Test Prep

six principles of government in the US constitution

1.federalism: power is divided between federal and state gov. 2. popular sovereignty: the power and authority of the government comes from the people 3. separation of powers: government is in three branches (executive, judicial and legislative) 4. judicial review: all courts can make laws invalid if they contradict with individual states or the constitution - supreme court make the final decision of this kind 5. checks and balances: no branch can act without input from another, they have the power to check any other branch and balance branches powers 6.limited government: government powers are limited and certain acts can never be done

rights granted by the bill of rights

1789 congress passed bill of rights, 3/4 of 13 states ratified them into the constitution 1: freedom of speed, assembly, petition, religion, and press 2: right to bear arms 3: no quartering 4: no unreasonable searches and seizures 5: can not be tried twice and they do not have to speak 6:legal cousin and criminal trial by jury (prosecutor by the state) 7: trial for civil case (against and individual or corporation) 8: cruel and unusual punishment , along with bail 9: rights not listed in the constitution can not be taken if they are not listed 10:any right not explicitly delegated to the national government belong to the states or the people

utility

Ability or capacity of a good or service to satisfy a consumer - these will be shown to the consumers with marketing - form utility - place utility - time utility - ownership utility

Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)

Battle between British soldiers and Americans that began the American Revolution. assembly met in Massachusetts and armed colonist resisted which started the battle

Black Codes and Civil Rights bill

Black codes: -freed slaves would not have many first amendment rights, voting rights, or able to serve on a jury or testify against white people -schools were segregated and if a black man was unemployed he could be put under arrest and forced to work Civil rights bill: -countered the black codes and had many more civil rights -the president after Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, liked the black codes and vetoed the civil rights act two times before congress stepped in and passed it 1865 & 1866 -two years after this congress tried to impeach Johnson but came one vote short so he finished his term

three types of interaction that occur between species in an individual habitat

-competition -predation -symbiosis

How economists classify various markets

-competition -amount and size of suppliers -amount of influence suppliers have over price -valreity of products consumers can get -ease of entering the market (once answering these questions an economist can classify the market)

North africa, SW and central asia: physical geography and climate

-complex with its seas, peninsulas, river, mountains etc -earthquakes are common with active tectonic plates -most of worlds oil here -nile area created large settlements with drought then great fertility -technology tamed the river so it is more predictable and land is more productive -extreme arid nature caused people to human intervention and create irrigation systems

iconoclasm

-conflict between roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches -emperor leo III wanted to destroy all icons in the byzantine empire (images of jesus were replaced with crosses) -Pope Gregory II said this was wrong and wanted everyone that destroyed these images to be arrested -Emperor Leo III did not like this and tried to kill Pope Gregory II but failed

Legislative branch

-congress -house of representatives and the senate -all are elected officials -lawmakers / must be approved by congress -regulating money and trade, approving presidential appointments, establishing postal service and federal courts -can propose changes to the constitution, impeach president or bring charges, only congress can declare war

Who controls US foreign policy?

-congress and president determine FP (sec of state, sec of defense, and national security advisor) -executive officials carry them out -US department of state carries out policy, negotiates treaties, maintains diplomatic relations, assists citizens traveling to foreign nations, and make sure the pres knows international issues -department of defense supervises armed forces and provides assistance to the pres in his role a commander and chief

major provisions of the commerce compromise

-congress received power over all trade between states and international exports (north industry & south agriculture) -this gave them the ability to collect tariffs on exported goods. slaves could also be imported for 20 more years without government intervention (import taxes on slaves were limited) -Southern people did not want tariffs on slaves and agriculture -it started because northern states wanted to give the new government the ability to regulate exports as well as trade between states

Reconstruction: congressional

-congress was controlled by mainly radical republicans -wider range of civil rights for freed slaves and more control over southern gov -started with military control over former confederate states

Persian major accomplishments

-conquered many civilizations -conquered lands were forced to change laws, religion, and customs -created Zoroastrianism and Mithraism which influenced modern day religions

Egyptian major accomplishments

-construction methods creating pyramids -writing system of hieroglyphics -developed and complex religion -preservation of dead bodies -created mathematics, decimal system, paper, and the solar calendar

Three types of plate boundaries

-convergent boundaries -divergent boundaries -transform boundaries

how citizenship can be lost

-convicted of treason -pledges oath or fights for the military of an enemy of the US -renounce their own citizenship -people can be duel citizens and work outside of their country and still be a citizen

US 19th century agriculture: hatch act of 1887

-created agriculture experiment stations -this brought about new farming techniques

Minoan major accomplishments

-created syllabic writing system called Linear A which is still not decipherable -created colorful and large palaces -building had sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, and flushable toilets

topical geography

Geography focused primarily on understanding and identifying regions

Reconstruction: presidential

-based on Johnson's policies -lenient on the south, allowed continued discrimination of and control over black people

Five significant battles of the Revolutionary War.

1. battle of Lexington and concord 2. battle of bunker hill 3. crossing of the Delaware river 4. battle of Saratoga 5. battle of york town

Six major events of the Civil War.

1. first battle of bull run 2. capture of fort henry 3. battle of gettysburg 4. overland campaign 5. shermans march to the sea 6. lee's surrender

irrigation system

Helped early civilizations to cultivate agriculture

Human Geography

How humans affect the environment -study of political, historical, social and cultural activities

Physical geography

How physical features are created, changed, related to one another, and how they affect human activities

two major international organization

IGOs and NGOs IGOs: -made of members of various national governments -treaties among the member nations determine functions and powers of these groups ex:UN NGOs: nongovernmental organization -likes outside of any gov, funded by private donations -international red cross, works with gov all over the world when in criss but is no affiliated with any country or gov

WWII: 442nd regimental combat team

Japanese americans fighting in europe, 93% casualty rate -most highly decorated unit per member in the US

different climates

Low latitudes: 0 to 23.5 Middle latitudes: 23.5 to 66.5 central Mexico to northern Canada high latitudes: 66.5 plus

Tools used for geography

Maps Field studies Statistics Interviews Scientific instruments Mathematics

Difference between a planned economy and a market economy

Market economy: Supply and demand are decided by consumers and the means of production are owned by a private interest Planned economy: An authority will pick what is produced, how they are produced, and who will benefit from what is being produced. The means of production (factories) are also owned by a public entity

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

established the federal income tax

Southern colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Mithraism

Monotheistic Iranian religion

Nationalism in 18th and 19th centuries

Nationalistic beliefs unified various areas, leading to patriotism and sometimes imperialism. In Europe, imperialism led countries to spread their influence into Africa and Asia. Africa divided among several European countries that wanted the raw materials there. Asia also came under European control, with the exception of China, Japan and Siam (now Thailand). Unfortunately, a major side effect of these growing nationalistic beliefs was often conflict and outright war.

