Test 3
Which of the following muscle groups would be more likely to have many small motor units (one motor neuron, and just a few muscle fibers under its control)? a) the muscles that control eye movement b) the postural muscles that control standing c) the muscles that control the many movements of the hands d) all of these choices would have many small motor units e) only a and c would have many small motor units
E
Which of the following is a common effect of aging on skeletal muscle? a) loss of muscle mass b) decrease in maximal strength c) a slowing of muscle reflexes d) loss of flexibility e) all of these are correct
E
Which of the following is a type of angular movement? a) flexion b) extension c) abduction d) adduction e) all of these are examples of angular movement
E
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints? a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) arthroplasty d) osteoarthritis e) rheumatoid arthritis
E
Which of the following is not considered a "special movement" that occurs at only certain joints? a) Depression b) Protraction c) Elevation d) Supination e) All of these are special movements
E
Which of the following muscles act(s) to increase the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation? 1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. internal intercostals a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 1 and 2
E
Which of the following muscles would adduct the arm by acting on the humerus? a) deltoid b) pectoralis major c) supraspinatus d) infraspinatus e) teres minor
B
Which of the following is referred to as the period of lost excitability in skeletal muscle fibers? a) refractory period b) contraction period c) latent period d) relaxation period e) wave summation
A
Some synovial joints contain special crescent-shaped pads that provide additional shock absorption, and provide for a better fit between the articulating surfaces of the bones. These special pads are called __________. a) menisci b) labra c) fat pads d) bursae e) tendon sheaths
A
The central tendon is an aponeurosis of the __________, and it fuses to the inferior portion of the pericardium (membrane covering the heart), and pleura (membrane covering each lung). a) diaphragm b) rectus abdominis c) transversus abdominis d) internal intercostals e) innermost intercostals
A
The contractile organelles of a skeletal muscle fiber are thread-like structures called a) myofibrils. b) myoglobin. c) mitochondria. d) Z discs. e) M lines
A
The gastrocolic reflex a) initiates mass peristalsis. b) intensifies peristalsis in the ileum. c) forces chyme into the cecum. d) is initiated by secretion of gastrin. e) occurs segmentally in the haustra.
A
The myenteric plexus a) controls the contractile strength and frequency of the muscularis. b) supplies the secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium. c) contains sensory neurons which function as chemoreceptors. d) regulates secretion by gastrointestinal organs. e) supplies the mucosal epithelium.
A
The site where a somatic motor neuron releases acetylcholine to stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber is called the a) neuromuscular junction b) synaptic end bulbs c) motor end plate d) myofibril e) sarcolemma
A
This is the least powerful type of skeletal muscle fiber. a) slow oxidative fiber b) fast oxidative fiber c) fast glycolytic fiber d) slow glycolytic fiber e) None of these choices.
A
What is rigor mortis? a) muscle rigidity that occurs approximately 3-24 hours after death, because ATP is no longer being produced b) a condition in there are no acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate of the muscle fiber c) a condition in which motor neurons cannot release acetylcholine d) a condition in which muscle tears can't be repaired, due to a lack of human growth hormone (hGH) e) an injury characterized by a stretched or torn tendon or muscle
A
What type of special movement occurs in your clavicles at your acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints when you cross your arms in front of your body? a) Protraction b) Retraction c) Inversion d) Eversion e) Supination
A
Which muscle would be important to a ballerina's ability to plantar flex the foot (commonly called "pointing the toes")?a) soleus b) flexor hallucis longus c) tibialis posterior d) popliteus e) extensor digitorum longus
A
Which of the following diseases is characterized by sodium urate crystals being deposited in the soft tissues of joints?a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) ankylosing spondylitis d) osteoarthritis e) rheumatoid arthritis
A
Which of the following is an example of a first class lever in action? a) raising (extending) the head on the vertebral column b) raising the forearm by contracting the biceps brachii c) raising the heel of the foot off the floor to stand on the ball of the foot
A
Which of the following is not a hinge joint? a) shoulder b) elbow c) interphalangeal joints d) ankle e) knee
A
In which type of synovial joint does a rounded or pointed surface on one bone articulate with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament? a) Pivot joint b) Planar joint c) Hinge joint d) Ball-and-socket joint e) Saddle joint
A
All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis. b) decreased response to pain and internal sensations. c) increased incidence of duodenal ulcers. d) dysregulated neurosensory Learning Objective. e) decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcer
A
An injury to a joint that alters the articular surfaces of the bones of the joint may affect the range of motion (ROM) of that joint. Which factor that influences range of motion is the most likely one that has been negatively affected in this situation? a) structure of shape of the articulating bones b) strength and tension of the joint ligaments c) arrangement and tension of the muscles d) contact of soft parts e) hormones
A
Bending the trunk forward at the intervertebral discs is an example of what type of angular movement? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Lateral flexion d) Hyperextension e) None of these choices
A
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by a) parietal cells. b) chief cells. c) G cells. d) mucous neck cells. e) surface mucous cells.
