Test 2 - Nutrition

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49. The DRI recommend a protein intake of _____ gram(s) per kilogram of desirable body weight per day. a. 0.2 b. 0.8 c. 1.2 d. 1.8 e. 2.6

B. 0.8

52. Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and instead of two tablespoons of butter, she uses one tablespoon on her baked potato. Approximately how many grams of fat did Joy remove from her meal? a. 5 grams b. 12 grams c. 25 grams d. 50 grams e. 100 grams

B. 12 grams

30. ________ are special proteins that inactivate foreign bacteria and viruses. a. Enzymes b. Antibodies c. Hormones d. Structural proteins e. Transport proteins

B. Antibodies

47. Which two minerals need special attention in the diets of all vegetarians? a. Iodine and iron b. Iron and zinc c. Calcium and phosphorus d. Magnesium and sodium e. Potassium and manganese

B. Iron and Zinc

9. Complementary protein sources must be eaten within two hours of one another to meet the body's need for essential amino acids. a. True b. False

B. False

9. The body has a limited capacity to store fat. a. True b. False

B. False

35. Legumes are rich in B vitamins and ____. a. vitamin C b. fiber c. fat d. vitamin K e. iron

B. Fiber

B. Genetics

22. The greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet is ____. a. fruit drinks b. cookies c. candy d. regular soft drinks e. ice cream

d. regular soft drinks

23. Which carbohydrate type is mismatched with a major food source for that type? a. fructose—peaches b. sucrose—candy bars c. maltose—barley d. starch—strawberries e. galactose—milk

d. starch-strawberries

8. Protein is primarily used by the body as an energy source. a. True b. False

B. False

5. Babies develop the ability to digest lactose when they are about six to nine months old. a. True b. False 6. Foods rich in complex carbohydrates should be avoided when trying to lose weight. a. True b. False

5. B. False 6. B. False

53. Which of the following values represents a desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults? a. 190 mg/dL b. 212 mg/dL c. 239 mg/dL d. 250 mg/dL e. 280 mg/dL

A. 190 mg/dl

A. 65 grams

48. Which food selection is the lowest in protein? a. An apple b. Black beans c. A hard-boiled egg d. A grilled chicken sandwich with tomato e. A peanut butter sandwich

A. An apple

62. All of the following are important functions of fat in the body except to _________. a. build muscle tissue b. serve as the body's main energy reserve c. nourish the hair and skin d. help the body to regulate temperature e. cushion major organs to protect them

A. Build muscle tissue

25. From which of the following would you expect the amino acids in the protein to be most easily absorbed by the body? a. Chicken b. Lentils c. Whole-grain bread d. Pistachios e. Navy beans

A. Chicken

50. What is a reliable source of vitamin B12 for a vegan? a. Fortified soy milk b. Seaweed c. Fermented soy d. Firm-style tofu e. Fortified margarine

A. Fortified soy milk

56. If amino acids are oversupplied, their amine group is excreted and the fragments that remain are converted to ____. a. glucose, glycogen, or fat b. sucrose and amino acids c. fat and nonessential amino acids d. urea and ketones e. essential amino acids and glycogen

A. Glucose, glycogen, or fat

45. Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver? a. High-density lipoprotein b. Low-density lipoprotein c. Chylomicron d. Very-low-density lipoprotein e. Triglycerides

A. High-Density lipoprotein

41. What is responsible for causing the symptoms seen during an allergic reaction such as inflammation, itching, hives, dilation of blood vessels, and a drop in blood pressure? a. Histamines b. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) c. Cross-contact d. Antigens e. Anaphylaxis

A. Histomines

61. You can typically judge the healthfulness of a fat by looking at ________. a. its hardness at room temperature b. its consistency when heated c. the amount of trans fats on the Nutrition Facts panel d. the total amount of cholesterol per serving e. its consistency when refrigerated

A. Its hardness at room temperature

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. 65. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ________. a. less lipid b. less protein c. more cholesterol d. more carbohydrate e. more triglyceride

A. Less lipid

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers or other vegetarian-type foods?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of vegetarian eating patterns while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy and other vegetarian nutrition considerations by answering the following questions. 54. What health effect is associated with a vegetarian, plant-based eating pattern? a. Lower rates of heart disease b. Higher rates of cancer c. Slightly increased risk of type 2 diabetes d. Higher blood pressure e. Higher obesity rates

A. Lower rates of heart disease

59. The most important difference between the typical American diet and the typical Mediterranean diet is that ____. a. Mediterraneans eat less saturated fat b. Mediterraneans eat less fruits c. Americans exercise less d. Americans eat more monounsaturated fat e. Americans consume more of their food earlier in the day

A. Mediterraneans eat less saturated fat

33. Which combination of foods fails to provide all of the essential amino acids? a. Pasta with whole-wheat bread b. Rice and beans c. Chili and corn bread d. Peanut butter on wheat bread e. Split-pea soup and sesame crackers

A. Pasta with whole-wheat bread.

37. What is the relationship between body proteins and water? a. Proteins attract water. b. Water attracts proteins. c. Water degrades proteins. d. Proteins form polymers of water. e. Proteins repel water.

A. Proteins attract water

63. Glycerol and _____ diffuse easily into intestinal cells, which release them into capillaries without further processing. a. short-chain fatty acids b. long-chain fatty acids c. phospholipids d. cholesterol e. lecithin

A. Short chain fatty acids

73. ______ was the first fat replacer to gain the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). a. Simplesse b. Olestra c. Caprenin d. Stevia e. Placebo

A. Simplesse

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. 71. Bob went out to dinner and ordered a steak, French fries, broccoli sautéed in canola oil, sweet tea, and sorbet for dessert. Which food is highest in cholesterol? a. Steak b. Sweet tea c. French fries d. Broccoli sautéed in canola oil e. Sorbet

A. Steak

19. Jill and John are out to dinner and deciding what to order. Which choice most closely follows the guidelines from your text for selecting healthy protein sources? a. Thai mixed vegetables with shrimp and brown rice b. Lasagna with ground turkey c. A ribeye steak d. A turkey club sandwich e. Chicken and broccoli stir-fry on white rice

