be used to increase the amount of a select region of DNA in a sample.

A(n) __________ mutation is a base substitution that changes the codon to one that specifies a different amino acid.

missense

During transduction, donor DNA is injected into a recipient cell by a phage. This DNA integrates into the recipient's chromosome by ______ _______.

homologous recombination

The joining of genomic fragments to vectors creates molecules called __________ DNA molecules.

recombinant

When some species of bacteria reach a certain density or when nutrients are in short supply, they ______. turn on genes required for competence signal other cells to lyse begin nitrogen and carbon synthesis

turn on genes required for competence

Many DNA polymerases have the ability to detect and repair their own errors in nucleotide incorporation. This ability is called _________.

proofreading (or editing)

True or false: Ultraviolet rays are chemical mutagens.

False

True or false: When an Hfr cell transfers chromosomal DNA to a recipient cell, it does not need to produce an F pilus.

False

_________ _________ are a type of radiation that can cause single and double stranded breaks in a DNA strand.

X rays

*Select all that apply* If the vector being used in the cloning process has an ampicillin resistance gene as its selective marker and the lacZ' gene as its second genetic marker, what should be added to the medium to isolate transformed cells? X-gal beta-galactosidase penicillin ampicillin

X-gal ampicillin

Engineered Cas9 nucleases recognize and bind to particular DNA or RNA sequences with the help of ______. telomeric DNA guide RNA restriction enzymes cloning vectors

guide RNA

In humans, two of the genes associated with the development breast cancer encode enzymes involved in _________. mutagenesis DNA repair cell death DNA damage

DNA repair

*Select all that apply* X rays can cause which types of damage to a DNA molecule? Thymine dimer formation Double stranded breaks Nucleobase alterations Single stranded breaks

Double stranded breaks Nucleobase alterations Single stranded breaks

True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells.

False

True or false: Only fragments of DNA from the same organism can be joined together to make a recombinant DNA molecule.

False

In an experiment, donor DNA, DNase, and recipient cells are added to a mixture. The recipient cells are not transformed. This tells us what about the donor DNA? It is contained within cells. It is contained within bacteriophages. It is naked.

It is naked.

Why should you load DNA of known sizes into the agarose gel? - It makes it easier to determine sizes of unknown DNA fragments using comparison techniques. - to fill in all the slots on the gel so you can run it - so you know how long the gel needs to run - to practice loading the DNA before you get to the important DNA

It makes it easier to determine sizes of unknown DNA fragments using comparison techniques.

How many strands of donor DNA integrate into a recipient chromosome during transformation? One Two None

One

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are replicons? Plasmid Chromosome fragment Chromosome

Plasmid Chromosome

*Select all that apply* Which of the following types of radiation are mutagenic? Ultraviolet rays Infrared rays X-rays

Ultraviolet rays X-rays

In conjugation in E. coli, an Hfr cell refers to ______. - a cell in which the F plasmid has been degraded by DNase - a cell that has combined with the other cells by sexual reproduction - a cell that has donated its F plasmid to a recipient cell - a cell with an intact F plasmid which is separate from the chromosome - a cell in which the F plasmid has been integrated into the cell chromosome

a cell in which the F plasmid has been integrated into the cell chromosome

Foreign or altered DNA can be introduced into a recipient cell in a form that will be replicated and passed on to the cell's progeny. This procedure is known as ___________.

cloning

Cells that have the ability to take up DNA from the environment are called _________ cells. competent immunogenic recombinant pathogenic

competent

he first step in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle requires a high temperature to _______. increase the rate of chemical reactions decrease the action of DNA polymerase force the complementary binding of nucleotides denature the DNA double helix

denature the DNA double helix

A transducing particle carries ______. donor cell DNA phage DNA phage DNA and recipient DNA recipient cell DNA

donor cell DNA

Highly automated methods that generate huge amounts of DNA sequence data relatively quickly are termed _________-__________ (or next-generation) sequencing.

high throughput

Several new technologies to rapidly determine DNA sequences are referred to as ______ sequencing. high-throughput dideoxy-chain termination polymerase chain reaction

high-throughput

The hormone ___________ is a genetically engineered pharmaceutical protein that is used in the treatment of diabetes.

insulin

If a base substitution changes an amino acid-encoding codon to a stop codon what would it be called? nonsense mutation deletion mutation silent mutation frameshift mutation missense mutation

nonsense mutation

An actual DNA transformation experiment is set up so that _______ grow under selective conditions. only nontransformed cells both transformed and nontransformed cells only transformed cells

only transformed cells

A bacterial virus is known as a(n) _______. elementary body prion retrovirus bacteriovirus phage

phage

The _______ is the observed characteristics of an organism.

phenotype

A(n)__________ mutation occurs if a single base pair is changed during DNA synthesis.

point

Recognition and repair of errors in nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase is called ______. photoactivation proofreading excision repair mismatch repair

proofreading

Spontaneous mutations are important because ______. they allow horizontal gene transfer between bacteria they allow populations of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment

they allow populations of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment

Ultraviolet radiation causes covalent bonds to specifically form between adjacent ________ molecules on a DNA molecule.