A
If you are an endurance athlete, you especially rely on which type of skeletal muscle fiber to perform your sport?a) slow oxidative fibers b) fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers c) fast glycolytic fibers d) all of these choices are correct. e) none of these choices are correct.
A
Which of the following is(are) made from dense regular connective tissue? a) Ligaments b) Articular cartilage c) Articular fat pads d) Synovial membrane e) Synovial fluid
A
Which of the following muscles is known as the "tailor's muscle" because it helps you cross your legs so that you could sit with the heel of one limb resting on the knee of the other limb (in centuries past, sitting with crossed legs was the way tailor's, makers of clothing, would sit to do their sewing). a) sartorius b) gracilis c) adductor longus d) vastus intermedius e) semitendinosus
A
Which of the following muscles that assist with mastication is not innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal (V) nerve? a) buccinator b) masseter c) temporalis d) medial pterygoid e) lateral pterygoid
A
Which of the following represents a type of movement where there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Gliding d) Circumduction e) Rotation
A
Which of the following represents the correct list of superficial anterior (flexor) compartment muscles from lateral to medial? a) flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis (deep to other three muscles) b) flexor digitorum profundus, flexor policis longus c) extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris d) abductor policis longus, extensor policis brevis, extensor policis longus, extensor indicis
A
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) The upper esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle. b) The upper esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus. c) The lower esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle. d) The lower esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. e) Gastroesophageal reflex disease may be du
A
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a) The tongue is considered part of the alimentary canal since it comes into contact with food. b) The teeth come into contact with food, but are still considered accessory digestive organs. c) The salivary glands come into contact with food, and provide digestive enzymes. d) Although it is a hollow organ, the gallbladder does not come into contact with food but does secrete bile. e) The liver is considered to be part of the gastrointestinal tract since it produces secretions that flow into the small intestine.
A
Which of the following types of joints lacks a joint cavity and is held together by a fibrous connective tissue? 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 e) All of these choices
A
Which of the following types of muscle tissue contract when excited by their own autorhythmic muscle fibers? a) cardiac muscle b) slow twitch oxidative skeletal muscle c) multi-unit smooth muscle d) fast twitch glycolytic skeletal muscle e) All of these choices are correct.
A
Which of the following would be an example of a fibrous joint? a) interosseus membrane b) epiphyseal (growth) plate c) the joint between the manubrium and body of the sternum d) the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum e) the pubic symphysis
A
Which of the following would not be a common occurrence at joints due to aging? a) ligaments become stretched and lengthen b) the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases c) osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur d) articular cartilages become thinner e) exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion
A
Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to muscle fatigue? a) release of excessive amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction b) a feeling that you want to quit, that the activity is too difficult (central fatigue) c) depletion of adequate supplies of oxygen and ATP d) a buildup of lactic acid e) all of these contribute to muscle fatigue
A
Which one of the following muscles that move the scapula is innervated by the Accessory (XI) nerve? a) trapezius b) levator scapulae c) serratus anterior d) pectoralis minor e) rhomboid major and minor
A
A gomphosis is which type of joint? a) fibrous and a suture b) fibrous and a syndesmsosis c) cartilaginous and a synchondrosis d) cartilaginous and a symphysis e) synovial
B
Another term for menisci is a) articular fat pads. b) articular discs. c) articular spaces. d) capsular fat pads. e) capsular discs.
B
Because it is an immovable joint, the sagittal suture, which joins the two parietal bones of the skull, is classified as a _______. a) diarthrosis b) synarthrosis c) synovial joint d) amphiarthrosis e) cartilaginous joint
B
Disuse of a limb, like would occur when the limb is in a cast, leads to muscular atrophy and _____ of the affected joint. a) increased range of motion b) decreased range of motion c) increased fluid accumulation in bursa d) loosening of the tendons e) chronic inflammation
B
In a hiatus hernia, the stomach protrudes through which opening of the diaphragm? a) the caval opening b) the esophageal hiatus c) the mediastinum d) the aortic hiatus e) the inguinal hiatus
B
In order from the small intestine to the anus, the major regions of the large intestine are a) ascending colon, sigmoid colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, rectum, anal canal b) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal c) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, cecum, anal canal, rectum d) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, anal canal, rectum e) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, anal canal, cecum, rectum
B
Most of the freely movable joints of the body could be classified both structurally and functionally as __________. a) cartilaginous and synarthroses b) synovial and diarthroses c) cartilaginous and amphiarthroses d) synovial and amphiarthroses e) fibrous and diarthroses
B
Muscle fascicles can be arranged in one of several patterns. Which of the following patterns is not an example of the arrangement of fascicles in a muscle? a) pennate b) elliptical c) fusiform d) triangular e) circular
B
Muscular tissue has several important properties, such as electrical excitability. Another property of muscular tissue is that it is able to stretch, and return to its original size and shape. Which property of muscular tissue is this? a) Conductivity b) Elasticity c) Extensibility d) Plasticity e) None of these are correct.