A. Thai mixed vegetables with shrimp and brown rice

60. _________ make up 95 percent of the lipids in foods and in the human body. a. Triglycerides b. Cholesterol c. Phospholipids d. Sucrose e. Sterols

A. Triglycerides

1. Lecithin is often used as a food additive to keep the fats evenly dispersed with the other ingredients. a. True b. False

A. True

10. Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. a. True b. False

A. True

10. MyPlate food guide identifies legumes as the only food featured in two different categories, the Grain group and the Protein Foods group. a. True b. False

A. True

11. The primary role of carbohydrates in the diet is to provide quick energy. a. True b. False

A. True

12. When there is a great shortage of amino acids, the body must break down such tissues as blood, muscle, and skin. a. True b. False

A. True

13. Prior to menopause, estrogen may protect women from cardiovascular disease. a. True b. False

A. True

14. Flaxseed oil and soybean oil are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids. a. True b. False

A. True

15. The only treatment for food allergies is to avoid the offending food. a. True b. False

A. True

15. The type of fat consumed is more important than the amount of fat consumed. a. True b. False

A. True

16. There is no practical source of vitamin D in plant foods. a. True b. False

A. True

16. Unsaturated fats are more prone to going rancid than saturated fats due to the "weak spots" in the unsaturated fatty acid. a. True b. False

A. True

18. All food fats contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. a. True b. False

A. True

2. People with hypoglycemia should eat several snacks throughout the day that are high in complex carbohydrates and lean protein. a. True b. False

A. True

21. Phytosterols are phytochemicals that block the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine. a. True b. False

A. True

22. To lower blood cholesterol, an atherogenic diet plan advocates keeping saturated fat to less than five to six percent of daily calories. a. True b. False

A. True

24. Eating more fiber promotes fat and cholesterol excretion. a. True b. False

A. True

25. The Dietary Guidelines for saturated fat are the same for children age 2 years and older as they are for adults. a. True b. False

A. True

26. Incorporating some fat into one's diet is essential to maintaining good health. a. True b. False

A. True

29. Some studies show that garlic may reduce blood pressure. a. True b. False

A. True

3. Carbohydrate absorption, as well as most carbohydrate digestion, takes place in the small intestine. a. True b. False

A. True

4. Complex carbohydrates are derived exclusively from plants. a. True b. False

A. True

4. Vitamin C and vitamin E are natural antioxidants that may be added to foods to increase shelf life. a. True b. False

A. True

5. Moderate drinking, defined as no more than one drink a day for most women, and no more than two drinks a day for most men, is associated with higher HDL levels. a. True b. False

A. True

6. A vegan diet centers around grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and excludes all dairy, eggs, poultry, and meat. a. True b. False

A. True

7. A protein chain is made up of amino acids hooked together by peptide bonds. a. True b. False

A. True

8. Lecithin is a major constituent of cell membranes. a. True b. False

A. True

8. The protein in a meal stimulates glucagon secretion, which opposes insulin and prevents it from storing glucose. a. True b. False

A. True

9. Insoluble fibers help to lower blood cholesterol levels. a. True b. False

A. True

50. Americans are urged to eat fish at least _____ a week due to its high content of ____. a. two times; omega-3 fatty acids b. two times; HDL-cholesterol c. three times; omega-3 fatty acids d. three times; HDL-cholesterol e. two times; omega-6 fatty acids

A. Two times; omega-3 fatty acids

62. The quality of a protein depends upon the proportion of ____. a. essential amino acids present b. essential fatty acids present c. nonessential amino acids present d. nitrogen to give nitrogen equilibrium e. nitrogen to give positive nitrogen balance

A. essential amino acids present

69. Trans fats are ____. a. formed when margarine is hydrogenated b. created when oils become rancid c. omitted on food labels d. naturally found in legumes and some nuts e. unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen atoms attached on the same side of the points of unsaturation

A. formed when margarine is hydrogenated.

31. The main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy is the ____. a. involvement of the immune system b. development of hives c. occurrence of intestinal cramps d. presence of a migraine headache e. involvement of the respiratory system

A. involvement of the immune system

81. As the amount of _____ in a lipoprotein increases, its _____ also increases. a. protein; density b. triglycerides; solubility c. protein; size d. triglycerides; density e. protein; solubility

A. protein; density

43. Vegans need to take care to get enough dietary ______ since binders in plant foods may reduce the availability of the nutrient to the body. a. Zinc b. Vitamin C c. Calcium d. Iron e. Vitamin D

A. zinc

Aspertame

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. 49. A characteristic of saturated fats is that they ____. a. are liquid at room temperature b. are usually solid at room temperature c. function as emulsifiers in the small intestine d. provide four calories per gram e. are found mostly in vegetable oils

B. Are usually solid at room temperature

55. ______ are compounds that function to maintain a constant pH in the body. a. Antibodies b. Buffers c. Enzymes d. Hormones e. Antigens

B. Buffers

78. The mineral ______ is most likely to be lacking in a vegan diet. a. potassium b. calcium c. sodium d. chromium e. magnesium

B. Calcium

44. What source of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels? a. Butter b. Canola oil c. Coconut oil d. Stick margarine e. Shortening

B. Canola oil

45. __________ is the disruption of a protein chain's normal shape due to heat or acidity. a. Hydrogenation b. Denaturation c. Digestion d. Condensation e. Hydrolysis

B. Denaturation

67. Of all the roles proteins play in the body, which one has the highest priority? a. Growth and maintenance b. Energy c. Fluid balance d. Transportation e. Hormones

B. Energy

44. The average American's protein intake features ____. a. inadequate intake of high-quality proteins b. excess intake of animal proteins c. inadequate intake of animal proteins d. excess intake of low-quality proteins e. balanced intake of low- and high-quality proteins

B. Excess intake of animal proteins

1. Glucagon can be broken down by the liver to maintain a constant blood glucose level when carbohydrates intake is inadequate. a. True b. False