thymine (or pyrimidine)

Ultraviolet radiation causes a very specific type of DNA damage called ______. thymine dimers double-strand breaks transduction base analogs recombination

thymine dimers

In this diagram, step 5 was left out on purpose. You would expect it to show the formation of a _______. plasmid particle conjugative particle transducing particle transformative particle transposable element

transducing particle

*Select all that apply* Genetic engineering is commonly used in the production of ______. vaccines pharmaceutical proteins transgenic plants designer babies

vaccines pharmaceutical proteins transgenic plants

The term used to describe a gene when it is found in its natural, non-mutated, form is ___________ type.

wild

After new virus particles have assembled in the bacterial host cell, they are usually ______. stored inside the cell for a later time released as a result of host cell lysis destroyed by the bacterial immune system integrated into the structure of the bacterial cell wall

released as a result of host cell lysis

Enzymes that cut DNA at or near specific DNA sequences are called ___________ ____________.

restriction enzymes (or endonucleases)

The enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template is called ___________ ____________.

reverse transcriptase

The enzyme ______ is used to convert mature, eukaryotic mRNA into a strand of complementary DNA. phosphodiesterase DNA ligase DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase

During conjugation, the F plasmid nucleic acid that transfers is ______. single-stranded RNA double-stranded RNA single-stranded DNA double-stranded DNA

single-stranded DNA

In the Ames test, a control plate is used to show that reversion is due to the test chemical rather than to ______. spontaneous mutation thymine dimers glucose-salts medium rat liver enzymes

spontaneous mutation

Random genetic changes that result from normal cellular processes are ______. spontaneous mutations induced mutations synonymous mutations

spontaneous mutations

Base ______ mutations occur when an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated in place of another during DNA synthesis. translocation insertion substitution deletion

substitution

_________ agents insert themselves between adjacent base pairs in a DNA strand, increasing the rate of frameshift mutations.

Intercalating

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are characteristics of recombinants? They are genetically identical to their parent strain. They have multiple chromosomes. The have properties of both donor and recipient cells. They result from horizontal gene transfer.

The have properties of both donor and recipient cells. They result from horizontal gene transfer.

When horizontal gene transfer occurs between a donor and recipient cells, the resulting cells are called ________.

recombinants

When horizontal gene transfer occurs between a donor and recipient cells, the resulting cells are called _________.

recombinants

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are the three main methods of gene transfer in bacteria? transformation competition conjugation translocation transduction transposition

transformation conjugation transduction

When a DNA fragment is inserted into a vector, this results in a(n) ______ molecule. library vector-less recombinant insert

recombinant

The repair of thymine dimers by enzymes that break the covalent bonds between the dimers is called ______ repair. photoreactivation excision sos proofreading mismatch

photoreactivation

A variation on standard PCR combines the methods of RT-PCR and qPCR in order to detect and determine the relative amount of a given RNA sequence in a sample without the need for gel electrophoresis. The combination method is called ______-______ RT-PCR

real time

When two or more DNA molecules are linked together using in vitro methods, the resulting molecule is called ___________ DNA.

recombinant

Biotechnology now uses ______ to genetically engineer organisms to give them useful traits. traditional genetic screens recombinant DNA techniques

recombinant DNA techniques

In the most thoroughly studied example of bacterial conjugation, the term _______ designates a donor cell with an F plasmid, whereas those cells who lack the F plasmid are termed _________.

F+ F-

When using a pUC 18 vector for cloning, cells that carry intact vector after transformation will form ______ colonies, because they have a functional lacZ' gene. white blue

blue

What happens after an F+ donor transfers a strand of an F plasmid to an F- recipient? both become F- It is not possible to predict the outcome. both become F+ The donor becomes F- while the recipient becomes F+.

both become F+

The procedure that involves inserting DNA into a vector to form a recombinant molecule that is then introduced into cells where it replicates is called molecular ______. sequencing cloning mapping hybridization

cloning

Two methods used to identify mutants in a culture are ______ and ______ selection. direct; indirect plus; minus excision; photoreactivation forward; reverse

direct; indirect

*Click and drag on elements in order* Place the steps of F plasmid transfer in the correct order. Start with the earliest at the top.

1. F pilis makes contact with recipient cell. 2. One strand of F plasmid is cut in origin of transfer. 3. Single strand of F plasmid is transferred to recipient cell. 4. Compliment of the transferred strand is synthesized.

A base substitution that results in a change in the amino acid encoded is called a(n) ______ mutation.

missense

*Select all that apply* What are some of the disadvantages of the SOS DNA polymerase? It has no proofreading ability. It only works on undamaged DNA. It can result in many mutations in the DNA. It competes with the standard DNA polymerase.

It has no proofreading ability. It can result in many mutations in the DNA.

True or false: The development of recombinant DNA techniques has had a huge impact on many different aspects of society including agriculture and medicine.

True

Unlike standard DNA polymerases, the DNA polymerase used in SOS repair ______. can proofread DNA can call on other DNA polymerases for help can synthesize DNA even in very damaged regions

can synthesize DNA even in very damaged regions

In bacteria, __________ refers to DNA transfer requiring cell to cell contact.

conjugation

True or false: A point mutation always leads to a shift of the reading frame from the point of mutation downstream.