B
Native people of the Amazon basin in South America use curare, a poison, on arrows and blow darts, to paralyze and bring down small game. Which part of the sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction does curare specifically disrupt? a) release of acetylcholine (ACh) b) activation of ACh receptors c) production of a muscle action potential d) activation of acetylcholinesterase e) release of calcium from the terminal cisterns
B
Peristalsis in the small intestine a) is also known as segmentation. b) is a series of migrating motility complexes. c) mixes chyme with digestive enzymes. d) A and B are correct. e) A, B, and C are correct.
B
Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolonged presence of _____ in the muscle cell's cytosol? a) ATP b) calcium ions c) phosphate ions d) myoglobin e) None of these choices.
B
The Champ is boxing a new and promising fighter called Lefty. During Round 8 of their boxing match, Lefty delivers a devastating punch directly to the champ's chin. What is the most likely injury as a result of this punch to the Champ's chin? a) the mandible has been fractured b) the Champ's mandible has suffered a posterior displacement (dislocation) c) the mandible has become protracted d) the ligaments that stabilize the temporomandibular joint have been sprained e) the Champ's mandible has suffered a lateral displacement (dislocation)
B
The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by pads of fibrocartilage (the intervertebral discs). The articulations between adjacent vertebrae are called __________. a) synchondroses b) symphyses c) gomphoses d) synovial joints e) syndesmoses
B
The enterogastric reflex a) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the stomach b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum. c) results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter. d) increases gastric emptying. e) is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.
B
The esophageal epithlelium is comprised of ________, while the epithelium of the stomach is comprised of ______________. a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against acid. b) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection. c) simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection. d) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; simple squamous epithelium which aids in absorption of nutrients
B
The parotid glands are found a) in the tongue. b) between the skin and the masseter muscle. c) in the floor of the mouth. d) beneath the tongue. e) in the palate.
B
The pharynx is part of both the ___ and the ___ organ systems. a) digestive and muscular b) digestive and respiratory c) respiratory and muscular d) digestive and endocrine e) digestive and skeletal
B
The radioulnar joint allows a person to turn their hands so that the palms face anteriorly (as in anatomical position) or to face posteriorly. The radioulnar joint is an example of what type of synovial joint? a) plane joint b) pivot joint c) condyloid joint d) saddle joint e) hinge joint
B
The wider pelvis of females and the greater angle this creates between the femur and the tibia puts females at a greater risk than males for damage to which structure of the knee. a) the patellar ligament b) the anterior cruciate ligament c) the posterior cruciate ligament d) articular capsule e) medial and lateral patellar retinacula
B
What regulatory proteins can be found in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle fibers? a) troponin and titin b) tropomyosin and troponin c) myosin and titin d) titin and tropomyosin e) tropomyosin and myosin
B
When oxygen is plentiful inside a skeletal muscle cell, what happens to the pyruvic acid that is formed during glycolysis? a) it is converted into lactic acid b) it diffuses into mitochondria to be broken down to generate ATP c) it diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream d) it is used to convert creatine into creatine phosphate e) it is converted into glycogen
B
Which list includes the muscles responsible for moving the eyeballs and eyelids? a) orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus minor, temporalis b) inferior oblique, superior rectus, levator palpebrae c) rectus abdominus, internal oblique, transverse abdominus d) sternocleidomastoid, digastric, mylohyoid e) splenius capitis, teres major, infraspinatus
B
Which of the following consists of a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates? a) sarcomere b) motor unit c) neuromuscular junction d) muscle unit e) multi-unit smooth muscle
B
Which of the following describe the regeneration capacity of cardiac muscle cells? a) limited, via satellite cells b) limited, under certain conditions c) considerable (compared with other muscle cells, but limited compared with epithelium), via pericites d) all of these are correct e) none of these are correct
B
Which of the following disorders is characterized by the wasting away of muscles due to the progressive loss of myofibrils? a) muscular hypertrophy b) muscular atrophy c) fibromyalgia d) myasthenia gravis e) tremors
B
Which of the following functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue? a) actin b) myosin c) troponin d) titin e) tropomyosin
B
Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? a) the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist b) the hinge joint of the elbow c) the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx d) the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus e) the plane joints between the carpal bones (wrist)
B
Which of the following is the strongest muscle of mastication? a) buccinator b) masseter c) temporalis d) medial pterygoid e) lateral pterygoid
B
Which of the following may be used to treat urinary stress incontinence? a) an episiotomy b) Kegel exercises c) RICE therapy d) faciotomy e) prosthetic shoe inserts
B