B. False

1. With energy needs met in the diet, excess protein is stored as muscle or lean body mass. a. True b. False

B. False

10. Adding foods sweetened with sugar substitutes to the diet will ensure successful weight loss. a. True b. False

B. False

11. Eating only plant foods will not provide enough protein to meet daily needs. a. True b. False

B. False

11. Regular physical activity is associated with lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. a. True b. False

B. False

12. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet, the DV for saturated fat is 10 grams. a. True b. False

B. False

13. Food allergies and food intolerances differ only in their severity of the reaction and symptoms. a. True b. False

B. False

14. Long-chain fatty acids are water soluble and travel freely in blood and lymph. a. True b. False

B. False

17. Essential amino acids are those that the healthy adult body can synthesize, given the needed parts. a. True b. False

B. False

17. Low concentrations of low-density lipoproteins are associated with a high risk of heart attack. a. True b. False

B. False

19. Linolenic acid is one of the fatty acids synthesized by the human body. a. True b. False

B. False

2. Cholesterol is found in both plant and animal foods. a. True b. False

B. False

2. Vegans are at particular risk for a vitamin C deficiency. a. True b. False

B. False

20. Fat in a meal increases the rate that the stomach empties which helps provide satiety. a. True b. False

B. False

23. The health benefits of olive oil are primarily due to its lower calorie content than other oils. a. True b. False

B. False

27. Linoleic and linolenic acids are monounsaturated fatty acids that are essential in the diet. a. True b. False

B. False

28. A high-fiber diet is typically high in dietary cholesterol. a. True b. False

B. False

3. Only when consumption of carbohydrate and fat calories is insufficient will protein be converted to fat. a. True b. False

B. False

3. The Mediterranean diet provides about 20 to 25 percent of calories from fat. a. True b. False

B. False

4. The amino acids in a strand of protein are similar to the identical repeating structure of sugars in carbohydrates. a. True b. False

B. False

5. Soybeans are a legume which means this plant-based protein source is of lower quality compared to an egg. a. True b. False

B. False

6. Palm and coconut oils are examples of polyunsaturated fats. a. True b. False

B. False

7. Fat is used efficiently as fuel by the brain and nerves. a. True b. False

B. False

7. Foam cells play an important role in preventing heart disease progression. a. True b. False

B. False

78. Which statement best describes a function of cholesterol? a. It is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. b. It is an important lipid in the structure of brain and nerve cells. c. It protects other compounds by reacting with oxygen. d. It reduces inflammation in arthritis and asthma sufferers. e. It is not formed in the body when provided by the diet.

B. It is an important lipid in the structure of brain and nerve cells

80. A sizable body of evidence from around the world suggests that garlic may benefit health by ____. a. reducing blood platelets b. lowering blood cholesterol c. keeping arteries rigid d. lowering HDL e. increasing the white blood cell count

B. Lowering blood cholesterol

67. What factor is associated with the process of atherosclerosis? a. Artery walls become more elastic b. Passage through the arteries narrows c. White blood cells remove plaque formations d. HDL particles penetrate the walls of the arteries e. Red blood cells and oxidized LDL create plaque formations

B. Passage through the arteries narrows.

55. Sue is trying to lose weight by decreasing her energy intake by 500 calories. If she does this for three weeks, how many pounds can she lose? a. Two pounds b. Three pounds c. Five pounds d. Seven pounds e. Ten pounds

B. Three pounds

56. Fat that enters the small intestine is ____. a. immediately digested by enzymes from the pancreas b. immediately emulsified by bile from the gallbladder c. absorbed as is through the villi packaged as a chylomicron d. trapped in fiber and carried out of the body e. transported to the large intestine where digestion begins

B. immediately emulsified by the bile from the gallbladder.

70. Fats provide _____ by _____. a. an energy reserve; promoting hunger b. satiety; slowing stomach emptying c. climate control; cushioning organs d. shock absorption; coating cell membranes e. body temperature homeostasis; dissipating excess body heat

B. satiety; slowing stomach emptying.

39. Jennifer is following an 1,800-calorie weight loss plan where 30% of her daily calories are supposed to come from protein. How many grams of protein should Jennifer try to eat each day? a. 60g b. 77g c. 135g d. 170g e. 245g

C. 135g

76. If a man consumes 95 grams of protein and 2,400 total calories per day, approximately what percentage of calories would he derive from protein? a. 8 b. 10 c. 15 d. 22 e. 25

C. 15%

42. A total of ____ amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are ____ to humans. a. 15; nonessential b. 17; essential c. 20; essential d. 25; nonessential e. 35; essential

C. 20; essential

79. Which factor is associated with lower HDL levels? a. Being a non-smoker, as opposed to a smoker b. Losing weight c. Being male, as opposed to being female d. Consuming fish rather than red meat e. Engaging in moderate alcohol consumption

C. Being male, as opposed to being female.

34. Tim is a 24-year-old college student who learns that he is allergic to shrimp. What advice would you give Tim? a. Eat shrimp only in small amounts. b. Eat shrimp mixed with other foods to counter the allergic reaction. c. Do not eat shrimp at all. d. Check every year to see if you have "outgrown" the allergy. e. Visit a physician and obtain a prescription specifically for this allergy.

C. Do not eat shrimp at all

32. What lipid is an essential nutrient? a. Lecithin b. Cholesterol c. Linoleic acid d. Stearic acid e. Butyric acid

C. Linoleic acid

47. Sam and Regina have a two-year old daughter, Keira. Sam wants Keira to follow the same low-fat diet like the one he and Regina follow. What advice would you give these parents? a. Try to prevent heart problems by limiting Keira's fat calories to 20 to 35 percent of calories. b. Take proactive measures and limit her fat intake to less than 20 percent of calories. c. Monitor Keira's fat intake to include 30 to 40 percent of calories, which is appropriate for children ages one to three. d. Do not restrict Keira's fat consumption until she is four years old. e. Place Keira on a vegan diet, since it is the healthiest option.

C. Monitor Keira's fat intake to include 30 to 40 percent of calories, which is appropriate for children ages one to three.

