Test 3 Quizzes

If the allele frequency of the dominant allele is 0.4, what value is used for the term p2 in the equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1?

0.16

If the frequency of the A allele is 0.6 and the frequency of the a allele is 0.4 given the fitness values for the various genotypes what is the mean fitness of the population? Fitness values AA 1.0 Aa 0.6 aa 0.4

0.712

Given a population of 1,000 individuals what is the average number of generations it will take to fix a new mutation assuming no selection for or against the new mutation?

4000

Consider the following DNA sequence, which codes the first portion of a long protein beginning at the ATG (AUG in mRNA) start codon. 5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GGG TGG AGA 3' Which of the mutated sequences listed is most likely to be a deleterious mutation?

5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GGG TGA AGA3'

Given a population size of 500 individuals what is the probability of the elimination of a mutation assuming that there is no selection for or against the mutation?

99.9%

If in a population the selection coefficients are SAA 0, SAa 0.7 and Saa 0.2 which genotype is being selected for?

AA

In a certain population, the frequency of allele A is 0.3 and the frequency of allele a is 0.7. The population inbreeds such that f = 0.1. What is the frequency of each genotype in the population?

AA: 0.111, Aa: 0.378, aa: 0.511

What form of cladogenesis occurs due to geographic separation dividing a population?

Allopatric speciation

What is the most common form of cladogenesis?

Allopatric speciation

What type of cladogenesis can occur through the founder effect?

Allopatric speciation

Which of the following types of selection favors one extreme of a phenotypic distribution?

Directional selection

A mutation in a promoter region that causes the promoter sequence to more closely resemble the consensus sequence is called an up promoter mutation and results in a decrease in transcription.

False

TNRE repeats frequently result in the addition of extra histidine amino acids to the protein.

False

The process of mating between genetically unrelated individuals is called inbreeding.

False

The production of sterile offspring is an example of a prezygotic isolation mechanism.

False

In this phylogenetic tree, select the change that is a shared derived character for sequences A, B, and C.

G2→A

Heritability may be calculated as which of the following?

Genetic variance divided by total variance

The formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is associated with which of the following?

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Which repair mechanism often leads to deletions in chromosomes?

Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)

In which form of cladogenesis do hybrid zones exist?

Parapatric speciation

Consider the following DNA sequence, which codes for the first portion of a long protein beginning at the ATG (AUG in mRNA) start codon. 5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GGG TGG AGA3' A mutation occurs changing this sequence to: 5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GAG TGG AGA3' What type of mutation is this? (Check all that apply.)

Point mutation Silent Mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation

Consider the following DNA sequence, which codes for the first portion of a long protein beginning at the ATG (AUG in mRNA) start codon. 5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GGG TGG AGA3' A mutation occurs changing this sequence to: 5' ATG CCC CGC AGT AGG GGG TGA AGA3' What type of mutation is this? (Check all that apply.)

Point mutation Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation

What is a typical characteristic of a quantitative trait?

Polygenic basis

Which of the following types of selection favors the survival of individuals with the intermediate phenotype?

Stabilizing selection

Select the prezygotic isolating mechanisms. (Check all that apply.)

Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Mechanical isolation Sexual isolation

If a population is tested to see if the 2 alleles for a gene are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the chi square for the population is 22 what is your conclusion?

The alleles are not in equilibrium.

In this equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, what does the term 2pq represent?

The genotype frequency of heterozygous individuals

A heritability value of 0.997 indicates which of the following?

The majority of the phenotypic variation has a genetic basis.

The inbreeding coefficient (F) tells us what about an individual?

The probability that they are homozygous due to inheritance from a common ancestor

For a quantitative trait, the total variance of the population is due to which of the following?

The sum of the genetic and environmental variances

Many organisms used in modern agriculture are a result of artificial selection.

True

Realized heritability may be determined from artificial selection experiments.

True

Researchers who study molecular evolution often analyze DNA sequences using computer programs which identify homologous sequences.

True

Silent mutations are possible due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code.

True

The measure of the reproductive success of a genotype is called Darwinian fitness.

True

In the nucleotide excision repair system, which of the following proteins is responsible for recognizing a thymine dimer to be repaired?

UvrA/UvrB

Which of the following is not true concerning a population in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg rule?

Which of the following is not true concerning a population in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg rule?

A temporary change in the conformation of a nitrogenous base is called __________.

a tautomeric shift

Heterosis is __________.

an increased vigor of hybrids resulting from the crossing of inbred strains

Many species of cats (including big cats like lions, tigers, etc.) have tails. For cats, tails are likely to be a __________.

ancestral character

The prevalence of the allele for sickle cell anemia in some populations is an example of __________.

balancing selection

The conversion of cytosine to uracil in DNA is an example of __________.

deamination

Photolyase in yeast is an example of what kind of DNA repair mechanism?

direct repair

The characteristics of a given population over time are ________.

dynamic

The best definition for genotype-environment interactions is __________.

environmental effects on the phenotype differ with genotype

Migration of a random few individuals from one population to a new area to establish a new population is an example of __________.

founder effect

In the frog genus, when certain species attempts to mate with other species, embryo development is halted at various stages including zygotic segmentation, blastula formation, gastrulation, or in the final phases of embryo development. The stage where the developing frog arrests depends on the species involved in the cross. This is an example of __________.

hybrid inviability

Which repair mechanism utilizes MutL, MutH, and MutS proteins in E. coli?

mismatch repair

Proteins that are functionally less important for the survival of an organism generally evolve __________ more important proteins.

more quickly than

It is possible for a genetically homozygous plant population to show a bell-shaped height distribution because __________.

of environmental factors

In the construction of a phylogenetic tree, a __________ considers the overall similarities among a group of species without trying to understand their evolutionary history, whereas a __________ considers the possible pathways of evolution to find the best possible tree.

phenetic approach; cladistic approach

In humans, the gene for eye color is an example of a ________ trait.

polymorphic

Translocations and inversions may result in __________.

position effect

Differences in sexual attraction between males and females based on behavior, physiology, or morphology is an example of a __________ isolation mechanism.

prezygotic

A translocation that moves a gene from an area of euchromatin to heterochromatin would typically cause a/an __________ in the expression of the gene.

reduction

Genetic drift has a greater influence on __________ populations.

small

It is currently believed that apple maggot flies are undergoing a divergence into two separate species. Two hundred years ago these maggot flies laid their eggs only on the hawthorn fruit, but after apples were introduced in the Americas, some maggot flies started laying their eggs on apples. Today, females generally lay their eggs on the type of fruit they grew up in, and male flies end up mating on the type of fruit they grew up in. Therefore hawthorn flies mate with hawthorn flies and apple flies mate with apple flies. If genetic changes between the hawthorn maggot flies and the apple maggot flies continue until the flies are different species, this would be an example of ___________

sympatric speciation

The Galápagos finches described by Darwin evolved into many different species primarily based on different food sources on the island. These finches evolved by __________.

sympatric speciation

For gene flow to occur members of one population must migrate to another population and __________.

the migrants be able to hybridize to produce fertile offspring

The difference between the polymerases used in translesion synthesis repair and general DNA replication is

the polymerase used in translesion synthesis has a pocket that can accommodate the lesions while DNA pol III's pocket cannot.