Middle Atlantic Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Major Mesopotamian civilizations

Now the middle -Sumerians -Assyrians -Persians -Chaldeans -Amorites -Hittites

Difference between physical and cultural geography

Physical geography -how physical characteristics related, formed, and develop and affect human population -climate land water Cultural geography -how physical characteristics affect individual cultures and their lifestyle -compares different cultures -location climate etc, also how they interact with their environment

Zoroastrianism

Pre-Islamic monotheistic religion

moderate and radical republicans during reconstruction

Radical Republicans: -wanted to treat the south harshly -stevens (house leader) said confederate soldiers should have to say they do not support the confederacy before become a US citizens (ironclad oath) -stevens also said the southern states should have to be under military rule and territorial government for ten years before they can rejoin the union -he also wanted to give all black men the right to vote Moderate republicans: -only black men that helped the union and are literate should have the right to vote -all confederate soldiers except for troop leaders should have the right to vote - Lincoln favored this kind of set up before his death and hoping it would bring states back to the union before the end of the war

Anthropology: cross-cultural research

Research conducted between a large number of cultures to see the similarities and differences of certain topics

Anthropology: comparative research

Research conducted between a smaller number of societies to see similarities and differences

Externalities

Side-effects of production and consumption that are not reflected in the price of a product. - can be positive or negative that affect third parties

tenth century events: west

europe: -dark ages (500-1000ad) -viking invasions -11th century high middle ages with the beginning of the crusades china: -raging wars -resulting in invention of gunpowder

Difference between Spartans and Athenians

Sparta: -Located in Peloponnesus -strict military state -relied on farming not trade -strongest military in the area (300 against Persians in Thermopylae) Athens: -located in Attica -508 bc democracy was created by cleisthenes -known for art, theater, philanthropy, and architecture

Geography

Study of the earth

Process of archeology

Studying past cultures by what they left behind Ex: pottery, bones, buildings, art, tools, graves, and trash They use special tools to document these artifacts notes, photographs, maps, artifacts, surveys of the area

Cold War: Truman Doctrine

Truman said that the US would provide economic and military support to any country threatened by USSR

Climates: high latitudes (types)

Tundra: -during long cold winters without much snow, ground is frozen -short summers wet and marshy -plants and animals have adapted to the climate but there is no crops that grow here Taigas: -south of tundra regions -largest forest areas in the world, swamps and marshes -the winters and summers are more extreme than the tundras -large mineral deposits and lots of animals valued for their fur -short growing season

FDRs alphabet organizations: Tennessee valley authority (TVA)

organized projects to build dams in the Tennessee river for flood control and production of electricity, caused increased production for industries in the area and easier navigation of the Tennessee river

development of political parties in the US

Washington was against political parties after experiences with britain federalists and democratic-republicans: -late 1700 -disagreed on the power of the state and the nation democrats and whigs: -1830s -national economic issues democrats and republicans -repub formed before civil war -slavery and economic issues (tax)

nineteenth amendment (1920)

Women's right to vote

government monopoly

a government agency is the only provider of a specific good or service

Time Utility

a product's desirability is determined by its availability at a certain time

Ownership Utility

a product's desirability is increased because ownership of the product passes to the consumer

form utility

a product's desirability lies in its physical characteristics

place utlity

a products desirability is connected to its location and convenience

importance of hittite empire

a. Centered in Turkey, the empire extended into Palestine and Syria. They conquered the Babylonian civilization and adopted their religion and laws. b. Tolerated other religions and even absorbed foreign gods. c. Peaked between 1600-1200BCE. After war with Egypt, they were conquered by the Assyrians in 700 BCE.

marketing

all activities necessary to convince consumers to buy goods (make people think a single product with satisfy a need)

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

can be fixed or variable and can produce fixed or variable costs

Four theories for the origin of the state

evolutionary: came from the family with the head of state being the parents force: a group or person took control and formed a government divine right: certain people were chosen by a deity to be the rulers of the nation social contract: no natural order, people allow themselves to be governed to maintain order while the state promises to protect

Regional geography

specific characteristics of individual places and regions

Iroquois (Native American group) traits

-east coast, living in rectangular houses -different language than Algonquian

geographic monopoly

-one business offers the product in a certain area

geographical features sea

-salt war, smaller than ocean basins, surrounded by land -mediterranean sea, caribbean sea, and caspian sea

ecosystem

-specific physical environment and all the organism that live there

forms of government: communism

-based on class conflict and one party state -gov controls production and flow of goods and services rather than to companies and individuals

Babylon major accomplishments

-code of Hammurabi / advanced law code

Scientific Revolution: newton

-gravity -studied optics, calculus, and physics -believed the workings of nature could be studied and proven through observation

Civil war: lee's surrender

-lee was defeated in Appomattox virginia were he then surreneder in the home of Wilmer mclean on april 9 1865

Fluvial Civilizations

Early civilizations that were founded near rivers

Civil war: overland campaign

-may and june 1864 grant was in command of the union army -this campaign led the union army to victory

Cold War: Containment Policy

-proposed by Kennan -focused on containing the spread of communist

Forms of Government: oligarchy

-rule is enforced by a small group

consistent scale map

-the same scale is used throughout the whole map -mainly for maps of smaller sized areas

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty (they can decide if they want to be a free or slave territories) of Utah and New Mexico, (5) slave trade abolished in DC (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas (increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves)

Microeconomics

(Unlike other economics that study how to allocate resources) microeconomics studies: How consumers behave How Income is distributed Output and input markets Studies are broken down to firms and industries rather than countries or societies Elements studied: Factors of production Cost of production Factor income

Anti-Defamation League

- 1913 - formed to prevent anti-semitic behavior and practices - worked to prevent all forms of racism and to prevent individuals from being discriminated against for any reason involving their race -spoke against the KKK and still workers to fight against discrimination

civil rights movement: stokely Carmichael

-created the term Black Power -head of student non-violent coordinating committee -black pride, black culture, and thought separate political and social institutions should be developed for african americans

Sumerian major accomplishments

-created the wheel, timekeeping system, irrigation system, cuneiform writing (more simple than hieroglyphs)

Mycenaean major accomplishments

-created writing system Linear B which was the earliest form of Greek -worshiped the Olympic gods like zeus

Four divisions of anthropology

-cultural anthropology -archeology -linguistic anthropology -biological anthropology