False

In addition to using naturally-occurring mutants with desirable characteristics in biotechnology, researchers can now also use __________ ____________techniques to genetically alter organisms.

recombinant (or genetic) DNA (or engineering)

In the Ames test, ______ are exposed to a possible mutagen and are then plated onto ______ medium to test for reversion. auxotrophs; glucose-salts prototrophs; glucose-salts prototrophs; nutrient agar auxotrophs; nutrient agar

auxotrophs; glucose-salts

Chemical mutagens can cause two types of mutations: ________ substitutions and ___________ mutations.

base (or base pair, or nucleobase) frameshift

The F or fertility plasmid contains genes that are required for bacterial ________. conjugation transformation transduction competence

conjugation

When transforming cells as part of a cloning procedure, using bacteria such as E. coli that are not naturally competent, DNA can be introduced by ______, a procedure that creates temporary holes in the cytoplasmic membrane by exposing the cells to an electric current. transduction electroporation conjugation

electroporation

The repair of thymine dimers by enzymes that make single-stranded cuts that flank both sides of the thymine dimer is called ______ repair. proofreading mismatch excision SOS photoreactivation

excision

Which term refers to an organism that has a mutation? - Mutant - Wild type - Mutagen

- Mutant

Which of the following describes an organism's observable characteristics? - Serotype - Genotype - Phenotype - Haplotype

- Phenotype

A mutant that requires a growth factor is a(n) ______. - heterotroph - autotroph - auxotroph - prototroph - phototroph

- auxotroph

True or false: Alkylating agents typically cause frameshift mutations.

False

Mutagens that modify nucleobases change their _______ - _________ properties.

base - pairing

Mutation rates are low because proofreading and _________ mechanisms fix altered or damaged DNA before it can be passed to progeny.

repair (or mismatch repair, or DNA repair)

Thymine dimers can kill cells if left unrepaired, as they cause kinks in DNA that interfere with the processes of _________ and __________.

replication transcription

The return of a gene from a mutated state to its original, non-mutated state is called a ______. reversion recombination regression repression revision

reversion

_________ is the change of a mutated genetic sequence back to its original, non-mutated form.

reversion

A base substitution in a protein-encoding gene results in one of three possible mutation outcomes: ___________ mutation, _________ mutation, or ____________ mutation.

silent (or synonymous) missense nonsense

A(n) _________ mutation is a base substitution that does not change the encoded amino acid.

silent or synonymous

Mutations that arise naturally during cellular metabolism, and not as a result of exposure to mutation-causing agents, are called _________ mutations.

spontaneous

The native or _________ _______ strain describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA.

wild type

*Select all that apply* Genetic change in bacteria occurs through which two mechanisms? - mutation - vertical gene transfer - horizontal gene transfer

- mutation - horizontal gene transfer

Bacteria are a great model system for genetic studies because when they are grown to very high numbers in small volumes of simple media ______. - the bacteria divide indefinitely so the population number remains constant - rare genetic changes that happen can be easily studied - the genetic makeup of the population is very stable and never mutates

- rare genetic changes that happen can be easily studied

This figure illustrates the potential outcomes of base substitution mutations. The column labeled with a zero (far left) indicates the wild type. Match each Arabic numeral to its correct designation.

1 synonymous substitution 2 missense mutation 3 nonsense mutation

______ _________ structurally resemble nucleobases and can be mistakenly used when cells make nucleotides, which are then incorporated by DNA polymerase into DNA.

Base (or Nucleobase) analogs

______ are segments of DNA that can move from one location to another in a cell's genome. Plasmids Transposons Mutagens Transcripts

Transposons

A mutant which needs a particular nutrient to grow which the normal strain does not is called a(n) __________.

auxotroph

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are caused by chemical mutagens? base substitutions double stranded breaks frameshift mutations thymine dimers

base substitutions frameshift mutations

The chance that a gene will undergo a mutation when a cell replicates its DNA prior to cell division is ______. more than 10-12 between 10-1 and 10-4 less than 10-1 between 10-4 and 10-12

between 10-4 and 10-12

*Select all that apply* The consequences of not repairing damaged DNA in cells include ______. cells that have fewer mutations cancer (in animals) increased activity of RNA polymerase cell death

cancer (in animals) cell death

A common consequence of a __________ mutation is the appearance of an early stop codon that produces a shortened and thus non-functional protein.

frameshift

Consider a base substitution mutation that occurs in a codon that specifies the amino acid tryptophan. If it leads to a different amino acid, the mutation is called _________ mutation, and if the resultant codon is a stop codon, then the mutation is termed a(n) ________ mutation.

missense nonsense

A _________ is an agent that induces changes in DNA.

mutagen

The majority of transposons contain _______ terminators. translational transcriptional replicational

transcriptional

Dr. Barbara McClintock determined that variegation in the color of corn kernels was due to the insertion of ______ elements into genes involved in pigment synthesis. bacteriophage intercalating retroviral transposable

transposable

Variation in the color of corn kernels, as described by Dr. Barbara McClintock, is an example of the process called _______.

