test 2: Nutrition Lipids, CHO and Lipids
What are the main functions of cholesterol?
1. Building block for bile acids 2. Helps form hormones 3. Provide structure to cells
What statements are true about sterols?
1. They contain a multi-ring structure 2. Cholesterol is a common example 3. They can be produced by the body
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
1. To insulate and protect the body 2. To provide energy 3. To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins
Compared to margarine, butter is...
1. higher in saturated fat 2. higher in cholesterol
US average fiber intake
12g/d dri 25-38 g/d from DG plant intake
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least ...% of total calories come from essential fatty acids.
5
cyclamate
A non-nutritive sweetener identified as a carcinogen.
fiber
A tough complex carbohydrate that the body cannot digest
How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?
Add hydrogens to the the liquid fat (hydrogenation)
stevia
Alternative sweetener derived from South American shrub; 100 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
hyperglycemia (diabetes)
An excess amount of sugar in the blood. Too little insulin makes cells unable to absorb glucose. Cell switch from normal metabolism to abnormal metabolism. It begins to breakdown fat. It begins to create Ketone in the body. Ketone is very acidic. And patient will have a fruity smell to their breath. juvenile and adult onset type 1 and 2
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acid similar?
Both contain a straight molecular structure
How may one detect whether or not hidden facts are in a food product?
Check the list of ingredients
Waxy lipid found in all body cells
Cholesterol
Causes the carbon chain to bend
Cis fatty acid
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body
HDL
In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when...levels are low and...levels are high in the bloodstream.
HDL LDL
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health
carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
LDL
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
Lipids
Decrease blood clotting and inflammation
Omega-3
Essential fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid
Omega-3
Increase blood clotting and inflammation
Omega-6
Nonessential fatty acid
Omega-9
....is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
Plaque
enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions catalysts specificity lock and key model amylase only works on starch
cerebrovascular disease
a disease of the blood vessels of the brain, stroke
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as...
a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons in length
glycemic index
a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid
The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are...
animal fats
amino acids include
arginine and histdine
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream...
as part of lipoproteins
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
true or false: Conversion of glycogen to glucose is
augmented by mobilization of stored body fat
LDL cholesterol
bad. low density lipoprotein. low protein, high fat atherosclerotic
fiber ____ the gut
binds
starch
branched, very digestable for humans
fish oils in the diet...
can be rich in source of EPA and DHA
The leading cause of death among North American adults is
cardiovascular disease
insoluble fibers
cellulose, hemicellulose soften stool, prevents consitpation
types of fiber in diet
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, ligin, gums, mucilages
types of fiber
cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages, and a few nonpolysaccharides such as lignin
Animals (glycogen)
chemically similar to plant starch, but more branched storage form of glucose in animals, made in well fed state not much glycogen in diet (barely in flesh food)
No more than 2mg of cholesterol per serving
cholesterol free
Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cell
chylomicron
the primary transporter of trigycerides of dietary origin is the
chylomicron
removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
chylomicron remnant
fiber is partially fermented by
colonic bacteria
fat is used in the body for
cushion internal organs from physical shock to provide energy for exercising muscle to act as storage depot for excess calories
The AHA recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to...
decrease saturated fat intake
People who have impaired fat absorption may be at risk for...
deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
diastolic blood pressure
the great variety of proteins found in the body occurs because
different amino acids can be hooked together in a huge number of different combinations
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.
diglyceride
soluble fiber
dissolves in water
____ is a buldging of the intestinal wall that can be avoided by a diet adequate in fiber
diverticulosis
unsaturation refers to the number of ____ in fatty acid
double bonds
Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
eggs, ice cream, and chicken
A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as an...
emulsifier
bile is an
emulsifyer of fats; breaks down large molecule of fats into smaller ones
Functions of fat in the body
energy fuel, energy stores, emergency reserve, padding, insulation, cell membranes, raw materials
Cyclooxygenase
enzyme that produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acids
true or false: cells of non growing adults do not require amino acids for protein sythesis
false
true or false: fatty acids taken up by adipose tissue are stored as glycerol
false
What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
trans fatty acids
fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond, banned in us scities
fasted state: ocidation to atp fed state:
fed state: stored as glycogen, fat
____ is indigestable by human enzymes
fiber
Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
free fatty acid
Sucralose
from sugar but chlorinate, heat stable
agave nectar
from the agave tree, not calorie free, contains more calories from sugar but also sweeter than sugar.
cells use _____ only (mono, di and poly sacchrides
glucose
liver convers fructose and galactose to
glucose
circulates back to the liver
glycerol
Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals.
glycogen
spontaneous hypoglycemia
glycogen are depleted the ability to maintain blood sugar is diminished (btwen meals or when food has not been consumed) rare, serious, caused by pancreatic tumor
HDL cholesterol
good. high density lipoprotein. high protein, low fat atherosclerosis
starch in plants is used for
growth
starched is stored in plants for
growth
Atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
high levels of ___ are associated with low risk for heart attack
high density lipoprotein
....is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.
hydrogenation
The phosphate heads of the phospholipids are..., whereas the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids are...