1800s inventions and inventors

- Graham bell: telephone -Wright: airplane -Gatling: machine gun -hunt, singer, howe: sewing machine -Tesla: alternating current motor -eastman: kodak camera -edison: lightbulb, motion pictures, phonograph -morse: telegraph -goodyear: vulcanized rubber -mcCormick: reaper (for crops) -westinghouse: transformer and airbrake 700,000 patents between 1860-1900

When to use periodical resources

-current social science events -can have bias -sometimes seeing bias is a good thing bc it shows cultural norms and standards -tighter editorial standards so errors and incompleteness are not a worry -interviews and videos /primary

popular map projection: mercator

-cylinder wrapped around a globe -greatly distorted near the poles -long and lat form the square grid

four coercive acts by britian after the boston tea party (intolerable acts)

- used to punish Massachusetts 1. shut down boston ports until they paid for the tea 2. local government officials must be elected by the governor rather than elected by the people 3. trials against british soldiers were moved to britian rather than boston 4. boston locals were required to let the british solider quarter in their homes -caused first congressional congress officals to meet with british officals, 12/13 colonies were represented

popular map projection: orthographic

-earth features are on a circle -creates a circular, 3D map similar to what it looks like in space

Berlin wall

-1961 wall built to separate communist east Berlin from democratic west Berlin -literal representation of the Iron Curtain that separated democratic from communist countries thought out the world

Civil war: capture of fort henry

-grant captured, feb 1862, unions first major victory

Phoenicians

-Explorers that used the stars to guide themselves on ships -worked with glass, metal, and developed the popular purple dye that was high in demand -the created a alphabet using phonics instead of syllables

US policy toward immigrants after WWII

- US shifted policies on immigration to accommodate political refugees from Europe and elsewhere; Congress passes Displaced Persons Act of 1948 which allowed more than 400000 European refugees to enter US - UN forms International Refugee Organization after WWII - 1952; increased quotas, allowing more refugees from communist countries to enter; Refugee Relief Act of 1953; Internal Security Act of 1950 allowed deportation of declared communists; Asians subjected to quota based on race - Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 - Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 - Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

panic of 1893

- economic crisis that affected most of the globe - in response to Panic, President Grover Cleveland repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act - panic led to bankruptcies, railroads goin under, unemployment raised 25% - Republican Party regained power due to the economic crisis

who formed the first administration of new government

-George Washington: first president of the US 1789 -john Adams: first vice president (runner up for presidential election) -thomas Jefferson: secretary of state (appointed by Washington) -Alexander Hamilton: secretary of the treasury

effect of viking invasions on england and europe

-10th century invaded northern france becoming Normans -Vikings: from Scandinavia, seafarers with advanced trade routes -8th to 11th centuries the spread throughout europe (conquering and colonizing) after overpopulation was killing their native land - invaded england in several waves (one being anglo-saxon invasion which also stopped roman control) -language, location names, government and social structure changed -by 900 vikings settled in Iceland, Greenland, and north america eventually (before the spanish and british) -trades with byzantine empire until 11th centry when their power came to an end

progression of the crusades

-11th-15th century cause: to slow muslim forces into europe and to expel them from the holy land (palestine and Jerusalem) -Alexius I Byzantine emporor asked Pope Urban II for help when palestine was taken over -1095 Pope Urban II wanted eastern and western christianity to be united so he told christians to help the cause -crusades (europe) recaptured Jerusalem but for many centuries this and other holy land cause captured and recaptured Second Crusades 1147-1149: Crusaders tried to retake Damascus (syrian city) but failed Third Crusades: -pope Gregory VIII tried to get jerusalem but failed Fourth Crusade: Pope Innocent III tried to get to the holy land by Egypt, more power fir the pope and the catholic church, many trade and cultural routes between europe and the east

human systems that form the basis of south america

-12 countries -majority speak spanish or Portuguese -all similar history of being dominated by native cultures then conquered by european nations -now independent but still struggling politically and economically -rich families control the large exports of agriculture -large separation between classes socially and economically -issues these new countries face is geographical limitations, economic issues, and sustainable development (trying to preserve existing rainforests)

Impact of seafaring advancements on exploration

-1400s caravel helped to make long sea journeys -Portuguese found a fast route from Europe to Asia in 1498

Ottoman Empire

-1453 took over Byzantine empire Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul -could unite Christians, Muslims, and Jews coexist so they have a wide variety of culture -believe in just laws and just government = monarch known as sultan

Significance of Christopher Columbus voyage

-1492 Genoan explorer -got money from Spanish king Ferdinand and queen Isabella to find route to Asia -Nina, pinta, and Santa Maria -landed in West Indies -found Americans instead of Asia

Age of Exploration / age of discovery

-15-17th century -technological advancements in navigation, mapmaking, shipbuilding -Europeans explored France, Spain, Portugal, England for new route to Asia -discovered new lands -colonization of India, Asia, Africa, North America

Mexican-American War

-1540 spain started colonizing in the americas 1810 mexico revolted and gained their independence in 1821 -1836 texas revolted and gained their independence -1844 democrats wanted tyler to annex texas, tyler admitted texas into the union and it became a state in 1845 (andrew jackson was president before tyler and did not want texas to be admitted into the union) -when mexico fought for independence against spain they went into 4.5 million in war debt, the US (polk) said they would forgive the debts if they gave us New Mexico and Upper california, but Mexico said no -1846 mexican american war started due to mexican attack on US troops at the southern border of texas -there was also conflict in congress over the wilmont proviso -Wilmont Proviso: slavery was prohibited in any territory the US got from Mexico in the Mexican-american war -war ended in 1848

Navigation Acts

-1651 laws by Britain to take over trade -banned foreign ships to trade with British colonies and Britain -helped American colonists since they provided British ships and could use them for trade -aimed to hurt the dutch -French and Indian war had ended

the sugar act

-1764 -tax on sugar and molasses when it comes to the colonies -also gave the british empire the right to search someones home if they were suspected of violating this law

the quartering act

-1765 -colonists had to provide housing and accommodation to British soldiers -colonist could not move west past the Appalachian mountains without britians permission

the stamp act

-1765 -tax on printed materials like newpaper, cards, and legal documents -1766 the act was repealed after much protest -however this repeal was followed by the declaratory act which said that britian governs the colonies