transposition

Mutagens that are DNA segments that can insert into genes and thereby inactivate them are called ______. transposons alkylating agents intercalating agents thymine dimers

transposons

Segments of DNA that can move to new positions within the genome of a single cell are called ____________.

transposons

___________ are DNA segments that increase the rate of mutations by inserting themselves into genes and inactivating them.

transposons

If a scientist is working with bacteria that have the typical phenotype of those isolated from nature, the bacteria are considered to be ______ type. wild natural normal

wild

When describing conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria, a donor cell with an F ______ is considered F+, while that without this structure are termed F-. fimbria cilium flagellum chromosome plasmid

plasmid

Please match the components of a vector with their functions. 1. Origin of replication 2. Restriction enzyme recognition site 3. Selectable marker - Allows plasmid to replicate independent of host chromosome - Allows for elimination of bacterial cells that do not contain recombinant molecule or vector - Allows vector to be cut so that gene of interest can be inserted

1. Allows plasmid to replicate independent of host chromosome 2. Allows vector to be cut so that gene of interest can be inserted 3. Allows for elimination of bacterial cells that do not contain recombinant molecule or vector

*Click and drag on elements in order* Place the steps of DNA-mediated transformation into the correct order. Start with the earliest at the top. -Strand being replaced by donor DNA is degraded. toggle button Strand being replaced by donor DNA is degraded. -Nucleases at the cell surface degrade one strand of the DNA; the other strand enters the cell. -Double-stranded DNA molecule binds to surface receptor. -Single-stranded DNA integrates into genome after entering the cell.

1. Double-stranded DNA molecule binds to surface receptor. 2. Nucleases at the cell surface degrade one strand of the DNA; the other strand enters the cell. 3. Single-stranded DNA integrates into genome after entering the cell. 4. Strand being replaced by donor DNA is degraded. toggle button

Please match the components of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with their role. 1. Double-stranded DNA 2. Taq polymerase 3. Primers 4. Deoxynucelotides a. Short DNA molecules that determine site of amplification in target DNA b. Enzyme that copies target DNA sequence c. Template containing target sequence d. Building blocks of DNA

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d

When an excision errors produces a plasmid containing both chromosomal and F plasmid DNA, the resulting plasmid is called a(n) ________ plasmid.

F'

When integrated F plasmid DNA in an Hfr cell is excised from the chromosome, an excision error can result in the removal of chromosomal DNA along with the F plasmid DNA, creating a plasmid called ______. Hfr F- F+ F'

F'

When integrated F plasmid DNA in an Hfr cell is excised from the chromosome, an excision error can result in the removal of chromosomal DNA along with the F plasmid DNA, creating a plasmid called _______. Hfr F' F- F+

F'

True or false: Bacteria use CRISPR for gene editing.

False

A(n)___________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is passed on to daughter cells.

Mutation

Which of the following statements best describes mutation rates of genes? They are commonly as low as zero. They do not occur randomly. They range between one in 10 and one in 100. They range between one in 10,000 and one in a trillion.

They range between one in 10,000 and one in a trillion.

The mechanism by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is called __________.

Transduction

Chemicals called ______ add alkyl groups onto nucleobases, changing their base-pairing properties. phospholipids polymerases alkylating agents thymine dimers

alkylating agents

Penicillin _________ is a technique in which mutant cells are incubated in glucose-salts broth with penicillin before plating on nutrient agar in order to increase the ratio of auxotrophs to prototrophs.

enrichment

Chemical mutagens that squeeze between base pairs and induce frameshift mutations are called ______. thymine dimers alkylating agents intercalating agents base analogs

intercalating agents

Although diagrams describing applications of biotechnology often only show one or a few molecules of DNA, in reality ______. these molecules are much larger than they appear millions of molecules are involved

millions of molecules are involved

Sometimes DNA polymerase adds the wrong nucleotide to the growing chain. If proofreading does not fix the error, then it is usually fixed by a mechanism called ________ repair.

mismatch

When trying to illustrate how DNA molecules in a molecular biologist's "tool kit" work, it is often helpful to use ______ on diagrams. only one or a few molecules millions of molecules

only one or a few molecules

A laboratory technique used to determine the specific order of nucleotides in DNA is called DNA __________.

sequencing

*Select all that apply* During the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), short strands that include only the target sequence are generated from ______ and ______ strands used as a template. full-length short mid-length

short mid-length

Chromosomal DNA is transferred with F plasmid DNA in an Hfr cell because ______. - the chromosomal DNA is fragmented into segments - the plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA are similar in size - the plasmid DNA is integrated into the chromosome in these cells - the chromosomal DNA is homologous with the plasmid DNA

the plasmid DNA is integrated into the chromosome in these cells

Which DNA fragment will move fastest during gel electrophoresis? the longest molecule the shortest molecule the molecule with the highest GC% the molecule with the highest AT%

the shortest molecule

*Click and drag on elements in order* Place the following in order to indicate the naming process for restriction enzymes.