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Fats are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
lactose intolerance
impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase
crude fiber
in proximate analysis, the insoluble carbohydrates remaining in a feed after boiling in acid and alkali used in pet foods
metabolic sydrome
includes weight gain (especially abdominal area), dyslipidemia, increased blood glucose, and insulin resistance increases risk for diabetes, certain cancers, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
micelle formation facilitates lipid digestion by
increasing the surface area on which digestive enzymes work
classifications of fiber
insoluable and soluable
fructose _____ is/is not healthier than sugar
is not
...is a common example of a phospholipid.
lecithin
individual fatty acids can differ in
length and number of double bonds
the essential amino acids include
leucine, valine, and threonine
The enzyme...plays an important role in fat digestion.
lipase
The gastric...enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on trigylcerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.
lipase
fat digestion is
lipase enzymes cleave free fatty acids off of trigycerides
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
lipoprotein lipase
Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically...at room temperature.
liquid
reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
long-chain fatty acid
The majority of fatty acids consumed in the diet are...
long-chain fatty acids
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar, common, mild
No more than 20mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving
low cholesterol
sources of concentrated sugars
low nutrient density, whole foods, partition or refined foods (honey, beets, sugar cane, brown sugar)
Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may...
lower blood cholesterol
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.
monoglyceride
Types of simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) disaccarides (sucrose-glucose+fructose, lactose-glucose+galactose, maltose-glucose+glucose)
One carbon-carbon double bond
monounsaturated fatty acid
Stick margarine has...trans fatty acids than tub margarine
more
CHO digestion
mouth (salivary amylase---dextrins) stomach inactive in CHO digestion, small intestine (pancreatic amylase) enterocutes, hepatic portal-- liver
What is the main function of antioxidants?
neutralize free radicals
Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of...
omega-3 fatty acids
Essential fatty acids; linolenic acid
omega-6
sugar alcohols are used in chewing gum because
oral microflora cannot metabolize them
Plant fiber cannot be used as a glucose source by humans because..
out gut lacks enzymes capable of hydrolyzing fiber
In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been...
oxidized
Soluble Fiber
pectins, hemicellulose lower blood cholestrol and slow glucose absorbtion
Coronary vascular disease
people with serum cholestrol above 240 mg/dl have a high risk for CVD
A...is a type of lipid that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorous group.
phospholipid
forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane
phospholipid
cholesterol containing deposits in blood vessels that constrict blood flow are
plaque
fiber
polysacchrides, not branched, indigestable, partially fermented by colon
Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
polyunsaturated fatty acid
protein is used in the body for
production of antibodies growth of a fetus repair of injury maintenance of proper acidity and blood
turn over process
protein turnover involves constant synthesis and degradation of tissue protein
Contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving
reduced cholesterol
Eicosanoids
regulatory molecules that can be synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, long chain PUFA, blood pressure, blood clotting, muscle contraction, lungs, immune system
us intake of dietary fat required vs consumed
require 3% consume 35-45%
the enzyme that produces dextrin from starch is
salivary amylase
High dietary consumption of...increases risk of cardiovascular disease.
saturated and trans fat
Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in
saturated fat and cholesterol
Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
short and medium-chain fatty acids
Types of Carbohydrates
simple and complex
glucose
slows absorbtion, which benefits diabetes
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are...at room temperature
solid
plant foods are made of ____ fiber
soluble and insoluble
increase consumption of ____ fiber
soluble, fiber binds cholestrol youve eaten
Properties of fiber
soluble; delay stomach emptying insoluble; prevents constipation
sugar alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol sweet to human tongue, mouth bacteria cannot metabolize
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
soy beans, peanuts, and organ meats
complex carbohydrates
starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables polysacchrides
A compounds containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a...
sterol
protein digestion
stomach acid denatures dietary proteins, which promote protein digestion
What is the function of an emulsifier?
suspends fats in water
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
systolic blood pressure
insoluble fibers
the tough, fibrous structures of fruits, vegetables, and grains; indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water, celery, softens stool prevents constipation
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on...
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?
1. Bile from the gallbladder is present 2. Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ..% to ...% of kilocalories.
20-35
Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
Compared to regular margarine, reduced-fat margarine contributes less fat and total calories to the diet because..
Some of the fat has been replaced by water
What class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?
Sterols
...fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely reassemble the structure of...fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during the process.
Trans Saturated
Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Trans fatty acid
carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
VLDL
Which of the following lipoproteins arise from the liver?
VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Tryglycerides cosist of
three fatty acids, gycerol
To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board recommends limiting intake of saturated and...fatty acids.
trans
The AHA recommends that Americans should limit daily...intake to no more than 1% of total calories.
trans fat
major form of lipid in food and in the body
triglyceride
Due to their high energy density...are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
triglycerides
what makes up 95% of the lipids in the diet
trigycerides
true or false: non growing, healthy male adults do not require amino acids
true
true or false: pregnant woman require amino acids in their diets
true
true or false: rapidly growing babies must have amino acids in their diets
true
What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?
tuna, salmon, and sardines
An omega-3 fatty acid is....
unsaturated
sources of dilute sugars
vegetables, fruit, cereals