Townshend Acts

-1767 -taxed paper, paint, lead, and tea that came to the colonies -led to a lot of resistance, especially in Massachusetts with leaders like Samuel Adams and john Adams -Majority were repealed after the boston massacre

french revolution

-1789 king louis XVI caused national debt and brought together parliament -third estate (represented the common people) claimed power but the king said no leading to the storming of bastille (royal prison) -people established a constitutional monarchy -Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette tried to flee but were found and executed - 1793-1794 robespierre and his radicals (jacobins) were in rule and led to the reign of terror, killing thousands of nobles and anyone who did not agree with the revolution, then robespierre was executed -directory took over and reinstitute bourgeois values but they were shown to be corrupt -1799 Bonaparte came to power first a dictator than as emperor -as a whole revolution was not what it was suppose to be but it did throw off the corrupt monarchy

Human systems that have shaped southeast asia

-18 and 19 cent colonized by europeans (except for thailand) all are independent now -20 cent many conflicts between democracy and communism -influenced by buddhism and muslim regions -growing industrialization, more moving to urban areas, some moved to avoid oppression, poverty, and conflict -societal disruption and economic damage due to natural disasters (volcano, typhoons, and flash flooding)

whig, democratic, and republican parties

-1800 Jefferson became president and Hamilton was dead leading to the federalist party dying out -1824 democratic-republican party split -whig party rose by john Adams and supported industrial growth -democratic party led by Jackson and won president in 1828 -1850s slavery issue led to the republican party (anti-slavery). democratic party (south pro slavery)

Persian Wars: battle of marathon

-Greece won even though they were out numbered

Second Great Awakening

-1800-30s there was an increase in the spread of religion (caused by the Protestant evangelical leaders) -more missionaries caused religion all over the world to flourish and this caused the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society to provide literature -new denominations arose latter-day saints and Seventh-day adventists -temperance movement also emerged which tried to end the production and use of alcohol -1826 Society for the Promotion of Temperance was formed in Boston

Manifest Destiny

-1800s americans thought they were destined to travel west and bring it all under the US gov -however, this created issues with spain, mexico, native americans, and GB -mexican american war 1846-1848 brought texas, california, and a lot of the southwest into the US -Oregon territory was shared by GB and the US which created issues when the US wanted it -1846 Polk compromised with GB and establish a US boundary south of the 49th parallel

Missouri Compromise

-1819 there was an equal balance of free and not free states in the US, but Missouri was ready to join the Union -in exchange of Missouri being a slave state, upper Massachusetts (maine) was made into a free state and the rest of the rest of the land from the Louisiana Purchase that was above 36 degrees LAT was going to be free because there was no cotton that grew there so souther congress men agreed to this -there was a fight about the Missouri Constitution because it said that free slaves can not enter the state, Clay compromised this and made it impossible for Missouri to pass a law preventing someone from entering the state -Clay then got the name "great compromiser"

Kansas-Nebraska Act

-1854 creation of Kansas and Nebraska territories so there was another debate -congress allowed popular sovereignty -two separate governments came about in Kansas (pro and anti slavery), the nickname Bleeding Kansas came about due to the violence between the two governments in kansas

US 19th century agriculture: department of agriculture

-1862 created -for interests of famers and ranches across the country

Emancipation Proclamation

-1863 freed all slaves in confederates states that were still in rebellion against the union, did not free any slaves under union control , however it did set a precedent for the emancipation of slaves as the war progressed -this caused many freed slaves and other black troops to join the union army (200,000 in army, 10,000 navy) -by the end of the war 4 million slaves had been freed, 1865 slavery was abolished in the 13th amendment

Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea

-1864 Tecumseh Sherman conquered atlanta then went to savannah, destroying lots of property on his way

Reconstruction

-1865-1877 the government tried to restore order in the south and bring the states back into the union while also giving freed slaves their civil rights -1866 congress passed reconstruction acts placing former confederate states under military rile and states the grounds for readmission into the union

Transcontinental Railroad

-1869 Union pacific railroad completed the first section of the panned transcontinental railroad (omaha neb to sacramento Cali) -90% of workers were Chinese, horrible conditions and low pay -the railroad make it easier for things to be transported around the country and this benefitted big businesses, however this was bad for family farmers

Fifteenth Amendment

-1870 -no US citizen can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous status as a slave

how the US limited immigration in the 19th century

-1870 naturalization act put limits to people that could be US citizens (at this time is was whites and those of african descent) -Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: limited chinese immigration -immigration act of 1882: taxed immigrants 50 cents per person, this money was used to fund administration costs for regulating immigration -1892 ellis island opened processing center in NY -1921 emergency quota act / johnson quota act: severely limited the number of immigrants allowed into the county

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull (native americas) role

-1876 Led sioux and Cheyenne troops for defeat at Little Bighorn -defeated George Custer

panama canal

-1881 Connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans after finishing the suez canal, has locks to go over the terrain -before this travelers had to said around south america -after lots of hassle, slowness, and people going bankrupt the US purchased the holdings and the first ship went through in 1914 -to make sure we kept control over the canal zone the US helped panama in the fight of independence from Columbia

creation of the Populist party

-1890s US recession, crop prices falling, and droughts left farmers in lots of debt -Farmers' Alliance 1875 was the political party for the rural poor -recession also hurt urban US areas -Knights of Labor 1869 stephens was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights -farmers alliance and knights of labor joined the make the populist party (peoples party) 1892 populist parties platform: -national currency -graduated income tax -gov owning telegraph, telephone, and RR system -secret ballots for voting -immigration restriction -single term limits for Pres and VP -populist party wanted a federal gov for the common man and not just the elite in the country

progressive era

-1890s to the end of WWI ideology drove many parts of society and politics -progressives wanted: workers rights and safety, did not want waste and corruption -science will help improve society and gov should provide answers to social problems -progressives wanted to improve society even though they came from all different backgrounds

growth of labor movement late 19th century

-1892 homestead strike: union struck against Carnegie, however he eliminated the union and there was gun fire -1894 american railway union (debs) initiated the pullman strike since workers wages were cut by 18%, grover Cleveland sent in troops because the strike interfered with mail delivery -1903 protest for child labor led by mary harris jones, Children's crusade they went to the home of theodore roosevelt -Jones also worker with the united maine workers of america and help found the industrial workers of the world

Human systems that have shaped east asia

-communist and democratic countries here (with others being a mix) -isolationists until earth 20th cent -population unevenly distributed, diverse backgrounds, languages, and religion -shortages of farmworkers due to more people living in urban areas -urban: Japan (most industrialized, Taiwan, south Korea -rural: china and mongolia -some areas are suffering environmentally -japan has strict environmental laws