1. First letter of the bacterial genus 2. First two letters of bacterial species 3. Number showing the order discovered in the bacterium

Match each of these widely used variations of conventional PCR with the appropriate description. 1. RT-PCR (reverse-transcription PCR) 2. qPCR (quantitative PCR) a. used to detect certain mRNA sequences in a sample b. used to amplify target sequence and monitor PCR product accumulation

1. a. used to detect certain mRNA sequences in a sample 2. b. used to amplify target sequence and monitor PCR product accumulation

Members of which bacterial genus are involved in the genetic engineering of plants? Escherichia Saccharomyces Agrobacterium Mycobacterium Staphylococcus

Agrobacterium

During repair of oxidized guanine, which enzyme removes the damaged nucleobase from the sugar-phosphate backbone? DNA glycosylase RNA polymerase DNA ligase DNA polymerase helicase

DNA glycosylase

______ sometimes incorporates the incorrect nucleotide when generating a new strand of DNA during DNA ______; this leads to a detectable distortion in the DNA helix. DNA polymerase; transcription DNA polymerase; replication RNA polymerase; transcription RNA polymerase; replication

DNA polymerase; replication

The function of a labeled dCas molecule along with gRNA could best be compared to which of the following molecules? Restriction enzyme DNA probe Vector Reverse transcriptase DNA ligase

DNA probe

In humans, two of the genes associated with the development breast cancer encode enzymes involved in ______. DNA repair DNA damage cell death mutagenesis

DNA repair

DNA gel ________ is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to size by using an electric current to move the DNA through a gel-like matrix.

Electrophoresis

This figure shows a cell with an integrated F plasmid. If this plasmid is incorrectly excised, the result could be an F plasmid that carries along a portion of the bacterial chromosome. Such a cell would then be called a(n) _________ cell.

F' (or F prime)

After transfer of the F plasmid is complete, both the donor and recipient cells are now considered _________ , so they can act as donors of the F plasmid.

F+

*Select all that apply* Why is Taq polymerase used in the PCR reaction? Taq polymerase is a special type of polymerase that can copy any type of template DNA. Taq polymerase is heat-stable and can withstand the high temperature used in the denaturation step of the reaction. Taq polymerase is a synthetic enzyme that is easy to produce in a laboratory. Using heat-stable polymerase prevents the need to add more enzyme at each PCR cycle.

Taq polymerase is heat-stable and can withstand the high temperature used in the denaturation step of the reaction. Using heat-stable polymerase prevents the need to add more enzyme at each PCR cycle.

Click and drag on elements in order Put the three basic steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order. Start with the earliest step at the top. DNA synthesis occurs Primers anneal to denatured DNA Template DNA is denatured

Template DNA is denatured Primers anneal to denatured DNA DNA synthesis occurs

*Select all that apply* qPCR (quantitative PCR), also called real-time PCR, ______. allows quantification of the relative amount of DNA initially in the sample based on the amount of fluorescence is used to monitor the accumulation of PCR product uses a fluorescent marker to allow detection of PCR product requires gel electrophoresis at the end in order to quantify the amount of product generated

allows quantification of the relative amount of DNA initially in the sample based on the amount of fluorescence is used to monitor the accumulation of PCR product uses a fluorescent marker to allow detection of PCR product

The main purpose of PCR is to _______. digest DNA detect DNA separate DNA amplify DNA sequence DNA

amplify DNA

*Select all that apply* To isolate bacterial cells that have been transformed with recombinant DNA, the cells are grown in media ______. differential for cells that carry the recombinant plasmid selective for cells with vector sequences differential for cells that are resistant to transformation selective for cells without vector sequences

differential for cells that carry the recombinant plasmid selective for cells with vector sequences

Mutants that can grow under conditions in which the parent (wild type) cells cannot are easily isolated by ________ selection.

direct

Selecting penicillin-resistant mutants by plating them on a medium containing penicillin is an example of ______ selection. differential degenerate indirect direct

direct

Mutant cells in bacterial cultures can be isolated by _________ selection and ________ selection methods.

direct indirect

A cloning vector typically includes a second genetic marker which _______. - encodes resistance to an antibiotic to eliminate any cells that have not taken up a vector - contains an origin of replication sequence to allow the synthesis of any vector taken up by the host cell - encodes an observable characteristic to identify cells that contain a recombinant molecule

encodes an observable characteristic to identify cells that contain a recombinant molecule

The repair of thymine dimers by enzymes that make single-stranded cuts that flank both sides of the thymine dimer is called ______ repair. photoreactivation SOS excision proofreading mismatch

excision

A common consequence of a _____________ mutation is the appearance of an early stop codon that produces a shortened and thus non-functional protein.

frameshift

*Select all that apply* Knowing the sequence of a genome is useful in which of the following applications? assessing lipid composition of cells identifying genetic alterations associated with disease determining protein sequences studying evolutionary relationships

identifying genetic alterations associated with disease determining protein sequences studying evolutionary relationships

