Test 3; Plant Structure and Function

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Bryophyte (3 traits)

1) *lack vascular tissue* 2) have specialized reproductive organs 3) Quite small (only a few cm), making them poor competitors for light and space with vascular plants

4 major evolutionary transformations in life cycle and structure of plants (in order)

1) Evolution of alternation of generations 2) Evolution of vascular plants 3) Evolution of Pollen as seeds 4) Evolution of flowering plants

How do nonvascular plants differ from vascular? (5)

1) No roots,stems or leaves 2) No water/nutrient transport system 3) Take in water thru osmosis only 4) Small because of lack of support structures 5) Need water for reproduction

In which 2 cells (in which order) does C4 photosynthesis take place

1st- mesophyll, 2nd- bundle sheath

How many species of plants are present today? What percentage are angiosperms?

400,000 species approximately 90% are angiosperms

What percentage of plants are Vascular Plants

95%

Examples of C3 plants

95% of plants Namely, the Cherokee Rose (GA state flower) Picture is the Cherokee Rose

Double fertilization What is its advantage?

A fertilization process that requires two sperm to fuse with two other cells Conserves resources until the egg is actually fertilized

angiosperm

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Ferns and Horsetails

A monophyletic group of vascular plants that have leaves and disperse by spores. (fern is on right in picture)

Plant

A multicellular member of the kingdom Plantae that typically produces their own food through photosynthesis and contains cell walls

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

CAM photosynthesis

A system that limits water loss by only opening the stomata at night to capture CO2.

Evergreen How do they stay green?

A type of forest in which most of trees have green leaves throughout the entire year because they don't shed their chlorophyll a (which reflects green light)

Selective advantage of pollen and seeds

Allows plants to disperse their genetic material without the need of water

Monocot

An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf.

Dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves

Aquatic Fern

Azolla- a free flowing aquatic fern Used in rice paddies in Asia as a biofertilizer because of its symbiosis with N fixing bacteria Used to suppress weed growth and provide N to rice paddies

Why may angiosperms have been necessary for the formation of tropical rainforests?

Because of their high rates of transpiration, lower temperatures and higher rainfall occurred

Why are giant lycophytes a major source of energy

Because so many of their massive carcasses decomposed in the swamps and formed coal

Why is bryophyte size limited? From where must they absorb nutrients?

Because they lack lignified xylem conduits They must absorb water, nutrients, and CO2 from their surfaces

When did aquatic plants transition to land?

Between 400-500 million years ago

Two Groups of Land Plants

Bryophytes and Vascular Plants

3 Types of Photosynthesis

C3, C4, CAM

Orchids What type of photosynthesis (don't need to know)

CAM photosynthesis This makes them resistant to drought

In what climate is CAM photosynthesis utilized? What types of plants utilize it?

Climate- Desert climates Types- those that grow without soil Ex- cacti

Cycad

Date back 270 myo a division of gymnosperms that grow in tropical climates and resemble palm trees have fleshy seeds

Selective advantage of angiosperm fruits

Fruits protect developing seeds

What is the last common ancestor of all land plants?

Green Algae

2 Examples of seed plants

Gymnosperms and angiosperm

Giant Lycophytes What was their structure and why did they go extinct?

Had thick bark and lived in swampy environments Went extinct when the climate changed and the swamps dried up

Conifer

a cone-bearing tree Tallest, oldest trees on earth Include pines and evergreens

Ginkgo

a division of gymnosperms with only one living member (270 myo) have fleshy seeds

hornwort

a group of bryophytes in which stomata appear

sporopollenin

a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Epiphyte (don't need to know)

a plant that uses another plant for support, but not for nourishment

Lycophyte

aka club moss; dominated millions of years ago Spore plants with only one vein Sister group of all other vascular plants

Why can non-giant lycophytes not become fuel?

because a large mass is needed to be a good source of energy

What is the selective advantage of vascular tissue (2)

It allows faster transport of nutrients than osmosis AND provides structure and support

What is the selective advantage of alternation of generation

It enhanced seed dispersal on land because of the sporophyte generation and resistant spores

5 Examples of vascular plants

Lycophytes (club moss), ferns, and horsetails Gymnosperms and angiosperms

3 examples of seedless plants that reproduce with spores

Lycophytes (club mosses), ferns, and horsetails

What type of phyletic group are land plants?

Monophyletic

Where does C3 occur? How many stages are there?

Occurs in the chloroplast Only 1 stage

In what climate is C4 photosynthesis utilized? 3 specific examples of plants

Plants in hot, dry climates Corn, pineapple, and sugarcane

What kind of seeds do gymnosperms have?

Pollen This means they need no external water source

C3 photosynthesis

Produces a 3-carbon compound during the Calvin Cycle

Why are plants important

Provide oxygen, food, medicine, fuel, shelter, paper products, beauty

Selective advantage of angiosperm flowers

The flowers increase the efficiency of pollen transfer and probability of fertilization

C4 Photosynthesis

The two-stage process Requires low water and light and creates a lot of energy

How do bryophytes avoid damage to their tissues from a dry environment?

Their membranes are able to withstand the desiccation and rehydration of the cells without rupturing.

How does bryophyte sperm move?

Their sperm swims so they need water for fertilization

What is special about angiosperm vascular systems?

They have multicellular xylem vessels which can transport water through their stems at higher rates than plants with single-celled tracheids

How can conifers survive extreme environments? (2)

They have thick, waxy cuticles making their leaves waterproof to preserve water Also, they have needle-like leaves, letting them survive better in harsher, colder conditions than broad leaves

Tree Fern

They have vascular tissues that let them grow about 10 meters tall with thick roots for more support and vascular capacity They cannot grow more because they have no secondary growth

How did the plant methods of reproduction adapt to dry conditions with intense sunlight

They moved from swimming sperm to airborne pollen

How do seed plants reproduce?

They release seeds and pollen

How do seedless plants reproduce?

They use spores and rely on swimming sperm for fertilization

Where are conifers found?

Usually in higher elevation and dryer areas North America and Australia

Where are gymnosperm seeds made

Usually on cones

4 major groups of plants

mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

3 types of bryophytes

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

2 groups of vascular plants

seedless and seed plants

2 benefits of seeds over spores

survive better than unprotected spores, can be transported long distances The nutrients in the seed make it more likely that the embryo will grow to a plant

Cavitation

the formation and expansion of gas bubbles in the xylem.

liverwort

the most primitive group of bryophytes

moss

tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

Examples of non vascular plants (1 with 3 subgroups)

*Bryophytes* LiverWorts, Hornworts, and Mosses

What happens during the day and night of CAM photosynthesis

*Day-* stomata is closed, sunlight is absorbed *Night-* stomata is open, CO2 is absorbed and fixed

Where do plants get their 3 necessary materials from

*Light-* From the sun *CO2-* From the surrounding atmosphere *H2O-* From the soil

Spanish Moss

*NOT* a moss, but in fact a lichen (symbiotic fungi)


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