26. _________ is found in all proteins but is absent in carbohydrates or fats. a. Carbon b. Iron c. Nitrogen d. Calcium e. Oxygen

C. Nitrogen

43. Why is it recommended that unprocessed oils be stored in airtight containers? a. Exposure to the air will decrease the likelihood of rancidity b. Airtight storage destroys the natural antioxidants in the oils c. Points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation d. This prevents hydrogenation, which makes them less healthful e. This allows the oil to be stored long-term without additives

C. Points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation

74. The Mediterranean diet is low in _____ while emphasizing ______. a. fiber; animal proteins b. phytochemicals; canola oil c. red meats; olive oil d. cheese; one to two larger meals a day e. whole-grain products; canola oil

C. Red meats; olive oil

58. Which food has the most grams of saturated fat per serving portion? a. Skim milk b. Shrimp c. Regular cheddar cheese d. Extra lean ham e. Mixed nuts

C. Regular cheddar cheese

57. Which food is least likely to cause food allergies? a. Shrimp b. Eggs c. Rice d. Wheat e. Peanuts

C. Rice

39. What food is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? a. Palm oil b. Beef tallow c. Safflower oil d. Cocoa butter e. Butter

C. Safflower Oil

34. __________ increase(s) both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. a. Unsaturated fats b. Saturated fats c. Saturated fats and trans fats d. Trans fats e. Cholesterol

C. Saturated fats and trans fats

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers or other vegetarian-type foods?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of vegetarian eating patterns while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy and other vegetarian nutrition considerations by answering the following questions. 70. Maggie suggests to her mother that they should try some different types of foods that include soybeans. What soy-containing food is a soft cheese-like food that is commonly stir-fried? a. Edamame b. Tempeh c. Tofu d. Soybean curd e. Miso

C. Tofu

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers or other vegetarian-type foods?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of vegetarian eating patterns while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy and other vegetarian nutrition considerations by answering the following questions. 20. Maggie explains to her mother that there are different types of vegetarian eating patterns. Which type of vegetarian would consider incorporating foods that are fortified in omega-3 fatty acids? a. Ovo-vegetarians b. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians c. Vegans d. Pesce-vegetarians e. Pollo-vegetarians

C. Vegans

63. ________ is the vitamin that is most likely to be lacking in a vegan diet. a. Folate b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin B12 d. Thiamin e. Riboflavin

C. Vitamin b12

76. Most solids fats in the American diet come from ________. a. condiments, gravies, dressings, and spreads b. beverages c. animal foods d. refined grains e. processed foods

C. animal foods

66. Joe is a college student interested in getting more muscular. A friend suggests that drinking a shake with raw eggs will increase his muscle mass. You tell him that one reason for cooking eggs prior to their consumption is that it releases ____. a. biotin and vitamin C b. vitamin D and folate c. iron and biotin d. zinc and magnesium e. folate and zinc

C. iron and biotin

24. What happens if the diet is lacking an essential amino acid? a. The body cells will synthesize it. b. Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid. c. Protein synthesis will be halted. d. Another amino acid will be substituted for the missing one. e. The partially built protein will become an immediate source of energy.

C. protein synthesis will be halted

33. Matt sprays his pan with cooking spray instead of using the two tablespoons of olive oil that he usually sautés his vegetables with. This change reduces the calories from fat in this recipe by approximately ____. a. 24 calories b. 50 calories c. 100 calories d. 200 calories e. 350 calories

D. 200 calories

31. One pound of body fat provides _____ calories. a. 1,000 b. 2,500 c. 3,000 d. 3,500 e. 4,000

D. 3,500

59. A food contains 21 grams of protein, 12 grams of carbohydrate, and 5 grams of total fat. What is the percentage of calories from protein in this food? a. 17 percent b. 30 percent c. 42 percent d. 47 percent e. It is impossible to determine this from the information given.

D. 47 percent

41. The American Heart Association recommends a saturated fat intake of ____ of total calories. a. 21 to 25 percent b. 10 to 12 percent c. 10 percent d. 5 to 6 percent e. 2 to 4 percent

D. 5-6 percent

36. What is the percent digestibility of most plant proteins? a. 30-50 b. 50-60 c. 60-70 d. 70-90 e. 90-99

D. 70-90

64. Which food contains cholesterol? a. Peanut butter b. Potatoes c. Avocados d. Beef liver e. Olive oil

D. Beef liver

14. In general, changing one's diet by substituting complex carbohydrates in place of refined foods with added sugars typically results in a diet that is ________. a. higher in calories b. lower in vitamins and minerals c. higher in fat d. higher in fiber e. lower in natural sugars

D. Higher in fiber

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. 42. Jack's results from his blood lipid level test are as follows: Total cholesterol 255 mg/dL LDL 145 mg/dL HDL 40 mg/dL Triglycerides, fasting 220 mg/dL Which statement accurately describes Jack's test results? a. His total cholesterol is in the desirable range. b. His LDL cholesterol puts him at high risk for CVD. c. His triglycerides are in the desirable range. d. His HDL is borderline for high risk for CVD. e. His ratio of LDL to HDL is optimal.

D. His HDL is borderline for high risk for CVD.

17. What is the unusable, or inedible, part of a wheat kernel that provides a protective coating around the kernel? a. Bran b. Germ c. Endosperm d. Husk e. Nut

D. Husk

68. Which fats decrease LDL-cholesterol without deceasing HDL-cholesterol? a. Polyunsaturated fat b. Cholesterol c. Saturated fats d. Monounsaturated fat e. Trans fats

D. Monounsaturated fat

40. Which type of vegetarian excludes all animal-derived foods except eggs? a. Semi-vegetarian b. Lacto-vegetarian c. Vegan d. Ovo-vegetarian e. Pollo-vegetarian

D. Ovo-vegetarian

22. The recommendations for protein are based on the assumption that the consumed protein will come from ____. a. dairy only b. animal sources only c. plant sources only d. plant and animal sources e. eggs and legumes

D. Plant and animal sources

51. Phospholipids can help fats cross cell membranes because ____. a. they are so abundant in foods and widespread in the body b. they are fat soluble but not water soluble c. they have a large, multiple-ring structure d. they have water-soluble heads and fat-soluble tails e. their phosphorus components inhibit water from crossing the membranes