Genes into which transposons "jump" are usually ______ by the event. activated unaffected inactivated

inactivated

In the Ames test, it is expected that a mutagen would ______ the reversion rate of of a histidine-requiring auxotroph of Salmonella. increase have no effect on decrease

increase

Replica plating is used in ______ selection to transfer an identical pattern of bacterial cells to both a nutrient agar and a glucose-salts agar plate. indirect differential direct degenerate

indirect

Mutations that are caused by external influences such as radiation or chemicals are called ______ mutations. anonymous transposable induced spontaneous

induced

*Select all that apply* RT-PCR (reverse-transcription PCR) is a widely used variation of conventional PCR that ______. is used to detect certain mRNA sequences in a sample monitors the accumulation of PCR product in real time is specifically used to amplify genes from retroviruses amplifies cDNA that is reverse transcribed from mRNA template

is used to detect certain mRNA sequences in a sample amplifies cDNA that is reverse transcribed from mRNA template

A recently developed meat substitute uses soy _______ produced by genetically engineered microorganisms to give a more authentic flavor to the product. leghemoglobin lactoferrin myoglobin transferrin

leghemoglobin

In transformation, only one daughter cell inherits donor DNA. This is because ______. only a single strand of donor DNA integrates into the recipient chromosome the parent cell keeps one strand of donor DNA and donates the other to one daughter cell. the other daughter cell rejects the donor DNA strand

only a single strand of donor DNA integrates into the recipient chromosome

A replicon is a DNA molecule that contains a(n) ________ of ___________ .

origin replication

Restriction enzymes recognize and cleave DNA at sequences which are typically ______, meaning they are the same on both strands when read 5' to 3'. palindromes polygenic antisense promoters

palindromes

Base substitutions are more common in aerobic vs. anaerobic environments because of the production of ______ under aerobic conditions. ATP reactive oxygen species DNA polymerase guanine nucleotides

reactive oxygen species

Base substitutions are more common in aerobic vs. anaerobic environments because of the production of ______ under aerobic conditions. reactive oxygen species DNA polymerase ATP guanine nucleotides

reactive oxygen species

These chemicals, produced in aerobic environments, result in increased base substitution because they oxidize guanine in DNA. intercalating agents major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) quaternary ammonium compounds reactive oxygen species (ROS)

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Neither strain A (His-/Trp-) nor strain B (Leu-/Thr-) can grow on minimal media on their own because they cannot synthesize the indicated amino acids. If the strains are mixed and then plated onto minimal media, any colonies that form ______. should be a result of horizontal gene transfer are likely to be spontaneous mutants do not use any of those amino acids for growth

should be a result of horizontal gene transfer

Which of the following PCR techniques utilizes cDNA? both qPCR and RT-PCR RT-PCR only neither qPCR nor RT-PCR qPCR only

RT-PCR only

Chemicals that cause cancer are known as ______, and most of them are ______. carcinogens; teratogens mutagens; teratogens carcinogens; mutagens mutagens; carcinogens

carcinogens; mutagens

*Select all that apply* Knowing the sequence of a genome is useful in which of the following applications? determining protein sequences identifying genetic alterations associated with disease studying evolutionary relationships assessing lipid composition of cells

determining protein sequences identifying genetic alterations associated with disease studying evolutionary relationships

*Select all that apply* The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in ______. sequencing target proteins disease diagnosis amplifying target DNA

disease diagnosis amplifying target DNA

Proteins that remove thymine dimers without light are termed __________ repair enzymes.

excision (or dark)

*Select all that apply* Some types of bacteria become competent ______. when there is a high concentration of bacterial cells when there is a low concentration of bacterial cells when nitrogen and carbon sources are plentiful when nitrogen or carbon sources are scarce

when there is a high concentration of bacterial cells when nitrogen or carbon sources are scarce

*Select all that apply* Examples of conditions where bacteria can become naturally competent in the environment include ______. when they are exposed to extreme heat when there is a high density of bacteria when the bacterial DNA is damaged when certain nutrients are scarce

when there is a high density of bacteria when certain nutrients are scarce

Match each the different length strand generated during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with its description. 1. Full-length strand 2. Mid-length strand 3. Short strand a. Target strand that serves as template for more like-sized strands, yielding molecule that is amplified exponentially b. Serves as template for synthesis of short strand c. Serves as template for synthesis of mid-length strand

1. c 2. b 3. a

Arrange the following events in the proper sequence for gene cloning. 1 = Incorporate gene into a bacterial plasmid, 2 = Isolate DNA from organism containing the desired gene, 3 = Incorporate cloned gene into bacterial cells, 4 = Cut DNA with restriction enzyme. 2, 4, 1, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 2, 4, 3, 1

2, 4, 1, 3

Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during a single PCR cycle. 1. Addition of DNA nucleotides by Taq polymerase 2. Complementary base pairing between primers and target DNA 3. Heat separation of strands of target DNA 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3 3, 1, 2

3, 2, 1

If you start with one double-stranded molecule of the target DNA and you perform SIX cycles of PCR, how many double-stranded copies of the DNA will you have? 32 6 64 12 128

64

*Select all that apply* Which of the following statements about PCR primers are true? Only one primer is necessary for any PCR reaction. The primers are complementary to template DNA. Primers are designed to anneal to the template DNA at each end of the target DNA. The primers are composed of RNA and DNA.