Which of the following muscles would be needed to flex (curl) the toes? a) extensor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis b) flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi c) lumbricals and abductor hallucis d) plantar interossei and flexor digitorum brevis e) extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis
B
Which of the following perineal muscles is involved with erection of the penis in males, and of the clitoris in females?a) levator ani b) bulbospongiosus c) superficial transverse perineal d) deep transverse perineal e) sphincter urethrovaginalis
B
Which of the following terms that can be used to name a muscle, implies that the muscle is diamond-shaped? a) deltoid b) rhomboid c) gracilis d) brevis e) tenso
B
_________ stimulates increased secretion of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate ions. a) Gastrin b) Secretin c) Cholecystokinin d) Pepsin e) Somatostatin
B
A ballerina who points her toes to stand literally on the tip of her toes for a dance movement is doing what type of special movement at the ankle joint? a) inversion b) eversion c) plantar flexion d) dorsiflexion e) pronation
C
A body builder is doing curls, a type of arm exercise, with hand weights. In a curl, the body builder bends his arm and brings the weight closer to his or her shoulder. What type of movement is this? a) rotation b) extension c) flexion d) abduction e) hyperextension
C
A child has learned how to draw circles in the air by moving the distal end of the index (pointing) finger while holding the rest of his hand still. What type of movement is this? a) abduction b) adduction c) circumduction d) rotation e) protraction
C
A child who doesn't get his or her way, in addition to pouting, may also stick out (protract) the chin. Which muscle(s) allow a child to protract the chin? a) masseter and buccinator b) buccinator and digastrics c) medial and lateral pterygoid d) masseter and temporalis e) medial pterygoid and temporalis
C
A condition in which a muscle or muscle and tendon is stretched or partially torn is called a) bursitis. b) a sprain. c) a strain. d) a dislocation. e) an arthrosis.
C
A muscle that acts as a __________ stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover may act more efficiently. a) antagonist b) abductor c) fixator d) synergist e) agonist
C
A small amount of muscle tension and muscle definition (the appearance of muscle beneath the skin) is present even in a relaxed muscle. A person who is physically fit due to regular exercise, will have more of this characteristic of muscle tissue than someone who is not fit. What is this characteristic? a) muscle contraction b) muscle refraction c) muscle tone d) muscle refraction e) muscle recruitment
C
Cross bridges are formed during muscle contraction when _____ on the thick filaments binds to _____ on the thin filaments. a) myosin; troponin b) actin; troponin c) myosin; actin d) actin; myosin e) actin; tropomyosin
C
During muscle contraction by the sliding filament mechanism, thin filaments are pulled towards the a) Z disc. b) H zone. c) M line. d) A band. e) I band.
C
Flexion and extension usually occur along which plane? a) Frontal b) Transverse c) Sagittal d) Oblique e) None of these choices
C
In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to a) rapid uptake of the ACh into the myofiber. b) endocytosis of the ACh receptor into the myofiber. c) rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase. d) rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by monoamine oxidase. e) diffusion of the ACh out of the synaptic cleft.
C
Leg muscles are predominantly composed of which type of muscle fiber? a) slow oxidative b) fast glycolytic c) fast oxidative-glycolytic d) slow glycolytic e) fast oxidative
C
Muscles act on bones to produce movement. The bones act as levers and the joints act as __________. a) the load b) the resistance c) the fulcrum d) the force e) the effort
C
Muscles of the ____ assist in urination, defecation, erection of the penis or clitoris, and ejaculation. a) thorax b) abdomen c) perineum d) vertebral column e) none of these choices
C
Release of calcium from these structures triggers skeletal muscle contraction. a) myofibrils b) mitochondria c) terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum d) T-tubules e) none of the answer choices
C
Ross is in a car accident, and experiences damage to the trigeminal (V) nerve. Which action will possibly be affected by this trauma? 1. lateral movement of the eye 2. blinking of the eyelids 3. chewing food 4. puckering of the lips a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) both 3 & 4 will be affected
C
Smooth muscle fibers do not have striations like skeletal and cardiac muscle cells do. This is because: a) the sarcomeres are smaller than in cardiac muscle cells and skeletal fibers, and aren't visible even when smooth muscle fibers are examined microscopically b) smooth muscle fibers contain only intermediate filaments, which aren't arranged in sarcomeres c) smooth muscle fibers contain thin and thick filaments, as well as intermediate filaments, but none of them are arranged in sarcomeres d) visceral smooth muscle fibers don't have striations, but multiunit smooth muscle cells do, but these cells are more rare, and so we rarely have a chance to view them with a microscope e) both b and d are correct
C
Sympathetic nerve impulses a) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva. b) stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food. c) decreases salivation in times of stress. d) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva and stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food are both correct. e) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva, stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food, and decreases salivation in times of stress are all correct.