D. They have water-soluble heads and fat soluble tails.

60. When amino acids are degraded for energy or glucose production, their amine groups are incorporated by the liver into ____. a. bile b. fat c. ketone bodies d. urea e. glycogen

D. Urea

21. An amino acid that is not necessary in the diet is called a ________. a. limiting amino acid b. essential amino acid c. complete amino acid d. nonessential amino acid e. incomplete amino acid

D. nonessential amino acid

27. When protein reaches the ____, it is made up largely of di- and tripeptides. a. stomach b. liver c. large intestine d. small intestine e. esophagus

D. small intestine

32. Enzymes are ____. a. activated by high heat b. usually, but not always, made of protein c. destroyed after they react d. specific for a particular reaction e. involved with a limited number of essential body processes

D. specific for a particular reaction.

69. ___________ initiates denaturation, the first step in breakdown of a protein. a. Saliva in the mouth b. Bile in the small intestine c. Bicarbonate in the stomach d. Pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine e. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

E. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

38. Which type of vegetarian would drink a glass of milk but not eat scrambled eggs? a. Vegan b. Lacto-ovo-vegetarian c. Ovo-vegetarian d. Semivegetarian e. Lacto-vegetarian

E. Lacto-vegetarian

13. Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. Galactose b. Glucose c. Glycogen d. Fructose e. Maltose

E. Maltose

54. ________ is a noncaloric artificial fat made from fatty acids and sucrose. a. Caprenin b. Stevia c. Simplesse d. Splenda e. Olestra

E. Olestra

40. Heather notices that her favorite breakfast cereal contains butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Why did the manufacturer add these ingredients? a. To enhance the flavor of the cereal b. To fortify the cereal with fat soluble vitamins c. To improve the lipid profile of the cereal d. To provide essential fatty acids e. To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling

E. To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling.

46. The strategy of combining two plant protein foods in a meal so that each provides the essential amino acids lacking in the other features ____. a. reference proteins b. parallel proteins c. simultaneous augmentation d. bonus protein combining e. complementary proteins

E. complementary proteins

77. Heart disease is the major cause of death among women after menopause because ____. a. osteoporosis is so common and weakens the heart b. women tend to eat more fat in their diets after they reach 55 c. stress levels increase while activity levels decrease d. menopause leads to the overproduction of chylomicrons e. low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL

E. low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 66. Which of the following is not usually a recommendation for someone with Sam's condition? a. Lose weight b. Eat balanced meals at regular intervals c. Exercise d. Follow a high-protein diet e. Choose complex carbohydrates

Follow a high protein diet

65. Which health claim has been approved by the FDA for usage on bean packages and cans? a. "Diets including beans may reduce your risk of heart disease and certain cancers." b. "Diets including beans may reduce your risk of high blood pressure." c. "Diets including beans may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord defect." d. "Diets including beans may reduce the risk of osteoporosis." e. "Diets including beans may increase HDL-cholesterol."

a. "Diets including beans may reduce your risk of heart disease and certain cancers."

35. Many nutrition professionals recommend emphasizing "good carbohydrates" in the diet. What does this mean? a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars b. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index above 70 c. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index below 55 d. Choosing small portions of low-calorie foods e. Choosing foods that quickly raise blood glucose

a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars

26. What type of nutrient is starch? a. Complex carbohydrate b. Simple carbohydrate c. Fiber d. Gluten e. Monosaccharide

a. Complex carbohydrate

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 71. Which strategy will help Sam manage his diabetes? a. Eating a healthful diet b. Dieting to lose weight rapidly c. Reducing his exercise level d. Eating two large meals a day e. Eliminating all sugar in his diet

a. Eating a healthy diet

29. What is another name for high blood glucose? a. Hyperglycemia b. Depression c. Hypoglycemia d. Dysphoria e. Nephritis

a. Hyperglycemia

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Based on your text, answer the following questions. 58. John has been eating a typical high-protein diet ever since he began working out regularly. Which description most likely characterizes his diet? a. It is often low in fruits and vegetables. b. It is often low in saturated fat. c. It is often too high in fiber. d. It is often high in whole-grains. e. It is consistently low in red meat.

a. It is often low in fruits and vegetables.

43. How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly? a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received. b. Protein provides a quick source of glucose for the body's cells. c. Protein stimulates insulin secretion, which prevents rapid glucose storage. d. Fats accelerate the rate of digestion so that glucose is more quickly received. e. Starches provide quick energy to the brain, which slows glucose absorption by other body cells.

a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is recieved.

Vignette #1 You and your friend Karen are having lunch out and you order an iced tea. Karen sees you reach for the pink packet of Sweet 'N Low, stops your hand, and says, "Don't you know that stuff is bad for you? I read that it causes cancer, and I also know people who say that Equal, another nonnutritive sweetener, gives them headaches." As your conversation continues, let's show Karen how well informed you are concerning nonnutritive sweeteners by answering the following questions: 46. Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using it? a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans. b. What occurs in rats is unlikely to occur in humans. c. The American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs has stated that saccharin increases the risk of bladder cancer, but only if consumed in soft drinks. d. There are known hazards that are more important to avoid if you want to reduce your risk of cancer. e. Saccharin is allowed in other countries around the world, so should be considered safe in U.S. food products.

a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans.

77. Brian eats 210 g of protein and 2,500 calories. Is he within the AMDR recommendation for protein intake? a. Yes, he is within the recommendation of 10to 35percent. b. Yes, he is within the recommendation of 20 to 35 percent. c. No, he is above the recommendation of 10 to 35 percent. d. No, he is below the recommendation of 20 to 25 percent. e. There is not enough information provided to determine the answer.

a. Yes, he is within the recommendation of 10to 35percent.

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. 35. Bob wants to lower his blood cholesterol. What piece of advice should he ignore? a. You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat. b. Lowering your saturated fat intake may be more important than reducing dietary cholesterol. c. Eat more plant sources of fats to lower total blood cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. d. Eat more high-soluble fiber foods such as legumes. e. Bake or grill fish to avoid adding unhealthy fats.

a. You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat.

24. Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of ____ when ____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells. a. fat; glucose b. carbohydrate; fat c. glucose; protein d. protein; glucose e. fiber; glucose

a. fat;glucose

72. Bob read an article about fat and its relationship to health. He learned that ______. a. intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol b. high intakes of fish oil lower bleeding time and improve diabetes c. high intakes of short- and medium-chain fatty acids will raise HDL-cholesterol levels d. HDL carries fats to body cells increasing total cholesterol e. elevated HDL levels have associated with an increased risk of heart attacks

a. intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol

55. Individuals who consume diets rich in whole-grains have improved insulin sensitivity and are ________. a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome b. more likely to develop hypoglycemia c. less likely to develop lactose intolerance d. more likely to develop hyperglycemia e. more likely to develop ketosis

a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome

75. Health experts advise that you decrease consumption of foods rich in _____ and increase the intake of _____ to achieve a more healthful balance. a. omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids b. saturated fat; cholesterol c. omega-3 fatty acids; omega-9 fatty acids d. chylomicrons; LDL-cholesterol e. HDL-cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol

a. omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids

38. Foods with a low glycemic index number are digested slowly which may increase ______. a. satiety b. hunger c. glucagon d. appetite e. weight gain

a. satiety

63. A general principle that can help in choosing carbohydrates (and foods in general) is to choose foods that are __________. a. whole-food and plant-based b. high-protein and low-fat c. enriched-food and varied d. sugar-free and processed-food e. low-carbohydrate and nutrient-dense

a. whole-food and plant-based.

27. If Steven needs 2400 calories per day to maintain his weight, what is the recommended maximum upper limit of added sugars he should consume each day? a. 180 calories b. 240 calories c. 480 calories d. 600 calories e. 750 calories

b. 240 calories

b. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

56. Which product is a rich source of starch? a. Apples b. Beans c. Cane sugar d. Milk e. Cheese

b. Beans

65. Sam is interested in eating more whole grains. Which lunch option should he avoid because it lacks a whole-grain component? a. Ordering brown rice with his Chinese food b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips c. Eating a low-fat apple bran muffin for dessert d. Ordering mushroom barley soup for lunch e. Ordering an egg salad sandwich on whole rye bread

b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips

58. In the process of refining wheat into white flour, what part of the kernel is retained? a. Chaff b. Endosperm c. Bran d. Germ e. Husk

b. Endosperm

36. Jasmine is too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. Which snack would you recommend? a. Half a ham and Swiss cheese sandwich on enriched bread b. Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola c. Wheat toast with trans fat-free margarine and jelly d. Baked apple with brown sugar, cinnamon, and canola oil e. Pretzels and a sport drink

b. Fresh peach with low-fat greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola

29. What is the meaning of the term "protein-sparing"? a. If there is not enough protein in the diet, the body cannot digest starch. b. If the diet provides enough carbohydrates and fats for energy, protein can be used to make new proteins. c. Fiber is needed in order to absorb amino acids into the body. d. If the diet provides enough protein, glucose will be used for energy. e. Protein deficiencies will cause the breakdown of muscle.

b. If the diet provides enough carbohydrates and fats for energy, protein can be used to make new proteins.

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers or other vegetarian-type foods?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of vegetarian eating patterns while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy and other vegetarian nutrition considerations by answering the following questions. 51. What is special about soy protein? a. It contains most of the amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. b. It is the only vegetable food that is a complete protein. c. It can raise blood cholesterol levels when added to an omnivorous diet. d. It is lower in calories than most other vegetables. e. It is high in carbohydrates but low in fiber.

b. It is the only vegetable food that is a complete protein.

52. Bonnie, who has a peanut allergy, peruses the refreshment table at a bridal shower. She sees a plate stacked with sandwich triangles: some made with peanut butter, and some with pimento cheese. Which statement is true? a. It is safe for Bonnie to try a peanut butter triangle if she only eats half of it. b. It is unsafe for Bonnie to eat a pimiento cheese sandwich because of potential cross-contamination. c. It is safe for Bonnie to try a sandwich triangle as long as she chooses pimento. d. It is unsafe for Bonnie to eat a sandwich because you can't tell from the pimento cheese label whether it contains peanuts. e. It is safe for Bonnie to eat either a peanut butter triangle or a pimento cheese sandwich.

b. It is unsafe for Bonnie to eat a pimiento cheese sandwich because of potential cross-contamination.

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Based on your text, answer the following questions. 23. Jill's research on the risks of excess protein should lead her to give what advice to John? a. Eating twice the RDA will help John safely gain muscle mass quickly. b. John should consider the grams of protein rather than just a percentage of calories for appropriate protein intake. c. John should decrease his protein intake as total calories decrease. d. As protein intake increases, John's carbohydrate intake should increase proportionately. e. Increasing protein intake should be offset by decreasing fat intake to less than five percent of total calories.

b. John should consider the grams of protein rather than just a percentage of calories for appropriate protein intake.

61. Four friends are dining out, and the waiter brings their orders, but one of them is wrong. Which person's order is incorrect? a. Lenny, a vegan who is served a bean burrito with guacamole b. Minnie, an lacto-vegetarian who is served a mushroom-tomato omelet c. Vinny, a ovo-vegetarian who is served spinach quiche (egg-based pie) d. Penny, a lacto-ovo-vegetarian who is served a fruit plate with yogurt e. Ginny, a pollo-vegetarian who is served chicken breast and brown rice

b. Minnie, an lacto-vegetarian who is served a mushroom-tomato omelet

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 20. Anna is still confused about the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Which statement is characteristic of type 1 diabetes only? a. It causes weight gain. b. Treatment always involves insulin injections. c. It is also called hyperglycemia. d. It is typically associated with insulin resistance. e. Its incidence is increasing in the United States.