The primers are complementary to template DNA. Primers are designed to anneal to the template DNA at each end of the target DNA.

Why is a size standard always included on a DNA gel? - To supply intercalating dye so that the DNA bands will be visible after electrophoresis. - To fill up empty wells in the gel so that the electric current is constant. - To allow the researcher to determine the size of DNA fragments in unknown samples. - To determine the size of the proteins that the DNA codes for.

To allow the researcher to determine the size of DNA fragments in unknown samples.

_______ is the transfer of bacterial DNA from a donor to recipient via a bacteriophage. Conjugation Transposition Transformation Transduction

Transduction

Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells? Conjugation Transformation Transduction Transposition

Transformation

Which of the following statements about transformation is correct? -Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA from the environment. -Transformation involves the formation of a sex pilus through which plasmid DNA is shared between bacteria. -Transformation is the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another by means of a bacteriophage. -Transformation depends on a donor cell containing an F plasmid and a recipient cell that does not.

Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA from the environment.

True or false: The native or wild type strain describes the typical phenotype of strains isolated from nature.

True

True or false: A point mutation involves any substitution of a single nucleotide.

True

True or false: Incorporation of an incorrect nucleotide in a molecule of DNA results in a distortion of the DNA helix that can be detected by repair enzymes.

True

When treating tuberculosis, two or more antimicrobial medications are often prescribed because ______. -a sensitive cell is unlikely to become resistant to two medications simultaneously through separate spontaneous mutations -taking only one type of medication greatly increases the mutation rate of the bacteria

a sensitive cell is unlikely to become resistant to two medications simultaneously through separate spontaneous mutations

Scientists can use a modified Cas9 nuclease as molecular scissors to cut precisely at a specific DNA sequence within a cell, guided by ______. - the cell's own promoter sequences - a single-stranded RNA that recognizes that sequence - a set of coenzymes that assist in the process - fluorescent markers that highlight the appropriate site on the chromosome

a single-stranded RNA that recognizes that sequence

*Select all that apply* Examples of how recombinant DNA techniques have affected society include their impact on ______. agriculture medical diagnoses computer engineering forensics

agriculture medical diagnoses forensics

*Select all that apply* Some prokaryotes are naturally competent ______. all the time at random times during their growth only under specific conditions when their DNA is damaged

all the time only under specific conditions

The purpose of a selectable marker, usually a gene that encodes resistance to an antibiotic such as ampicillin, is to ______. - allow researchers to eliminate any cells that have not taken up molecules containing vector sequences - speed up the rate of evolution within the bacterial population - mark those bacteria that have not taken up the vector so that they can be avoided - prevent contamination of the cultures with other strains of bacteria

allow researchers to eliminate any cells that have not taken up molecules containing vector sequences

After sequencing the gene of interest, the ______ ________sequence of the encoded protein can be established.

amino acid

Replica plating _______. - is useful for direct selection of antibiotic resistance and allows for the identification of auxotrophs - is useful for direct selection of antibiotic resistance and allows for the identification of prototrophs - employs a medium on which the mutant will grow but the parental cell type will not, and so is useful for identifying prototrophs - employs a medium on which the mutant will grow but the parental cell type will not, and so is useful for identifying auxotrophs - employs a medium on which the mutant will not grow but the parental cell type will, and so is useful for identifying auxotrophs

employs a medium on which the mutant will not grow but the parental cell type will, and so is useful for identifying auxotrophs

A(n) ________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the reading frame from the point of mutation downstream.

frameshift

_______ mutations are generally the most harmful to cells because they change all of the codons downstream of the mutation.

frameshift

What molecular biology technique is portrayed in the image seen here? gel electrophoresis Southern blot polymerase chain reaction recombinant DNA technology

gel electrophoresis

Which of the following techniques can separate RNA or protein molecules based on their size? gel electrophoresis RT-PCR microarray analysis dot blotting

gel electrophoresis

The process of altering an organisms genetic information in vitro is called ______. mutations natural selection random mutagenesis genetic engineering

genetic engineering

A modified version of Cas9 can be used for gene editing, a process that ______. - swaps chromosomes between cells from different organisms - removes individual chromosomes from a cell - replaces genes on the chromosome with sequences of mRNA - introduces targeted changes into the existing nucleotide sequence of a cell's genome

introduces targeted changes into the existing nucleotide sequence of a cell's genome

Complementary DNA (cDNA) produced from mature mRNA is used in cloning most eukaryotic genes, since it lacks ________ , or sequences of DNA that disrupt the coding sequences of eukaryotic genes.

introns

Chromosomal DNA that is transferred from an Hfr cell but does not integrate into the recipient's chromosome ______. is degraded replicates is translated circularizes

is degraded

A collection of DNA fragments that have been cloned into vectors for further study is called a DNA ________.

library

This figure illustrates the concept of a DNA __________.

library

When the sticky ends of two DNA fragments anneal, the enzyme DNA _________ can then form a covalent bond between the fragments to create a recombinant DNA molecule.

ligase

Double-stranded cDNA is made from mature ________ using a combination of the enzymes _________ _________ and DNA polymerase.