Industrial Revolution

-18th century GB coal and steam powered machinery into widespread use so more industry. factories produced goods that were normally in small quantities -society was agrarian the shifted fast to industrial -electricity and internal combustion engines replaced coal and steam as energy sources causing even more rapid growth and change -western european countries turned to colonialism of Northern Africa and asia to get access to raw materials needed to produce factory goods -more demand of specialized labor, more businesses created monopolies, world trade, and large urban centers -also led to the second agriculture revolution that created new technology to advance agriculture production

factors and shift in power leading to the Korean war

-1910 japan annexed korean, after WWII USSR and US divided north and south. USSR getting north and US getting south -UN said korea needed an election to unify it but USSR said no and established a communist government in the north while the US established a democratic government in the south -1950 US troops left south and then north invaded south -UN called member nations to help (first time an IGO got involved in a war) -Australia, US, France, UK, canada, netherlands, china, turkey, USSR, and other countries sent troops in at some point -1953 there was a truce but not a peace agreement, still divided at 38th parallel

World war I in the european theater

-1914 arch duke franz Ferdinand (heir to austro-Hungary throne) was assassinated by serbian national -allies: GB, france, Russia (later US, Japan, and italy) -central: austria-hungary, germany, ottoman empire, and Bulgaria -more countries became involved as time went on -europe was in debt due to the war and german economy was devastated -great depression made everything worse, communism began to spread, fascist, and socialist governments gained more power

genocide: Armenian

-1914-1918 -young turks heirs to ottoman empire killed half of the Armenian population

Bolshevik Revolution (1917) major events

-1917 workers strike in Petrograd army sided with the workers (started revolution) -soviets, a new governmental system made of workers and military that were local counsel elected by the people to go against the parliament made up of nobles -chaos led to exiled peoples coming in, stalin, lenin, and trotsky and gain public opinion for the red guard -they overthrew parliament, and create russia as a communist state -eastern europe was introduced to communism -affecting diplomatic policies for the world for several decades

formation of the american civil liberties union

-1920 grew from the American Union Against Militarism -helped mainly immigrants that were being accused of the Espionage and sedition act after WWI -they wanted to protect people who were threatened with prosecution for their political beleifs and to support labor unions since they were also under attack by the government during the red scare

genocide: russia purges under stalin

-1921-1953 when he died -3-60 million deaths due to stalins politics and edicts -still dont know how many deaths by around 20 million maybe

Causes of the Great Depression

-1929 -growing economic disparity between rich and middle classes since the rich were gaining wealth much faster than lower classes -disparity in economic distribution in industries -growing use of credit caused inflated demand for some goods -government support of new industries rather than agriculture -risky stock market investment leading to the market crashing other causes: -Labor Day Hurricane 1935 (FL keys) and Great Hurricane (New England) -dust bowl in great plains with destroyed crops and caused displacement of 2.5 million people

goals of FDRs New Deal

-1932 elecated president, with the basis of government work programs to provide jobs, wages, and relief to many workers. the congress gave his free rein to produce relief legislation -relief: created many jobs for unemployed -recovery: stimulating the economy through the National Recovery Administration -Reform: passing legislation to prevent future economic crashes -they also passed legislation foe eco issues to prevent another dust bowl

US entering WWII

-1937 japan invaded china so the US stopped sending exports to Japan, FDR also did not allow Japanese interests to withdraw money held in US banks -1941 Tojo became Japanese prime minister, he saw FDR as a threat for Japanese expansion he authorized pearl harbor bombing -The the US declared war on Japan, due to the tripartite pact Italy and Germany declared war on the US - followed by Bulgaria, Hungary, and other axis nations

interventionist and isolationist

-1939 when WWII started FDR said neutral but he was seen as a interventionist because he would help the allied powers -isolationists believed the US should not provide aid to allied nations, they thought by FDR helping this would bring the US into a war the US was not prepared to fight -Lindbergh (the pilot) was the leader of the isolationists

WWII: Why Germany surrendered

-1941 hitler violated the nonaggression pact (germany and USSR agreed to not invade each other) by invading russia so stalin joined the allied forced. Stalin, Churchill, and FDR said germany first then japan to end the war -1942-43 allies got axis out of northern africa, germany was then defeated after Stalingrad -43-45 Italian campaign led to italys liberation. june 6 1944 D-day allies invaded normandy france. USSR troops at the same time moved on the eastern front driving back german forces. april 25 1945 berlin was surrounded by soviet troops. may 7 germany surrender

Cold War: national security act

-1947 -reorganized gov military departments into the department of defense -created CIA and national security council

korean war

-1950-1953 the for the first time a world organization played a military role the war the UN -north Korea sent troops into south hoping to turn south communist -the UN called member nations and asked for help, truman sent in troops and so did other US member nations -1953 there was a truce (not peace treaty) 38th parallel north (north communist, south democratic)

civil rights movement: montgomery bus boycott

-1955 after rosa parks did not give up her seat she was charged for disorderly conduct and violating local ordinances -the caused a 381 bus boycott protesting segregation on public buses

civil rights movement: desegregation of little rock

-1957 after the conclusion from Brown vs Board of education said that separate but equal was unconstitutional ARK desegregated their schools -however, the gov of ark sent in the national guard to prevent nine african americans from entering a little rock school -the Eisenhower told the national guard to stand down

Cuban Missile Crisis

-1962 JFK aministration, russian premier Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in cuba to protect the islands from US invasion -An american U-2 plane flying voer the island photographed the missile bases while they were being built -tensions rose because they US were scared of the Cuban Missiles and USSR was scared of the Turkey missiles that the US put there -eventually the missile sites were removed and a US naval blockade turned back soviet ships carrying missiles to cuba -during negotiations the US said they would remove missiles and turkey and sell surplus wheat to USSR -to prevent similar incidents in the future there was a hotline place in Moscow and in washington for immediate communication between the two heads of state

genocide: rwanda

-1994 -hundreds of thousands -tutsi killed by the hutus during Rwandan civil war, UN did not act or authorize intervention during these killings

Common map projection: Winkel Tripel Projection

-1998 ever since widley used -gets rid of size and shape distortion

importance of free press and media

-1st amendment says media can report on gov and political activities without fear of retribution -since they can report what gov is talking about this keeps the public informed on political issues -this can help when showing injustices and imbalances of power -however, some media align themselves with certain political parties so their information can be bias and skewed -internet has also made things interesting because information can be true or untrue

geographical features of mountains

-2,000ft or more above sea level -often in ranges or chains (groups)

Impact of navigation advancements on Exploration

-200 bc compass and astrolabe

human systems that form the basis of cultures in north america

-23 countries -most of north american cultures have a mixture of indigenous peoples and colonial european influences -agriculture, service, and technology industries are big in the economies -high standard of living, high levels of development, and trade with countries throughout the world

climates: Mediterranean

-30-40 lat -western coasts of continents -hot dry summers, wild winters, sparse rainfall

Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae

-300 spartians held off persia for days -eventually defeated -Athens was captured but it was empty

Middle Paleolithic or middle stone age

-300,000 bc -sophisticated stone tools developed -hunting and gathering -ritual practices

women's rights leaders (latter half of the 19th century)

-40s stanton, truth, rose, and mott lead the women's rights movement -1869 stanton and susan B anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association and fought for women's rights to vote -1848 Seneca falls convention was the first woman's rights convention and discussed voting rights, equal treatment in careers, legal proceedings etc , the Declaration of Sentiments was formed here and outlined the plan for women to attain these rights -fredrick Douglass supported this movement and this movement usually went along with the abolition movement

roman empire to the byzantine empire

-4th century roman empire split (eastern became Byzantine empire) -33ad Constantine founded Constantinople - capital -Persia and mesopotamia were its influences -lavish art, architecture, code of justinian (clear system for roman law) -ottomans took over the byzantine empire in 1453 -they were christian based *byzantine protected the west portion from the Persian and ottomans

geographical features of hills

-500-2,000ft -more rounded and found in every continent

Major regional Native American groups

-Algonquian -Iroquois -plains tribes -Pueblo tribes -Tlingit, chinook, Salish -Aleuts, Inuit

Pocahontas (Native American) role

-Algonquian -helper of John smiths Jamestown colony in 1607

Squanto (Native American) role

-Algonquian -taught English settlers how to survive winter -by planting pumpkins, squash, and corn

Five anti-slavery organizations

-American colonization society -American anti-slavery society -Philadelphia female anti-slavery society -anti-slavery convention of american women -female vigilant society

Geographer: Eratosthenes

-Ancient Greece -calculated earths circumference and axis tilt -created first map of the world

political study philosophers

-Aristotle -plato -aquinas -machiavelli -Hobbes

Three major occurrences of genocide other than the Holocaust

-Armenian genocide -russian purges under stalin -Rwandan genocide

US after WWII

-Became strongest political power in the world and was a major player in world affairs and foreign policy. they also named themselves the arsenal of democracy while they were trying to stop the spread of communism -the US itself grew as a country, expanding communication domestically and fighting for equality -after the great depression and WWII the government gained more control over various institutions as well as the economy, the government also took better care of citizens well being, protecting them from foreign threats, basic needs, and in the domestic arena

Southern Advantages in the Civil War

-Better trained military officers: many were trained at west point and had fought in the Mexican and Indian wars -Familiarity with weapons: the lifestyle of people that lived in the south were good with guns and horses -defensive position: south thought they had the home-court advantages since the north was invading the south -well-defined goals: south fought ideology war to be allowed to govern themselves and preserve their way of life, while north fought to preserve the Union and later to free the slaves

FDRs alphabet organizations

-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) -Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) -Tennessee valley authority (TVA) -public workers administration (PWA) -works progress administration (WPA)

Three types of map projects

-Cylindrical -conical -flat-plane

Common map projection: Robinson Projection

-East and west less distorted -shapes on continents are distorted

Three important geographers

-Eratosthenes -Strabo -Ptolemy

views on education during the 19th century

-Horace Mann and others created the Common School Journal in hopes to help future generations become better citizens, prevent poverty, crime, and unify the american society -proposed the idea for the american education system due to its importance -higher literacy rates encouraged more awareness of current events like westward expansion etc -arts and literature became more popular -by the end of the 19th century all children has access to a free public elementary education

Information found from archeology

-Humans or near humans have been around for 600,000 years -before that beings originated one million years ago then turning into cro-magnon then homo Sapiens /modern man

Prehistory 1: lower Paleolithic

-Humans used crude/basic tools

Mauryan Empire (322-185bc)

-India very powerful, during this time things were peaceful because of Buddhist beliefs -Chandragupta Maurya ruled after Alexander the great left -highly developed, water ways, economic system, private corps, traded with the greeks (silk, exotic foods, spices) -buddhism and jainism -protected civil human rights, and animals -taken over by Demetrius a greco-Bactrian king, conquered southern Afghanistan and Pakistan 180 bc -formed indo-greek kingdom

Early culture in India

-Indus valley which was an urban civilization -created the concept of zero -created early form of Hindu religion -the caste system in India which is still used -archeologists are still studying this well developed civilization

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

-Louisiana purchase doubled the size of the US and it was mainly wilderness -Jefferson hired Lewis and Clark to map out the area -after two years they came back after going all the way to the pacific ocean having mapped out, journaled, and having a lot of information about it -this expedition opened up the west in the Louisiana territory and beyond for further exploration and settlement

Human development phases

-Lower Paleolithic / early Stone Age -middle Paleolithic / middle Stone age -upper Paleolithic / last Stone Age -Bronze Age -Iron Age

Anti-Slavery Organizations: Philadelphia female anti-slavery society

-Margaretta Forten created this group since women could not join the Anti-slavery society -her father created the Anti-Slavery society

Map projection: cylindrical

-Mercator projection that distorts the north and south poles -wrapping paper around the globe

First civilizations

-Mesopotamia -Indus River valley -5000-3000 bc -in the Fertile Crescent

Earliest Civilizations

-Mesopotamia (Middle East - Tigris and Euphrates) -Indus valley (India) -Nile River Valley (Egypt) -Hwang Ho (China)

Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement

-Montgomery Bus Boycott -Desegregation of Little Rock -Birmingham Campaign

Islam impacts on Middle East

-Muhammad brought Islam to the Arabian peninsula -conquered Mecca and made the temple the most holy, also wrote the Quran -during European Black Death, advances in literature, technology, art and science -a split between the Islam religion Shiite and Sunni there is still conflict

Characteristics of middle Atlantic colonies

-Netherlands (Dutch) and Swedish settlers -more fertile land for rye, oats, potatoes, wheat, and barley -wealthy owned large farms or businesses -enough food for surplus and people rented farm land from one another

Four New England Colonies

-New Hampshire -Massachusetts -road island -Connecticut

difference between colonial government and british government that led to colonies separating from britian

-New local governments in america came up with representative government, people being elected into office and represent the area they are from -In britian the parliament represented the entire country. they are not elected to represent entire areas. they represent specific classes. This is why the british did not understand they americans were mad they were being taxed when they dont have anyone representing them in the british parliament

Ancient cultures in the americas

-Norte Chico / caral-supe (oldest) -Anasazi -maya

Fourteenth Amendment

-Ratified 1868 over turned the dred Scott decision (good) -changed the definition of a US citizen, any person born or naturalized in the US, all citizens get guaranteed equal legal protection by all states. Also guaranteed that all citizens have the right to file a lawsuit and be on a jury