b. Treatment always involves insulin injections

70. When a person is hungry and needs to replenish blood glucose, she/he should eat ____. a. predominantly simple sugars b. carbohydrates, protein, and fats c. predominantly complex carbohydrates d. protein only e. a combination of natural and added sugars

b. carbohydrates, protein and fats

16. High intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol can result in ____. a. tooth decay b. diarrhea c. increased blood cholesterol d. hypoglycemia e. increased heart rate

b. diarrhea

52. Eating too many foods with added sugars usually means getting too many ____. a. antioxidants b. empty calories c. fatty acids d. complex carbohydrates e. enzymes

b. empty calories

69. A refined grain product that is enriched is still lacking some ____ that was lost during processing. a. iron b. fiber c. thiamin d. folic acid e. niacin

b. fiber

33. Which component gives fruits their naturally sweet taste? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Sucrose e. Added sugars

b. fructose

57. Complex carbohydrates are found primarily in ____. a. grains and dairy b. grains and vegetables c. fish and vegetables d. dairy and fruit e. vegetables and dairy

b. grains and vegetables

39. Sucrose is composed of ______. a. two fructose units b. one glucose and one fructose unit c. one glucose and one galactose unit d. one galactose and one fructose unit e. two galactose units

b. one glucose and one fructose unit

b. saccharin and aspertame

38. _____ are the part of the body responsible for sensing blood pressure. a. The heart b. The kidneys c. The liver d. The pancreas e. The skin

b. the kidneys

47. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what is the minimum amount of whole-grains that should be consumed if an individual's recommended grain intake each day is 6 ounces? a. 6 ounces b. 4 ounces c. 3 ounces d. 2 ounces e. 1 ounce

c. 3 oz

68. Fletcher's dietary analysis reveals that he is deriving 30% of calories from simple sugars, and he decides to try to cut back. Which item from his food record should Fletcher omit? a. 1 banana b. 1/2 cup green grapes c. 32 fl oz root beer d. 8 oz orange juice e. 1/2 cup cooked dried beans

c. 32 fl oz of root beer

73. Matt is at his ideal weight of 190 pounds. How much protein would you recommend he consume daily? a. 38 grams b. 45 grams c. 69 grams d. 76 grams e. 152 grams

c. 69 grams

66. An optimal LDL-cholesterol level is ____, while an optimal HDL-cholesterol level is ____. a. ≥240 mg/dL; <40 mg/dL b. 70-159 mg/dL; >30 mg/dL c. <70 mg/dL; ≥50 mg/dL d. <150 mg/dL; ≥40 mg/dL e. It is irrelevant as long as your total cholesterol is lower than 170 mg/dL.

c. <70 mg/dL; ≥50 mg/dL

68. Your friend LaTonya says she wants to make sure she's getting enough protein without getting too much. What advice would you give her? a. At least 2/3 of each meal should consist of animal-based foods such as fish, lean poultry, or nonfat dairy. b. Drink nonfat milk with every meal and two snacks, and eat yogurt for breakfast every day. c. At least 2/3 of each meal should consist of plant-based foods such as legumes, vegetables, and whole grains. d. Be sure to eat at least 6 ounces of lean meat every day. e. Eat seafood daily and include one whole-milk dairy product in every meal.

c. At least 2/3 of each meal should consist of plant-based foods such as legumes, vegetables, and whole grains.

59. What factor plays the greatest role in the increase of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents? a. Type 2 diabetes is hereditary. b. Children and adolescents are eating more dairy products. c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age. d. Vaccination rates among poor people are very low. e. Today's diets lack proper levels of vitamins and minerals.

c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age

30. Which hormone raises levels of glucose in the blood by signaling to the liver to break down glycogen stores? a. Glycogen b. Insulin c. Glucagon d. Adrenaline e. Dopamine

c. Glucagon

28. What is the condition in which the body is unable or has difficulty digesting dairy products? a. Lactose deficiency b. Sugar allergy c. Lactose intolerance d. Hyperglycemia e. Lactase persistence

c. Lactose intolerance

25. Marta tries to avoid sugar because she believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition has verifiably been linked to sugar by research studies? a. Diabetes b. Heart disease c. Tooth decay d. Hyperactivity in children e. Hyperactivity in some adults

c. Tooth decay

19. Maggie is shopping for a loaf of bread and takes time to review the terms on the label. Which term describes bread that is made using the most nutritious flour? a. 100 percent wheat b. Stone ground c. Whole grain d. Seven grain e. Multigrain

c. Whole grain

75. The best advice for someone who is a vegetarian to obtain enough protein in the diet is to ____. a. find out how much of each essential amino acid is required daily b. determine how much of each amino acid is contained in favorite foods c. consume a varied diet on a daily basis d. take amino acid supplements e. keep detailed records of all foods consumed and calculate nutrient intakes

c. consume a varied diet on a daily basis

44. When milling whole wheat flour, what components of the wheat kernel are retained? a. The endosperm and germ b. The endosperm, germ, and husk c. The endosperm, germ, and bran d. The germ e. The endosperm

c. endosperm, germ, and bran

53. Diverticulosis is closely associated with a lack of ______ in the diet. a. starch b. simple sugars c. fiber d. carbohydrates e. protein

c. fiber

36. Chylomicrons are synthesized within the _______. a. liver b. adipose tissue c. intestinal cells d. lymphatic system e. bloodstream

c. intestinal cells

48. Eating more higher fiber foods is usually associated with _______. a. lower intakes of starch b. higher intakes of added sugars c. lower intakes of added sugars d. higher energy intakes e. lower protein intakes

c. lower intakes of added sugars

50. The only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrates is ______. a. eggs b. beef c. milk d. poultry e. bacon

c. milk

64. Soybeans differ from other legumes because they ____. a. are high in protein b. contain fiber c. supply all of the essential amino acids d. are high in carbohydrates e. supply all necessary vitamins and minerals as well as protein

c. supply all of the essential amino acids

74. The recommended amount of legumes is _______ for a 2,000-calorie diet. a. ½ cup per day b. 1 cup per day c. 1 to 1 ½ cups weekly d. 1 ½ to 2 cups weekly e. 2 to 3 cups weekly

d. 1 ½ to 2 cups weekly

12. What is the source of stevia? a. A combination of two amino acids b. A modification of sucrose molecules c. A derivative of aspartic acid and phenylalanine d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay e. A modified version of fructose

d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay

53. What would be the best way for Denarius to modify his prize-winning chili recipe to make its protein content more healthful? a. Replace the canned diced tomatoes with fresh diced tomatoes. b. Replace the extra lean ground beef with ground turkey (with the skin ground in). c. Reduce the amount of kidney beans and add more ground beef. d. Reduce the amount of ground beef and add more kidney beans and celery. e. Replace ground beef with pork sausage and add cubed cheddar cheese.

d. Reduce the amount of ground beef and add more kidney beans and celery.