C
The muscles of the pelvic floor originate on the pubis and __________, and insert onto soft tissues and the __________. a) anterior inferior iliac spine / ischial spine b) posterior superior iliac spine / sacrum c) ischial spine / coccyx d) sacrum / coccyx e) anterior inferior iliac spine / coccyx
C
This muscle is a prime mover (agonist) in extending the fingers. a) extensor carpi radialis longus b) extensor carpi radialis brevis c) extensor digitorum d) extensor digiti minimi e) extensor carpi ulnaris
C
This structure is unique to cardiac muscle cells, and allows individual cells to be firmly attached to each other (to provide mechanical strength during contraction), and also allow the action potential to spread rapidly through the cardiac muscle tissue, so that contractions are smooth and coordinated. a) desmosomes b) gap junctions c) intercalated discs d) Z discs e) sarcomeres
C
What is the most common class of levers found in the body? a) first class lever b) second class lever c) third class lever
C
What type of skeletal muscle fiber would an Olympic quality weight lifter specifically be developing during training, to enhance his or her weight lifting power? a) slow oxidative fibers b)fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers c) fast glycolytic fibers d) all of these choices e) none of these choices
C
When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly? a) the patellar ligament b) the anterior cruciate ligament c) the posterior cruciate ligament d) medial meniscus e) lateral meniscus
C
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the type of movement and range of motion possible at a synovial joint? a) structure of the articulating bones. b) strength and tension of the joint ligaments. c) use of the joint. d) arrangement and tension of the muscles. e) hormones.
C
Which of the following is a correct description of arthroplasty? a) resurfacing of cartilage in a joint b) reshaping of the ends of the bones in a joint c) surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint d) injection of synovial fluid into the joint e) a, b, and d
C
Which of the following is a type of fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue found between the bones of the skull? 1. Syndesmoses 2. Gomphosis 3. Suture a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 and 2 e) None of these choices
C
Which of the following molecules found in skeletal muscle cells binds oxygen that can later be used during aerobic metabolism to help generate ATP? a) creatine b) creatine phosphate c) myoglobin d) titin e) glycogen
C
Which of the following muscles act to stabilize the scapula, and would also, when contracted, pull the shoulders back (like a soldier at attention)? 1. trapezius 2. levator scapulae 3. rhomboid major and minor a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1& 2 e) 2 & 4
C
Which of the following muscles is "short?" a) levator scapulae b) vastus lateralis c) adductor brevis d) tensor fasciae latae e) extensor carpi ulnaris
C
Which of the following muscles of the thorax is known as the "boxer's muscle" because of its role in moving the arm to make a punching motion? a) levator scapulae b) trapezius c) serratus anterior d) pectoralis minor e) rhomboid major
C
Which of the following nerves controls most of the muscles of the tongue? a) trigeminal (V) nerve b) facial (VII) nerve c) hypoglossal (XII) nerve d) C1-C3 of the spinal nerves e) trochlear (IV) nerve
C
Which of the following pairs of muscles inserts onto the olecranon of the ulna? a) brachialis and anconeus b) triceps brachii and pronator teres c) triceps brachii and anconeus d) biceps brachii and brachialis e) pronator teres and pronator quadratus
C
Which of the following statements is correct about why a person's muscles get larger after weeks of regular exercise and strength training? a) the person has been able to change the proportion of skeletal muscle fiber types in the exercised muscles (i.e., they've added more slow oxidative fibers to their muscles) b) the person has stimulated some of their muscle fibers to reproduce—they have added additional cells to their exercised muscles c) the person has added more thin and thick filaments to their muscles d) all of these choices can happen with exercise e) none of these choices explain muscle enlargement
C
Which property of muscle gives it the ability to stretch without damage? a) electrical excitability b) contractility c) extensibility d) elasticity e) thermogenesi
C
Which special movement occurs when you bend your foot at the ankle in the direction of the foot's superior surface as would occur when you stand on your heels? a) Inversion b) Eversion c) Dorsiflexion d) Plantar flexion e) Supination
C
Which type of motion results from relatively flat bone surfaces moving back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Gliding d) Circumduction e) Hyperextension
C
You absolutely love plain, unsweetened whipped cream and you have eaten a cup of it by itself. Which of the following enzymes would be most useful in digesting this snack? a) pancreatic amylase b) aminopeptidase c) gastric lipase d) pepsin e) deoxyribonuclease
C
A common facial expression which indicates shock or surprise is when one's mouth drops open. The chin drops and the mouth opens wide. What type of movement is this (hint: it occurs at the temporomandibular joint)? a) flexion b) abduction c) hyperextension d) depression e) eversion
D
After the fusion of myoblasts, the muscle fiber loses its ability to do what? a) grow b) lengthen c) contract d) go through cell division. e) all of the answer choices
D
Chuck is at a pizza parlor with friends and is ordering sodas for his group. The place is noisy and the waiter didn't hear the number of sodas Chuck ordered. He holds up a hand and spreads his fingers wide apart to indicate he wants five large sodas. What type of movement of his fingers was this?a) flexion b) extension c) hyperextension d) abduction e) adduction
D
Deglutition describes a) formation of a bolus before swallowing. b) chewing of food. c) the teeth and associated structures. d) the act of swallowing. e) enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth.
