Test 2: Selective Attention

all inputs are fully processed; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness

A late selection theory of attention suggests that

executive; anterior cingulate

ADHD is a disorder that is characterized by problems in the alerting, orienting and executive systems. Blurting out answers is a symptom of ADHD that can result from problems in the __________________ system that are associated with dysfunctions in the _____________________.

Low validity

According to Posner and Snyder's experiments, which condition could the participant not use the warning signal as a basis for expectation because it was a poor predictor?

high validity

According to Posner and Snyder's experiments, which condition could the participant use the warning signal as a basis for expectation because it was an excellent predictor?

Moray

According to __________'s theory of early selection, the selective filter blocks out most information at the sensory level, but some personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through the filter

The ability to automatize driving and dedicate the majority of your attention to the conversation

Being able to drive a car while you carry on a conversation with a friend in the passenger seat is explained by:

Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 3

In each trial of an experiment, participants see a warning signal and then, a half-second later, see a pair of letters. The participants press one button if the letters are the same (e.g. W W) and a different button if the letters are different (e.g. PX). In 80% of the trials, the warning signal is identical to the letters that will be shown on that trial. The following are warning signals and the test stimuli presented on Trial 97 of the procedure: Group 1: warning signal = L; test pair= LL, Group 2: warning signal= U; test pair= LL, Group 3: warning signal= +; test pair= L L In this setup we should expect the fastest responses from:

orienting

Lexi has sustained damage to her frontal eye field. She might have difficulty with what aspect of attention?

True

Our attentional systems cope with the overwhelming amount of information that we encounter on a daily basis by engaging in selective attention, and by extension, the attentional blink. (T or F)

space-based, object-based

Patients with Unilateral neglect teach us that attention involves both _____________ and __________________ mechanisms

divided attention

Studying for an important exam while watching television is not very efficient because it is an example of:

two different auditory messages are presented, one to each ear

Tasks involving dichotic listening are tasks in which

dichotic listening

The ____________ __________ task is one of the oldest tests that has been used to study selective attention.

spatial attention

The ability to focus on a particular person in space and, thus, to be better prepared for any stimulus that appears in that position is called:

Change blindness

The inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being view is called

attended, unattended

The subjects in a dichotic listening task are told to pay attention to one input, called the __________ channel, and ignore the other, called the ___________ channel

Early selection

The theory of attention that suggested that we filter info right after we notice it at the sensory level is known as:

parietal and frontal lobes

Unilateral neglect syndrome results mainly from unilateral lesions in the _______________ and _____________ lobes

attentional blink

What Is this phenomenon an example of? A waiter is telling two friends about the daily specials when a neighboring table erupts in laughter. The friends ask the waiter to repeat the last few items because their attention was diverted by the sudden loud laughs

warning

What decreases the chances of inattentional blindness occurring?

they will perceive the stimuli no matter which side they are on

What happens when a patient with unilateral neglect syndrome is presented stimuli only to their right or left side?

they ignore the side that is contralateral to their lesion

What happens when a patient with unilateral neglect syndrome is presented stimuli to both sides of their visual field?

inattentional blindness

What kind of attention failure occurs when one cannot see things that are actually there

frontal, posterior, thalamus

Which brain regions are involved in the alerting system?

prefrontal area, anterior cingulate gyrus

Which brain regions are involved in the executive system?

frontal eye field, superior parietal lobe, temporoparietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus

Which brain regions are involved in the orienting system?

high validity

Which condition of Posner and Snyder's experiments show a larger benefit (due to priming), but also a substantial cost (due to being mislead)?

low validity

Which condition of Posner and Snyder's experiments show a small benefit (from repetition priming) but zero cost from being misled?

locus ceruleus

Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: Avoids sustained efforts

right frontal cortex

Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: Has difficulty sustaining attention

right posterior parietal

Which neural network matches this symptom for the alerting system: fails to finish

anterior cingulate

Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: blurts out answers

basal ganglia

Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: cannot wait

left lateral frontal

Which neural network matches this symptom for the executive system: interrupts or intrudes

superior colliculus

Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Does not appear to listen

thalamus

Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Fails to pay close attention

bilateral parietal

Which neural network matches this symptom for the orienting system: Is distracted by stimuli

Deutsch & Deutsch

Which of the scientists did NOT propose an early-selection theory of attention?

executive system

Which system in the brain controls voluntary actions?

Orienting system

Which system in the brain is needed to disengage attention from one target, shift attention to a new target, and then engage attention on the new target

Alerting system

Which system in the brain is responsible for achieving and maintaining an alert state in the brain?

late selection

Which theory of attention does the following describe? All inputs receive relatively complete analysis, and the selection occurs after perceptual analysis is finished.

early selection

Which theory of attention does the following describe? Attended input is privileged from the start, so the unattended input receives little to no perceptual analysis (and so may not be perceived).

stimulus based priming

Which type of selective priming has benefits with no cost? (Can prime or one detector without taking anything away from other detectors)

expectation based priming

Which type of selective priming has great benefits AND great costs? (Priming for the "wrong" detector takes something away from the other detectors)

Donald Broadbent, Neville Moray, and Anne Treisman

Who are the 3 researchers who proposed early selection theories?

Anne Treisman

Who believed that sensory memory only stores information for a split second and then forwards it to a selective filter (attenuator) that weakens the strength of all stimuli other than the target stimulus.

Donald Broadbent

Whose theory of early selection consisted of a selective filter that allows only one message (the attended one) to move forward and be processed in more detail?

attention

__________ is the means by which we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, stored memories, and other cognitive processes.