37. Which dietary change would be most effective for lowering one's LDL? a. Replacing monounsaturated fats with saturated fats b. Replacing polyunsaturated fats with hydrogenated fats c. Choosing whole milk instead of a soda beverage d. Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger e. Replacing two glasses of water with two glasses of red wine per day

d. Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. 30. Which choice would be best in order for Jack to lower his LDL cholesterol without decreasing his HDL cholesterol? a. Reduce exercise b. Eat an atherogenic diet c. Switch back to butter instead of margarine d. Eat cashews and use olive oil e. Eat more trans fats when possible

d. Eat cashews and use olive oil

42. What term in the ingredients list indicates added sugars in the product? a. Pectin b. Hemicellulose c. Fruit puree d. Fruit juice concentrate e. Vanillin

d. Fruit juice concentrate

21. Which statement is correct concerning type 2 diabetes? a. Its incidence is decreasing due to greater awareness. b. It is less common than type 1 diabetes. c. It is characterized by too much glucose getting into the cells. d. Generally insulin injections are not required. e. Infrequent urination is a typical response.

d. Generally insulin injections are not required.

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. 48. Because he is now better informed, Jack wants to cook healthier meals. Which recommendation should he avoid? a. Use fruit jam instead of margarine on toast. b. Use applesauce in place of some butter when baking brownies. c. Eat salmon and herring twice per week. d. Have no more than three alcoholic drinks per day. e. Drink fat-free or low fat milk.

d. Have no more than three alcoholic drinks per day.

37. Sabina is concerned about her children's teeth after their first dental checkups. Her 2-year old already has a cavity and her four-year old needs to brush better. What else should Sabina's children do to prevent tooth decay? a. Only drink 100 percent fruit juices b. Eat candy only between meals and not with them c. Eat crackers and pretzels as snacks and not candy bars d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating e. Eat raisins as snacks in place of chocolate candies

d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 40. What problem is most responsible for Sam's type 2 diabetes? a. Sam's kidneys don't excrete blood glucose efficiently. b. A virus has triggered the destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin. c. Sam's gallbladder fails to secrete bile when needed. d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas. e. The pancreas is producing insufficient levels of glucagon.

d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by the pancreas

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers or other vegetarian-type foods?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of vegetarian eating patterns while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy and other vegetarian nutrition considerations by answering the following questions. 28. What statement best describes meat analogs? a. They consist of 50 percent meat and 50 percent plant-based ingredients. b. They are generally high in fat. c. They have moderate amounts of cholesterol. d. They are vegetable protein products that simulate meat products. e. They allow preparation of healthy meals with meat as a main ingredient.

d. They are vegetable protein products that simulate meat products.

34. From a health perspective, fruits are better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar because they ____. a. contain higher concentrations of these carbohydrates per unit of weight b. are more quickly digested than table sugar c. also provide protein d. also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals e. provide these sugars in a more absorbable form than table sugar

d. also provide fibers, vitamins, and minerals

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. 57. Bob knows he needs to take in fewer calories to lose weight. Bob should be aware that ____. a. individual food items eaten should contain less than 10 percent calories from saturated fat b. it is more important to focus on the amount of fat he consumes rather than his energy intake c. monounsaturated fats accumulate as adipose tissue primarily around the waist d. both saturated and unsaturated fats have nine calories per gram e. high intakes of nuts as snacks are high in fat but low in calories

d. both saturated and unsaturated fats have nine calories per gram

64. Which statement is true about hypoglycemia? a. It is treated with insulin injections. b. It is aggravated by high-fiber foods. c. It is classified as a pre-diabetic condition. d. It is aggravated by high-sugar foods. e. It is common in teenagers but less so in adults and older adults.

d. it is aggravated by high-sugar foods.

32. To feel energetic and alert throughout the day an individual should _______. a. follow a low-carbohydrate eating plan b. avoid all simple sugars c. exercise in the morning d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range e. eat most carbohydrates in the first half of the day

d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range

31. When two glucose units are bonded together they form ____. a. sucrose b. galactose c. lactose d. maltose e. dextrose

d. maltose

61. If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, the body will break down ____ to provide glucose for the brain. a. heart b. liver c. bloodstream d. muscle e. kidneys

d. muscle

67. The _____ secretes glucagon and insulin in response to changing blood glucose levels. a. appendix b. pituitary gland c. liver d. pancreas e. hypothalamus

d. pancreas

72. Which of the following is not an assumption that recommendations for protein intake are based on? a. The individual is in good general health. b. Protein will be consumed with adequate calories from carbohydrates and fats c. Proteins will come from a variety of plant and animal sources. d. Intake of other nutrients is adequate. e. Dietary protein is of high quality only.

e. Dietary protein is of high quality only.

15. What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in the body? a. Starch b. Sugar c. Glucose d. Glucagon e. Glycogen

e. Glycogen

18. All of the following are health benefits associated with intake of insoluble fiber except ___. a. helps with weight management b. reduces risk of constipation and hemorroids c. lowers risk of colon cancer d. speeds transit time through intestines e. slows glucose absorption

e. Slows glucose absorption

49. Eunice is a 60-year-old woman who is trying to increase the amount of fiber in her diet in order to meet the Dietary Guidelines. What change would be best for her to make? a. Increase her intake of yogurt b. Choose white rice or scalloped potatoes instead of beans to go with dinner c. Eat pretzels made from wheat flour instead of fruit with her lunch d. Replace her morning enriched-flour croissant with a wheat bagel e. Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack

e. eat air popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack.

45. The ______ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen. a. kidneys b. gallbladder c. appendix d. thyroid e. liver

Test 2 - Nutrition

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