D
Exercise can produce a fashionable "six pack" of toned muscles. Which of the following muscles is involved in giving the appearance of this defined pack of muscles? a) external oblique b) internal oblique c) transversus abdominis d) rectus abdominis e) serratus anterior
D
Gastrin 1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice. 2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter. 3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct. e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
D
Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint is an example of which type of movement? a) Lateral flexion b) Hyperextension c) Adduction d) Abduction e) Gliding
D
Negatively charged ions such as bicarbonate, chloride, iodide, and nitrate may be absorbed by 1. active transport. 2. passively following sodium ions. 3. passively following water through osmosis. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct. e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
D
Pancreatic juice does all of the following EXCEPT a) buffer gastric juice. b) provide protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form. c) provide starch-digesting enzymes. d) provide glucagon. e) stop the action of pepsin.
D
Skeletal muscle is covered, surrounded and protected by various layers of connective tissue. Which layer of connective tissue would surround a bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells)? a) epimysium b) hypodermis c) fascia d) perimysium e) endomysium
D
Skeletal muscle is found in the muscularis of the ___________, but not in the muscularis of the ________________. a) laryngopharynx; superior portion of the esophagus. b) tongue; oropharynx. c) inferior portion of the esophagus; laryngopharynx. d) middle portion of the esophagus; small intestine e) small intestine; laryngopharynx.
D
The contractile organelle of skeletal muscle fibers is a) the endoplasmic reticulum b) the myofilament c) the T tubule d) the myofibril e) the sarcomere
D
The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum is classified as a) a synchondrosis. b) a synarthrosis. c) a cartilaginous joint. d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices.
D
The mesentery a) binds the transverse and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall. b) attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. c) drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine. d) extends from the posterior wall to wrap around the small intestine. e) suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver.
D
The rectus femoris of the upper leg is an example of what type of fascicle arrangement? a) fusiform b) triangular c) pennate d) bipennate e) multipennate
D
This is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle. a) tendon b) ligament c) endomysium d) epimysium e) perimysium
D
This joint is a complex and weight-bearing joint, and is the most frequently injured joint in the body. The articular surfaces of the bones do not have complementary surfaces, so the stability of the joint depends mostly on its ligaments and the muscles that move the joint. a) the sacroiliac joint b) the shoulder joint c) the hip joint d) the knee joint e) the pubic symphysis
D
To turn a doorknob to the right, which muscle(s) of the forearm would you use? a) anconeus b) brachioradialis c) pronator teres d) supinator e) pronator quadratus
D
Which of the following are commonly used to produce ATP during skeletal muscle contraction? a) creatine phosphate b) anaerobic cellular respiration c) aerobic cellular respiration d) All of these choices are correct. e) None of these choices are correct.
D
Which of the following correctly details the flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava? a) hepatic artery > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein > hepatic portal vein b) hepatic artery > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein c) hepatic artery > central vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein d) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinsoids > central vein > hepatic vein e) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
D
Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow? a) a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint b) muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint c) reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint d) all of these could be contributing factors e) none of these are factors that would limit range of motion
D
Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles would make it possible for you to look upward (elevation of the eyeball)? 1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. inferior oblique a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3
D
Which of the following is NOT a structural category of synovial joints? a) Planar b) Hinge c) Condyloid d) Suture e) Saddle
D
Which of the following is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints? a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) bursitis d) osteoarthritis e) synovitis
D
Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle tissue? a) moving your eyes from left to right as you read this question b) holding your head up c) shivering to generate body heat when you've become chilled d) moving food through the small intestine e) stabilizing joints and helping to maintain body positions
D
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? a) to provide lubrication in the joint and reduce friction between articular surfaces b) to act as a medium for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients c) to act as a medium for the diffusion of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide d) to maintain a sterile environment within the joint cavity e) shock absorption
D
Which of the following microscopic structures is only found in the cardiac muscle tissue? a) myosin b) tropomyosin c) sarcomeres d) intercalated discs e) striations
D
Which of the following muscles abducts the arm and also has an origin on the clavicle? a) pectoralis major b) subclavius c) pectoralis minor d) deltoid e) subscapularis
D
Which of the following muscles have an insertion on the xiphoid process? 1. rectus abdominis 2. internal and external obliques 3. transversus abdominis a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3
D
Which of the following muscles is (are) not a component of the pelvic diaphragm? a) levator ani b) pubococcygeus c) iliococcygeus d) bulbospongiosus e) ischiococcygeus
D
Which of the following pairs of muscles are agonist-antagonists (that is, one flexes and the other extends) the forearm? a) biceps brachii and brachioradialis b) brachialis and brachioradialis c) triceps brachii and anconeus d) biceps brachii and triceps brachii e) anconeus and supinator
D
Which of the following regions of a sarcomere contain thin filaments? a) I band b) A band c) H zone d) Both I band and A band. e) All of these answer choices are correct.