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

-Republican -oldest american president -reaganomics: supply-side, trickle-down, or free-market economics involving tax cutes -economic recovery act of 1981 -first female supreme court justice O'Connor -massive increase In national debt 1 trillion to 3 trillion -reduction on nuclear weapons after negotiating with Mikhail Gorbachev -Iran-Contra scandal: selling arms to Iran while they were under an arms embargo to help fund groups in Nicaragua that were anticommunist -deregulation of savings and loan industry -loss of the space shuttle challenger

how the US controls monopolies

-Sherman anti-trust act (1890) -Clayton Anti trust act (1914) -Robinson-patman act (1936) -securities and exchange commission (SEC)

Sacagawea (Native American) role

-Shoshone -1805 hired to help guide the Lewis and Clark expedition

Five well known native Americans

-Squanto -Pocahontas -Sacagawea -crazy horse & sitting bull -chief Joseph

US perspective on the Vietnam war

-after WWII the US said they would help any country threatened by communism, Vietnam was separated by communist north and democratic south. the north kept trying to unify the country under communism so the US got involved -the US citizens did not agree with the war and richard nixon escalated the whole thing -many protests including the Kent State protest, the protests also ended the compulsory draft in 1973 -1973 was also the year that the US left Vietnam -1975 the south surrendered and they were unified under communism

Securities and Exchange Commission

-companies must have public stock and financial reports on a regular basis -banks are further regulated and required to provide various information to the government since they deal with lots of money

War of 1812 (second American revolution)

-Tension between france and GB kept going because Napoleon kept trying to conquer GB, the US was trading with GB and France but favored france and its colonies -GB was not happy about the alliance with US and France so they were going to stop trade between France and the US. but france also stopped trade between US and GB -Madison was not happy about this so he said he would only trade with one, nepolean acted first so the US cut off trade with GB, but GB took that as the US formally siding with france -war as a whole showed how strong the US naval forces were and reestablished the US independence from GB and europe GB objections to US and France trading: -they saw the US as help frances war efforts against GB -they saw the US as a competitor because they were taking trade and money away from GB ships and tradesman -so GB made the Orders in Council which said any and all french owned ports are off limits to US ships, they also began to seize american ships and conscript their crews

What geographers do

-They study physical characteristics, man made borders and boundaries -distribution of life -how different species interact with each other

North America: physical geography and climate

-US and Canada mainly -mountain ranges in both E and W -fertile plains through the center lakes and waterways -both shaped by glaciers which left fertile soil -large land means variety of climates -Mexico, central America, caribbean isles, and greenland

agreements made with post-war japan

-US gernal douglas MacArther led the american military occupation of japan, got rid of their military and made it a democracy -1947 constitution took power away from emperor and gave it to the people, also now allowed women to vote. japan was also no longer allowed to declare war and 28 gov officials were tried for war crimes -1951 US signed a peace treaty with japan that rearmed japan for self defense but demolished the empire it had been building before the war

Treaty of New Echota (1835)

-US government and cherokee tribes in Georgia -treaty was not signed by tribal leaders but was signed by a small portion of the representative people -tribal leaders protested and refused to leave the land -Pres Martin Van Buran enforced the treaty by sending soldiers to remove them from their land -4000 cherokee indians died on the trail of tears

Warsaw Pact

-USSR, bulgaria, East germany, Poland, Romania, albania, hungary, and Czechoslovakia responded with the warsaw pact -an attack on one is an attack on all

accomplishments of Lyndon B Johnson

-VP to JFK, Pres after assassination -supported civil rights, tax cuts, other legislation that JFK supported that was wide reaching -saw the US as a Great Society and created legislation that helped fight disease, poverty, urban renewal, education and environment conservation -created medicare and Medicaid, supported space exploration and was known for his handling of the vietnam war (not as positively)

Characteristics of southern colonies

-Virginia was the first permanent English colony, Georgia was last -lots of agriculture from warmth and good soil -economy was based on large plantations, tobacco, rice, indigo, which were cash crops -1619 first slaves land in Virginia -land was taken care of by slaves and indentured servants, land was owned by wealthy

New Jersey Plan

-William Paterson (new jersey) thought each state should get the same amount of representation

Early culture in China

-Yangtze River -produced pottery (mainly longshan pottery) -produced silk and grew millet

Market economy: market efficiency

-a market is capable of producing a high enough output to meet consumer demand

Anti-Slavery Organizations: American anti-slavery society

-a quaker, llyod Garrison, was the leader and led the newspaper the Liberator

importance of an organisms ability to adapt

-a species must adapt to a new habitat if they are relocated in order to survive -some species can adapt for easily than others -they can adapt using behavior modification and structural or physiological changes -adaptation Is also vital if an organism environment changes around it although that creature has not been relocated it finds itself in a new environment that requires changes in order to survive -the quicker the ability to change the more likely it is to survives -human can adapt vary easily

Social science research: secondary sources

-about event but was not there at event -use primary sources -historical perspective, many points of view, know the outcome -magazines that write about an event a week after happening is secondary -analyze events more thoroughly than primary

WWII: Tuskegee Airmen

-african american aviators, first black americans allowed to fly for the military -ineligible to become official navy pilots they flew over 15,000 missions and were highly decorated

relationship between britian and its colonies after the french indian war

-after 1763 laws requried colonies to pay money back to britian -colonists were very against this while british thought it was fair since they spent lots of money protecting them -local governments in america made colonists see that britian was being unfair while british thought it made sense to tax the colonies

Battle of the Bulge

-after D-day (june 1944) hitler launched a counter attack (december 1944) to retake Antwerp port which was an important one -this was the largest land battle with a lot of loss, the germans were close to advancing but allied forces pushed them back -the deaths were too much for the german army -battle was 1.5 months

Gadsden Purchase and the 1852 post-war treaty with mexico

-after Mexican american war second treaty in 1853 determined hundreds of miles of americas southwest boarders -1854 Gadsden Purchase was finalized providing even more territory to aid in the building of the transcontinental railroad. it also added modern day southernmost regions of arizona and new mexico to the growing nation -the modern outline of the US was by this time nearly complete

11th century Chinese government

-after Mongol empire (genghis khan and grandson Kublai khan) -Ming 1368-1644 and Manchu (qing) 1644-1912 dynasty, both isolationists until 18th century Ming: porcelain Manchus (qing) farming and road construction

