Test 3

What is race?

can be defined as a group of people who share a set of characteristics - usually physical ones - & are said to share a common bloodline

What's a main problem with basing affirmative action on class rather than race?

class can be easily more faked than race

Contradictory Class Locations (E. Wright)

people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes defined by Marx

Racialization

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Contradictory Class Locations

the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes

Segregation

the legal or social practice of separating people on the bases of their race or ethnicity

What's Max Weber's definition of social status based on?

the lifestyle one is seen as leading

Genocide

the mass killing of a group of people bases on racial, ethnic, or religious traits

Social Mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

Nativism

the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

Free Rider Problem

the notion in that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shrink responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight

Social Darwinism

the notion that some groups/races evolved more than others and were better fit to survive and even rule other races

Ontological Equality

the philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal

Pluralism

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

Miscegenation

the technical term for interracial marriage

Proletariat

the working class

Structural Functionalism

theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures

Eugenics

this pseudoscience claimed that traits could be traced through bloodlines and bred into populations

Prejudice

thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group, which lead to preconceived notions and judgments (often negative) about the group

Karl Marx

two class system of proletariat (working class) and bourgeois (employing class)

Which of these thinkers ideas most closely resembles what you believe about inequality?

Jean-Jaques Rosseau

Wealth

a family's or individuals net worth (that is, total assets minus total debuts)

Elite (Pareto)

a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society

Biological Determinism

a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world

Essentialism

a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones

Collective Resistance

an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group i na society

Why is residential segregation such a serious social problem?

-It fosters a culture of segregation. -It leads to other forms of segregation. -It is hard to change or prevent.

What are the three categories racism is characterized by?

-humans are divided into distinct bloodlines or physical types -that these physical traits are linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, and abilities -and certain types are superior to others

Primodialism

Clifford Geert'z term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed and deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture

What is the single largest ethnic group in the United States today?

German Americans

Mayor Popov represent a class of men tied to powerful political and economic networks, which enabled him to embody,, ???

Hegemonic Masculinity

An 1851 article in Harper's Weekly described a certain racial group as having a "small and somewhat upturned nose" and skin with a "black tint." Which racial group was the article referring to?

Irish

Studying gender class relations in Ukraine, Pavel- an older working class man was able to cope with _____ by gardening at his dacha

Masculinity crisis

Puerto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributed and ability called?

Meritocracy

Straight line assimilation

Robert Park's 1920s universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country

Sex Role Theory

Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as a breadwinners and wives/mothers respectively because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers

Which theorist argues member class are grouped by their value in the commercial marketplace?

Weber

What was the racial atmosphere in the housing project where Dalton Conley grew up in the 1970s?

Whites were a marginalized group

Social Equality

a condition in which no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exists

Symbolic Ethnicity

a nationality not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual

Estate System

a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

Caste System

a religion based system of stratification characterized by no social mechanisms

Gender

a social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories

Meritocracy

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement

Subaltern

a subordinate, oppressed group of people

Elite-mass dichotomy system

a system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society

Dialectic

a two-directional relationship, following a pattern in which an original statement or thesis is countered with an antithesis leading to a conclusion that unites the strengths of the original position and the counterarguments

Class System

an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility

Socioeconomic Status

an individuals position in a stratified social order

Glass Ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

Vilfraedo Pareto

elite mass dichotomy- a system of stratification that has a gov.

According to german philosopher Hegel, master-slave relationships is one of mutual?

estate system

social institutions favored feudal Europe and the plantation system of American South?

estate system

Ontological Equality

everyone created equally

Equality of Outcome

everyone should end up with same rewards (regardless of starting point, opportunities, or contributions)

Equality of Condition

everyone should have an equal starting point

Masculinity Concept

felling male lost, mostly loss of power (social, symbolic, political, economic, physical, and so forth)

Discrimination

harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit

Why are college students completion rates not keeping up with the job market demands for college grads?

higher number of students are dropping before graduation

What's the observed effect of race based affirmation action?

increased stratification within racial groups

Thomas Molthus

inequality is good when it regulates population growth, aid to the poor disrupts this regulation and could lead to Malthusian poverty trap

Equality of Opportunity

inequality opportunity ok if opportunities are the same for everyone

Institutional racism

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups

Status Hierarchy System

is a system of stratification based on social prestige

American Stratification: socioeconomic status (SE)

is often used by sociologists to study an individuals position in a stratified social order

Georg Hegel

master slave dialect- a relationship of mutual dependency, believed that we would eventually progress beyond this master-slave relationship

Income

money of a person receives for work or for returns or investments

Scientific Racism

nineteenth century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations and classification of race

Ethnicity

one's ethnic quality or affiliation; voluntary, self defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, and based on culture differences, not physical

Max Weber

people can be grouped according to the value of their property or labor in the commercial market place

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

private property creates social inequality which leads to social conflict

What group sells its labor to the bourgeois in order to receive wages?

proletariat

Identify the correct statements about race

race is about bloodiness and race is social construct

Subordinated Masculinity

refers to forms of masculinity that in some context are appreciated as reflecting manhood, but are diminished in status compared to hegemonic masculinity

Stratification

refers to systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships

Hegemonic Masculinity

refers to the ideal characteristics of being a man that are so dominant they escape notice

What is the origin of the word Caucasian?

refers to the people who lived on the southern slopes of the Georgian region of west Europe

Erik Olin Wright

refined Mar'x two class system

Gender Roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female

Glass Escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

One Drop Rule

the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation

What is racism?

the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits

Sex

the biological differences that distinguish males from females