D
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe aerobic cellular respiration in skeletal muscles? a) Pyruvic acid generated by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. b) O2 is essential. c) CO2 is produced as a waste product. d) Lactic acid is continually produced. e) Can be used to generate ATP from fats, proteins or carbohydrates.
D
Which of the following structures include the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint? a) Synovial membranes b) Articular fat pads c) Menisci d) Extracapsular ligaments e) Tendon sheath
D
Which of the regions of a sarcomere contain titin? a) the A band only b) the H zone only c) the zone of overlap only d) from M line to Z disc e) the I band only
D
Which of these abdominal muscles does not flex or rotate the vertebral column? a) rectus abdominis b) internal oblique c) external oblique d) transversus abdominis e) quadratus lumborum
D
Which term best applies to a muscle that acts to move a bone away from the midline of the body? a) oblique b) synergist c) flexor d) abductor e) adductor
D
Which type of joint confers the greatest range of motion?a) hinge joint b) plane joint c) saddle joint d) ball-and-socket joint e) condyloid joint
D
Which type of movement involves a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction resulting in a distal body part moving in a circle? a) Gliding b) Lateral flexion c) Hyperextension d) Circumduction e) Elevation
D
While the bones of this joint may fracture, they rarely become dislocated. The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body. a) temporomandibular joint b) elbow joint c) shoulder joint d) hip joint e) knee joint
D
Why does skeletal muscle require more ATP than many other tissues in the body? 1 both contraction and relaxation require ATP to occur 2 the sarcoplasmic reticulum uses ATP to "pump" calcium ions back into the terminal cisterns after contraction 3 ATP is needed to convert creatine into creatine phosphate needed to provide energy at the beginning of muscle contraction a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1,2 &3 e) Only 1 and 3
D
_________ is a muscle that stabilizes the proximal end of a limb, while other muscles produce movement at the distal end of the same limb. a) prime mover (agonist) b) antagonist c) synergist d) fixator e) flexor
D
A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as a) isometric contraction. b) isotonic contraction. c) tetany. d) refractory period. e) twitch contraction.
E
A condyloid joint a) is also called an ellipsoidal joint. b) is considered to be biaxial. c) allows both flexion-extension and abduction-adduction of the joint. d) can be found in the wrist. e) is All of these choices
E
A joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one bone is called a a) synchondrosis. b) syndesmosis c) symphysis. d) diarthrosis. e) synostosis.
E
Articular discs 1. maintain the stability of a joint. 2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction. 3. are made of hyaline cartilage. 4. are only found in the vertebral column. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2
E
Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and a) skin. b) muscle. c) ligaments. d) tendons. e) all the other answer selections.
E
Depending on how specialized a type of muscle tissue is, the muscle fibers or cells of that tissue will have varied abilities to regenerate (healing and production of new cells). What type of muscle tissue has the greatest ability to regenerate? a) skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle all have similar abilities to regenerate b) only skeletal and cardiac muscle cells can undergo limited regeneration c) only cardiac and smooth muscle cells can undergo regeneration d) although all muscle cells can undergo some regeneration, only skeletal muscle fibers can do it easily and frequently, especially when we regularly exercise e) smooth muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate
E
Following a serious ear infection, Rosa develops paralysis on one side of her face. Her mouth and eyelids droop on that side. She can't raise her eyebrow or pucker her lips on the affected side either. Which of the following statements are correct about Rosa's condition? 1. she has a condition known as Bell's Palsy 2. her trochlear nerve (IV) is affected 3. her trigeminal nerve (V) is affected 4. her facial nerve (VII) is affected a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 4
E
Most people don't notice they've lost muscle strength until around age 60 - 65. By this time, what percentage of muscle mass has the average person lost? a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40% e) 50%
E
Most proteins are absorbed as amino acids through __________, while dietary lipids are absorbed through ___________. a) facilitated diffusion; active transport b) active transport; facilitated diffusion c) facilitated diffusion; simple diffusion d) simple diffusion; active transport e) active transport; simple diffusion
E
The bacteria in the large intestine a) ferment carbohydrates. b) convert proteins to amino acids. c) result in formation of indoles and skatoles. d) decompose bilirubin to stercobilin. e) All of these choices are correct.
