Test 2: Selective Attention
all inputs are fully processed; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness
A late selection theory of attention suggests that
executive; anterior cingulate
ADHD is a disorder that is characterized by problems in the alerting, orienting and executive systems. Blurting out answers is a symptom of ADHD that can result from problems in the __________________ system that are associated with dysfunctions in the _____________________.
Low validity
According to Posner and Snyder's experiments, which condition could the participant not use the warning signal as a basis for expectation because it was a poor predictor?
high validity
According to Posner and Snyder's experiments, which condition could the participant use the warning signal as a basis for expectation because it was an excellent predictor?
Moray
According to __________'s theory of early selection, the selective filter blocks out most information at the sensory level, but some personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through the filter
The ability to automatize driving and dedicate the majority of your attention to the conversation
Being able to drive a car while you carry on a conversation with a friend in the passenger seat is explained by:
Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 3
In each trial of an experiment, participants see a warning signal and then, a half-second later, see a pair of letters. The participants press one button if the letters are the same (e.g. W W) and a different button if the letters are different (e.g. PX). In 80% of the trials, the warning signal is identical to the letters that will be shown on that trial. The following are warning signals and the test stimuli presented on Trial 97 of the procedure: Group 1: warning signal = L; test pair= LL, Group 2: warning signal= U; test pair= LL, Group 3: warning signal= +; test pair= L L In this setup we should expect the fastest responses from:
orienting
Lexi has sustained damage to her frontal eye field. She might have difficulty with what aspect of attention?
True
Our attentional systems cope with the overwhelming amount of information that we encounter on a daily basis by engaging in selective attention, and by extension, the attentional blink. (T or F)
space-based, object-based
Patients with Unilateral neglect teach us that attention involves both _____________ and __________________ mechanisms
divided attention
Studying for an important exam while watching television is not very efficient because it is an example of:
two different auditory messages are presented, one to each ear
Tasks involving dichotic listening are tasks in which
dichotic listening
The ____________ __________ task is one of the oldest tests that has been used to study selective attention.
spatial attention
The ability to focus on a particular person in space and, thus, to be better prepared for any stimulus that appears in that position is called:
Change blindness
The inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being view is called
attended, unattended
The subjects in a dichotic listening task are told to pay attention to one input, called the __________ channel, and ignore the other, called the ___________ channel
Early selection
The theory of attention that suggested that we filter info right after we notice it at the sensory level is known as:
parietal and frontal lobes
Unilateral neglect syndrome results mainly from unilateral lesions in the _______________ and _____________ lobes
attentional blink
What Is this phenomenon an example of? A waiter is telling two friends about the daily specials when a neighboring table erupts in laughter. The friends ask the waiter to repeat the last few items because their attention was diverted by the sudden loud laughs
warning
What decreases the chances of inattentional blindness occurring?
they will perceive the stimuli no matter which side they are on
What happens when a patient with unilateral neglect syndrome is presented stimuli only to their right or left side?
they ignore the side that is contralateral to their lesion
What happens when a patient with unilateral neglect syndrome is presented stimuli to both sides of their visual field?
inattentional blindness
What kind of attention failure occurs when one cannot see things that are actually there
frontal, posterior, thalamus
Which brain regions are involved in the alerting system?
prefrontal area, anterior cingulate gyrus
Which brain regions are involved in the executive system?
frontal eye field, superior parietal lobe, temporoparietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus
Which brain regions are involved in the orienting system?
high validity
Which condition of Posner and Snyder's experiments show a larger benefit (due to priming), but also a substantial cost (due to being mislead)?
low validity
Which condition of Posner and Snyder's experiments show a small benefit (from repetition priming) but zero cost from being misled?
locus ceruleus
Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: Avoids sustained efforts
right frontal cortex
Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: Has difficulty sustaining attention
right posterior parietal
Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: fails to finish
anterior cingulate
Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: blurts out answers
basal ganglia
Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: cannot wait
left lateral frontal
Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: interrupts or intrudes
superior colliculus
Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Does not appear to listen
thalamus
Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Fails to pay close attention
bilateral parietal
Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Is distracted by stimuli
Deutsch & Deutsch
Which of the scientists did NOT propose an early-selection theory of attention?
executive system
Which system in the brain controls voluntary actions?
Orienting system
Which system in the brain is needed to disengage attention from one target, shift attention to a new target, and then engage attention on the new target
Alerting system
Which system in the brain is responsible for achieving and maintaining an alert state in the brain?
late selection
Which theory of attention does the following describe? All inputs receive relatively complete analysis, and the selection occurs after perceptual analysis is finished.
early selection
Which theory of attention does the following describe? Attended input is privileged from the start, so the unattended input receives little to no perceptual analysis (and so may not be perceived).
stimulus based priming
Which type of selective priming has benefits with no cost? (Can prime or one detector without taking anything away from other detectors)
expectation based priming
Which type of selective priming has great benefits AND great costs? (Priming for the "wrong" detector takes something away from the other detectors)
Donald Broadbent, Neville Moray, and Anne Treisman
Who are the 3 researchers who proposed early selection theories?
Anne Treisman
Who believed that sensory memory only stores information for a split second and then forwards it to a selective filter (attenuator) that weakens the strength of all stimuli other than the target stimulus.
Donald Broadbent
Whose theory of early selection consisted of a selective filter that allows only one message (the attended one) to move forward and be processed in more detail?
attention
__________ is the means by which we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, stored memories, and other cognitive processes.