Test

Raina is running for student body president and doesn't want to forget her campaign speech. She practices her speech over and over so she can deliver it flawlessly. What type of learning is taking place?

intentional

According to Freud, what do dreams do?

reveal urges and desires

What does classical conditioning require?

the pairing of two stimuli

What happens during free association?

A person talks about a dream, making connections by openly talking.

How does the view of twentieth-century scientists differ from ancient cultures when it comes to the meaning of dreams?

Ancient cultures believed that dreams had spiritual meaning.

Compare and find a similarity between the Core-Optional and adaptive sleep theories.

Both believe that a person sleeps for survival.

What is a similarity between sleep apnea and narcolepsy?

Both conditions can result in a person feeling tired during the day.

What are the similarities between symbolic and analogical representations? Select all that apply.

Both involve symbolism. ✔ Both are mental images. ✔ Both are a basic element of thought. ✔ Both require thinking.

How are symbolic and analogical representations similar?

Both require thinking. Both are mental images. Both are a basic element of thought. ✔ All of the above

Carley loves to swim because she feels so fantastic afterward. In fact, she has learned that whenever she wants a rush of natural adrenaline, she needs to swim forty laps in the pool. Carley keeps this habit up for years because she likes the outcome she gets each time. What does this demonstrate?

Carley has become operantly conditioned.

What is common in all cultures about children learning to speak?

Children's first sounds are similar in all cultures.

How can concepts and categories help you write an essay?

Concepts and categories help you organize your ideas into paragraphs and sentences.

How are concepts and categories alike?

Concepts and categories involve thoughts.

The purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment is to demonstrate that children _____.

will most likely model an adult's aggressive actions

How are morphemes and sentences similiar?

Both are created by more basic parts of language in a hierarchy.

What does the the story of H.M. demonstrate?

Damage to the hippocampus results in amnesia, long-term memory is severely affected, and short-term memory doesn't work well either.

What is true about the sleep cycle? Select all that apply.

Deep sleep occurs in the first two stages of sleep. Acting out dreams is always a potential danger of REM sleep. ✔ Dreams occur during the REM stage. ✔ A person can go through the sleep cycle multiple times in one night. ✔ The sleep cycle does not repeat itself in order of 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM.

How do emotions affect your memory?

Memories with strong emotional attachments are easier to recall.

Why are nightmares so memorable?

Nightmares have a more intense emotional impact.

Rachel wants to dance professionally and become good at the Samba. She watches her dance instructor and tries to repeat his leg movements. No matter how hard she tries, Rachel moves her legs but they are not the movements the dance instructor demonstrated. Did Rachel successfully model the dance instructor?

No, because she was not able to repeat the leg movements exactly.

What do the experiences of Genie and Victor demonstrate about language acquisition?

People have a critical period of time when they best learn language.

What makes the restorative and adaptive theories different?

Restorative theories believe that wounds will heal better while you rest.

What did the first portion of Sperling's test show?

Sensory memory is very sensitive and is quick to forget.

Lori started cello lessons a month ago but has trouble remembering the names of the notes on her sheet music. What can Lori do to learn the note names?

She can create an acronym to remember the lines of the bass clef.

Knowing too much information can cause you to forget what you want to remember.

True

Learning is most often considered a change of behavior that results from experience.

True

What is a benefit of observational learning?

Watching others can motivate you to try the same actions.

Why is sleep deprivation bad for your health?

You can end up with headaches, dizziness, or depression.

Match the following items. 1. observational learning 2. vicarious 3. Bobo Doll Experiment 4. motivation to do a behavior

1. learning by watching other people 2. learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action 3. an example of modeling aggression 4. requirement for observational learning

How can you prevent insomnia?

Don't drink energy drinks or drinks with caffeine before bed.

What is the importance of the prefrontal cortex?

It helps with executive functions, such as behaving in socially appropriate ways.

What does it mean to say that memories are "context-dependent"?

People often attach their surroundings to their memories.

_____ involves the likelihood of increasing behavior.

Positive reinforcement

Which statement best describes learning?

You must first learn before you can act. The simplest of actions require learning before they can be carried out. Learning is powerful and can change your life. ✔ all of the above

What is the benefit of deep processing over surface processing?

You'll have a better ability to remember information in the future.

What results when you combine several phonemes together?

a morpheme

How do bees communicate with each other?

by dancing

What is NOT a requirement of learning?

cautiousness

Catherine visits Long Beach, California, one weekend. As she sits on the sand, she feels the sun's heat. Then she stands up to enjoy the feeling of the sun's summer rays on her skin. Catherine doesn't mind the heat. She welcomes it! According to Hall's cognitive dream theory, Catherine's positive view of the bright sun represents her _____ of the sun.

conception

During REM sleep, our muscles are paralyzed. The Activation Synthesis Theory of dreams says that this temporary paralysis _____ the brain.

confuses

A ballet student who learns with the help of his instructor is demonstrating _____ learning.

formal

Long-term memory has a _____ capacity to hold information.

great

Terell lives in Washington, D.C., where he can see the Potomac River from his bedroom window. When he sees this river, Terell thinks of swimming, boating, fun, and friends. What type of mental image is this?

symbolic