E
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have their origins on which of the following bones of the skull? 1. hyoid 2. maxilla 3. temporal 4. mandible a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1, 3 and 4
E
The linea alba is made up of what structures? 1. the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis 2. the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis 3. the aponeurosis of the internal and external obliques a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 2 & 3
E
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing a) begins when the tongue thrusts the bolus into the oral cavity. b) is voluntary c) ends when the esophagus closes off the larynx. d) begins when the soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx. e) begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx.
E
The shoulder joint has the greatest range of motion of any joint of the body. Which of the following factors contribute to this range of motion? 1 the articular capsule is loose 2 (unclear in the text) the glenoid cavity is shallow 3 the deep cup of the glenoid cavity a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only. d) all of these e) 1 and 2
E
The teniae coli are a) pouches in the large intestine. b) located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. c) structures which increase the surface area of the large intestine. d) small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat. e) thickened portions of the longitudinal muscles of the muscularis
E
The thenar eminence is a raised and rounded area on the palm of the hand that is associated with what digit? a) the index finger (finger 2) b) the middle finger (finger 3) c) the ring finger (finger 4) d) the little finger (finger 5) e) the thumb
E
This joint is the largest and most complex of the body, and consists of three joints contained within its synovial cavity. a) temporomandibular joint b) elbow joint c) shoulder joint d) hip joint e) knee joint
E
When the term rectus appears in the name of a muscle, it indicates that a) it is a relatively small muscle b) it is a relatively large muscle c) it is circular in shape d) it is flat in shape e) the muscle fascicles run parallel to the midline of the body
E
Which list includes muscles that are responsible for facial expressions? a) deltoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior b) rectus abdominis, internal oblique, transversus abdominis c) serratus anterior, external intercostals, internal intercostals d) levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, subscapularis e) zygomaticus major, risorius, platysma
E
Which list of organs contains smooth muscle tissue? a) blood vessels, stomach, esophagus b) bladder, uterus, small intestine c) biceps brachii, triceps brachii (muscles of the arm) d) heart e) both blood vessels, stomach, esophagus and bladder, uterus, small intestine
E
Which of the following contributes the most to holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint? a) the articular capsule b) the coracohumoral ligament c) the glenohumoral ligaments d) the glenoid labrum e) the muscles of the rotator cuff
E
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting range of motion of a joint? a) Structure of articulating bones b) Tension of the muscles c) Hormones d) Disuse e) Eversion
E
Which of the following perineal muscle(s) is (are) not innervated by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve of the sacral plexus? 1. external urethral sphincter 2. deep transverse perineal muscle 3. external anal sphincter a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 1 and 3
E
Which of the following regions of the sarcomere contain thick filaments? a) zone of overlap b) A band c) H zone d) both A band and H zone e) All of these answer choices are correct.
E
Which of the following statements about creatine are correct? a) some studies have shown it boosts athletic performance when taken as a supplement b) some studies have shown no benefit to athletic performance when it is taken as a supplement c) it is harmful, and will cause kidney damage d) all of these choices are correct e) some studies have shown it boosts athletic performance when taken as a supplement and some studies have shown no benefit to athletic performance when it is taken as a supplement
E
Which of the following statements is correct about the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles? a) acting together, the SCM muscles flex the head at the cervical portion of the vertebral column b) acting individually, an SCM muscle turns the head (flexes and rotates) c) it is innervated by both the accessory (XI) nerve, C2, and C3 d) it originates on the manubrium of the sternum, and the medial third of the clavicle e) all of these are correct statements
E
Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints? 1. Bursae 2. Synovial fluid 3. Accessory ligaments 4. Elastic fibers a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2
E
Which of the following types of muscle tissue is capable of undergoing the stress-relaxation response when they are stretched? a) cardiac muscle fibers b) fast glycolytic fibers c) fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers d) slow oxidative fibers e) single-unit smooth muscle fibers
E
Which special movement involves moving your thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand? a) Pronation b) Supination c) Eversion d) Retraction e) Opposition
E
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary (can't be consciously controlled)? a) skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c) cardiac muscle d) a and b only e) b and c only
E
__________ aren't part of a synovial joint capsule, but do resemble the structure of the capsule, with a dense outer membrane, and a lining like a synovial membrane. The can be found in any area where friction and a need for additional cushioning is an issue—between skin and bones, between muscles and bones, and ligaments and bones. a) menisci b) labra c) fat pads d) bursae e) tendon sheaths
E
