test 3

What do the personality theorists Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung have in common?

They were early followers of Freud who broke away more completely from Freud and created their own opposing theories. #neofreudians

Researcher Sandra Bem describes persons who had high scores in both masculine and feminine traits as

androgynous

Which of the following refers to the activation of the body and the nervous system?

arousal

Piaget believed that intellect grew through the processes of

assimilation and accommodation.

A close emotional bond that infants form with parents, caregivers, or others is called

attachment

Parents who view their children as having few rights but adult-like responsibilities are referred to as __________ parents.

authoritarian

Which parenting style tends to produce resilient children who are also independent, competent, self-controlled, assertive, and inquiring?

authoritative

Weight reduction based on permanently changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation, is called

behavioral dieting

Personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination, according to the

behaviorists

According to the text, gender identity is usually well-formed

by three or four years of age

Japan and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on which of the following than do cultures, such as the United States?

collectivism

An emotional stimulus, such as a large snarling dog, is appraised as a threat. Your appraisal gives rise to autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal and cognitive labeling, adaptive behavior (running), facial expressions of fear and postural tenseness, and emotional feelings. Arousal, attribution, expressions, and behavior add to these emotional feelings. Then, the emotional feelings influence appraisal, which further affects arousal, behavior, expressions, and feelings. This is a description of which theory?

contemporary model of emotion

Denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the stages by which one copes with

death

Skills that must be mastered or personal changes that must be made for optimal development, such as learning to read, adjusting to sexual maturity, or establishing a vocation, are best described as

developmental tasks

According to the list in your textbook, safer sex practices include which of the following?

discussing partner's sexual health prior to engaging in sex, sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner, not having sex also known as all of these

Which of the following emotions are recognized around the world?

disgust and surprise, sadness and happiness fear and anger also known as all of these

With aging comes a gradual decline of

fluid abilities.

According to Carl Rogers, a person living in harmony with her or his deepest feelings, impulses, and intuitions is a(n) __________ person.

fully functioning

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), transsexuals, who are experiencing extreme distress as a consequence of their gender variance, would be diagnosed with

gender dysphoria.

Which of the following reflects all the subtle pressures from parents, peers, and cultural forces that urge boys to "act like boys" and girls to "act like girls"?

gender role socialization

Lie detectors measure

general emotional arousal.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that can be prevented by using a condom and safer sex practices include which of the following?

gonorrhea and syphilis chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease genital herpes and HPV aka all of these

Children continually gain specific knowledge and do NOT undergo stage-like leaps in general mental ability, according to

he learning theorists.

Even when they are reared apart, identical twins are strikingly alike in motor skills, physical development, and appearance, which demonstrates the powerful influence of

heredity

About ten minutes after Janice starts her 30-minute walk on the treadmill, she begins to perspire, which helps to cool her off. Her body's tendency to maintain normal body temperature is a function of

homeostasis

According to Mary Ainsworth, the quality of attachment is revealed by

how babies act when their mothers leave them alone and then return a short time later.

Which theories of personality stress private, subjective experience and personal growth?

humanistic theories

Which theorists believe humans have free will and that human nature is inherently good?

humanists

Talia is 17 years old and is dealing with her conflicting experiences as a student, friend, athlete, worker, daughter, and girlfriend. In the next few years, Talia must integrate these experiences into a unified sense of self. According to Erikson, Talia is experiencing which psychosocial dilemma?

identity versus role confusion

According to self-determination theory, when you freely choose to do something for enjoyment or to improve your abilities, your motivation is usually

intrinsic

Eysenck's two-factor theory of personality was a model involving

introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-instability.

Which of the following refers to the process of arousing, maintaining, and guiding the activities of an organism?

motivation

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?

need - drive - response - goal attainment

Learned motives involve needs that are

often social in nature.

Gonadal sex refers to

ovaries in females and the testes in males.

Which style of parenting is most likely to produce spoiled, self-indulgent children who have little self-control?

overly permissive

Gender role stereotypes are

oversimplified beliefs about the basic characteristics of men and women.

The consistency of who you are, have been, and will become as well as the special blend of talents, values, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes you a unique person are referred to as your

personality

The three components of emotions are behavioral changes, emotional feelings, and

physiological arousal

According to Freud, the id attempts free expression of impulses of all kinds because it operates in terms of the

pleasure principle

Kohlberg studied moral development by

posing moral dilemmas to children of different ages.

Kohlberg identified the three levels of moral development as the

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Hormonal sex refers to the

predominance of estrogens in females or androgens in males.

Developmental psychology is the study of

progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death.

The Rorschach and the TAT are considered

projective techniques

Sigmund Freud's theory would be classified as a __________ theory.

psychodynamic

Which of the following theories focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles?

psychodynamic theories

Because two categories (or even several) are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality, which of the following tends to be more informative than classifying persons into two or three types?

rating people on a list of traits

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by

social and cultural factors.

An explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships is called __________ theory.

social learning

Biological biasing can best be described as the

subtle influences of sex hormones on the development of the body and nervous system, and later behavior patterns.

The hereditary aspects of one's personality, including one's sensitivity, irritability, adaptability, and prevailing mood, are referred to as one's

temperament

The physical core of personality, including sensitivity, energy levels, and typical mood is referred to as one's

temperament

Which of the following is a biological motive?

thirst

According to Rogers, unshakable love and approval given without qualification is known as

unconditional positive regard.

According to Freud, the id is completely contained by the __________ mind.

unconscious

Which of the following psychologists called the full use of potential "self-actualization" and described a hierarchy of human needs?

Abraham Maslow

During lovemaking, how much time is often required for a woman to go from the phase of excitement to orgasm?

10 to 20 minutes

Which of the following proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following BEST describes the cause(s) of homosexuality?

Homosexuality, like other sexual orientations, is mainly caused by genetic and prenatal hormonal factors, although social, cultural, and psychological influences are also involved.

Based on the research to date, most psychologists would argue that personality is

a combination of genetics and environment.

Within a relationship, sex should be regarded as

a form of communication

The term sex drive refers to

a person's degree of motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

Persons who have a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence and who strive to do well any time they are evaluated are said to have a high need for

achievement

Forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter is known as

acquaintance rape

The grasping, rooting, and sucking reflexes of infants are best described as

adaptive reflexes

The four phases of the sexual response cycle are the same for

all sexual orientations.

An intersexual person has

ambiguous sexual anatomy

Which of the following can be found buried within the temporal lobes on each side of the brain and provides quick processing of emotional stimuli and allows us to react involuntarily to danger?

amygdala

After orgasm, men experience a short time interval during which a second orgasm is impossible. This short time interval is called the

refractory period.

The process of fully developing personal potentials is referred to as

self-actualization

The "mental picture" you have of your own personality that is creatively built out of your daily experiences is called your

self-concept

Which represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

In differentiating between the terms sex and gender,

sex refers to biological aspects of identity, and gender refers to psychological and social identity.

One's degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same gender, opposite gender, or both genders refers to one's

sexual orientation.