mRNA (or messenger RNA) reverse transcriptase

During DNA replication, the template strand can be distinguished from the newly synthesized strand by the presence of _________ groups on certain nucleobases. This is very important for mismatch repair.

methyl

The enzymes of the mismatch DNA repair mechanism distinguish between the template strand and the newly synthesized strand by the presence of a(n) ______ group on certain nucleobases of the template strand. hydroxyl carboxyl amino phosphate methyl

methyl

Which type of DNA repair is shown in this illustration? thymine dimer repair photoreactivation mismatch repair modified nucleobase repair

mismatch repair

*Select all that apply* Which of the following are possible outcomes of a base substitution? missense mutation thymine dimer mutation synonymous mutation frameshift mutation nonsense mutation

missense mutation synonymous mutation nonsense mutation

An organism that has a mutation is called a________

mutant

The easiest way to detect if streptomycin sensitive (StrS) cells are transformed with DNA from streptomycin resistant cells (StrR) is by growing the cells on ______. a medium containing streptomycin a minimal medium like glucose-salts agar a rich medium like TSA (trypticase soy agar)

a medium containing streptomycin

Base ______ structurally resemble nucleobases and can be mistakenly incorporated into nucleotides and then into DNA. donors analogs pairs adapters

analogs

Base ______ structurally resemble nucleobases and can be mistakenly incorporated into nucleotides and then into DNA. pairs analogs adapters donors

analogs

If DNA acquired through horizontal gene transfer is not a replicon, then a process called _________ recombination must occur for that DNA to be passed on to daughter cells.

homologous

The most likely place to isolate the bacterium that naturally produces Taq polymerase is _______. plants humans soil hot vents arctic ice

hot vents

A bacterium that receives a plasmid with a human insulin gene cloned into it will produce ______. (Assume that the plasmid has the components that allow expression of the gene in bacteria.) human insulin bacterial insulin neither type of insulin

human insulin

When DNA is transferred from an Hfr cell to a recipient cell, the recipient _______. becomes an F+ cell becomes an Hfr cell stays an F- cell becomes a competent cell

stays an F- cell

When a restriction enzyme makes staggered cuts in a double-stranded DNA molecule, the fragments that result have single-stranded overhangs known as _______ ends.

sticky (or cohesive)

*Select all that apply* In a biotechnology lab, restriction enzymes are used ______. to cut DNA predictably into fragments for recombinant DNA technology to repair mutated DNA to synthesize new proteins to protect against foreign DNA

to cut DNA predictably into fragments for recombinant DNA technology

*Select all that apply* Different versions of Cas9 can be used ______. to deliver molecules to certain chromosomal locations for gene editing to translate genes into proteins to block transcription of individual genes to reverse transcribe mRNA into DNA

to deliver molecules to certain chromosomal locations for gene editing to block transcription of individual genes

True or false: Vertical gene transfer is the transfer of genes from one organism to another in a population, while horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes from parent cell to progeny.

False

A(n) __________ is a virus that infects bacteria, and some can transfer bacterial genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

bacteriophage

Which of the following could NOT be the recognition site of a restriction enzyme? GAATTC CTTAAG GGATCC CCTAGG GCTTGC CGAACG CTGCAG GACGTC ATCGAT TAGCTA

GCTTGC CGAACG

________ transduction results from a packaging error during the virus replication cycle, when a piece of bacterial DNA is included in the new virus particle.

Generalized

What process involves determining the order of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA? Sequencing Hybridization Electrophoresis Mapping

Sequencing

DNase is added to a mixture of donor DNA and recipient. If the donor DNA is naked, what will happen? The DNase will degrade the recipient's chromosome. The recipient will be transformed by the naked DNA. The recipient will be unable to acquire that DNA via transformation.

The recipient will be unable to acquire that DNA via transformation.

*Select all that apply* When cloning DNA using a pUC vector, if cells form white colonies when plated on media containing X-gal, then the transformed cells contain ______. a non-functional lacZ' gene a recombinant molecule (pUC with an insert) intact pUC vector a functional lacZ' gene

a non-functional lacZ' gene a recombinant molecule (pUC with an insert)

In replica plating, colonies from the master plate that grow on the nutrient agar plate but not on the glucose-salts plate are ______. pseudotrophs minimalists prototrophs auxotrophs

auxotrophs

Mutations are rare because ______. most damage is repaired before it is passed on to progeny mutated DNA cannot be replicated, so it cannot be passed to progeny damage to DNA is a very uncommon event

most damage is repaired before it is passed on to progeny

A bacterium spontaneously developing resistance to 2 different types of antibacterial medications is ______ it developing resistance to just one of them. equally likely to much less likely than much more likely than

much less likely than

What PCR technique employs fluorescent markers? RT-PCR only both qPCR and RT-PCR qPCR only neither qPCR nor RT-PCR

qPCR only

When bacteriophages replicate, phage components are synthesized in the host cell and assemble into new viruses ___________. when the bacterial cell enters a new eukaryote host after the components are released from the host cell within that cell before being released within the nucleus of the host cell before release

within that cell before being released