Social science research: encyclopedia

-background info -additional key words, info, and subjects -narrows down thesis ideas with given subtopics -can be more helpful than internet

decolonization and its affecrts on post-war period

-after WWII there was lots of nationalism for european colonies making them fight for independence -1947 Pakistan and India became independent, and african and asian colonies -period of decolonization lasted into 1960s -some moved into independence successfully -many asian and african countries did not become independent successfully because they struggled to create stable governments and economies and suffered from ethnic and religious conflicts, some which continue today

WWII: why japan surrendered

-after germanys surrendered war with japan kept going -japan had taken large portion of SE asia and western pacific all the way to some alaskan islands (Aleutian islands) -General Doolittle bombed several Japanese cities while other troopers were fighting at Midway -further weakening caused by battle of the Coral sea -hiroshima and nagasaki bombings -V-J Day = surrender september 2, 1945

11th century political developments in India

-after mauryan was the Guptas who ruled india which led to peace and prosperity -decimal system and zero concept, cotton, calico, other high demand products in europe and asia, complex medicine system -Huns invaded, then Hephthalite (asian nomadic tribe) ending Guptas in 6th century -14th century tamerlane (muslim who wanted to restore genghis khans empure expanded indias borders and dounded the Mongul empire -Akbar (tamerlanes grandson) promoted freedom of religion, created mosques, forts, and other buildings

muckrakers

-agressive investigative journalists who exposed scandals, corruption, and other wrongs in late 19th century society muckrakers: Tarbell: exposed Rockefeller's standard oil trust Riis: photographer who exposed living condition of poor new Yorkers steffens: worked to expose political corruption in municipal gov Sinclair: the jungle helped meat packing industry outcoming: new polities came into being, workmen's compensation, child labor laws, and trust busting

Ways Human Populations Modify Their Surrounding Environment for their own needs

-agriculture revolution led people to change their surroundings to accomodate their needs for shelter and cultivate good and to provide for domestic animals -changes environment, permanent housing, redirecting waterways for irrigation systems and clearing ground for crops -damage caused loose topsoil due to large-scale farming, polluted water due to energy use, building cities leads to degraded air quality -recently many countries have taken actions by passing laws to reduce human impact of the environment and reduce potentially damaging effects (called environmental policy)

players in the federalist camp

-alexander Hamilton -john jay -james madison -wrote the federalist papers trying to get the states to ratify the constitution. these were published in the new york papers

perfect competition

-all firms sell the same product -firms cant control price -there are no industry barriers so the ease of leaving and entering the industry is easy ex: agriculture

Forms of Government: anarchism

-all forms of government should be gone and people should rule themselves -historically people have done with by assassination and violence

how supreme court provides equal protect for all individuals

-all people should be granted the same right and treated the same by the government -supreme court makes sure all laws help with equal protection ex: 1954 brown vs board of education found that separate by equal was unconstitutional

National Origins Act of 1924

-also known as the johnson reed act place limitations on immigration -the number of immigrants allowed into the US was based on the population of each nationality of immigrants who were living in the country in 1890s - so only two percent of each nationality's 1890 population numbers were allowed to immigrate. Asian immigration was not allowed at all -led to great disparities between immigrants from various nations -this act was pushed so hard due to the paranoia from the russia revolution and the fear of communist influences in the US led to general fear of immigrants

Forming research questions or hypothesis

-answering questions that have not yet been answered -read background info -topics that were slightly touches on in other research but not answered or parallels to other research -hypotheses are more specific -need a research question that is broad but not too broad

revolutionary war: battle of Lexington and concord

-april 1775 -first engagement of the revolutionary war

habitat:

-area in which specific species usually live -habitat includes necessary soil, water, and resources, for that particular species, as well as predators and other species that compete for the same resources

developments in transportation in the 19th century

-as america grew bigger more roads and railways were created -transcontinental railroad -canals and steamboats caused easier shipping making it cheaper -wagon trails developed due to westward expansion (Oregon trail, california trail, and santa fe trail) travelled on by prairie schooners (covered wagons)

how to determine the adequacy, relevance, and consistency of information

-ask guided questions based on research goals (outline or concept map) -ask lots of questions and then determine if the information is relevant to the thesis -compare information to make sure it is consistent -if it is adequate it helps to answer specific questions

geography: weathering

-atmospheric elements affect earth surface -water, heat, ice, and pressure all lead to weathering

political study philosopher: Hobbes

-author of leviathan -people strive for power in their lives and the state should control that -people can not live in harmony without a powerful undivided government -people are born with knowledge and intuition -realist

political study philosopher: machiavelli

-author of the prince -founder of modern political science -better for a ruler to be feared than loved -realist

Similarities in Mesopotamian civilizations

-autocratic meaning there was a single head of government that was also the head of religion -these leaders were tyrannical meaning they controlled all aspects of life such as religion, law, military, and trade -some of these practices can still be seen today -these influential practices include mythologists, religious systems, mathematical innovations, and elements of different languages

Articles of Confederation

-before the constitution, basics of gov -continental congress approved them nov 15 1777 but went into effect march 1, 1781 when the 13 states were ratified -helped make sure there was not too much power in on central government, so they assigned delegates in each 13 states making the congressional body --> each individual state still had final authority -was ineffective in enforcing laws or settling disputes, but the idea of not one strong central government was revised into the constitution

Renaissance

-began 14th century florence italy medici family -rebirth after the dark ages and plague -increase in beliefs and politics based on ancient greece and rome -development in science, art, literature, music, and philosophy MORE REALIST BELIEFS -upper classes became more educated in reading, writing, math, law, and classical greek and roman -art and literature became more realistic

enlightenment: kant

-believed in self examination and observation -root of morality lay within human being

Plains tribes (Native American group) traits

-between Mississippi River and rocky mountains, teepees -nomadic, followed Buffalo heard -tribes: Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackfoot

geographical features of valley

-between hills and mountains -specific features vary -can be fertile and habitable or rugged and inhospitable

geographical feature of foothills

-between plains and mountains -hills the grow higher as they get closer to the mountain

how to make generalizations about a topic

-blank statements that help with a wide number of examples -like conclusiions but do not summarizer the information as completely -all, most, non, many, several, sometimes, often, never, overall, in general etc -followed by supporting information with list of facts -can be facts, the authors opinions, valuable summary of text

qualifications of a US citizen

-born in the US -or gone through the naturalization process

political ideology: mill

-british philosopher and economist -progressive mindset -pro woman's suffrage, emancipation, labor unions, and farming cooperative

major legislation passed due to the civil rights movement

-brown v board of education 1954: supreme court declared separate but equal was unconstitutional -civil rights act of 1964: declared discrimination illegal in employment, education, or public accommodation -voting rights act of 1965: ended various activities practiced to stop blacks from voting (some examples are poll taxes and literacy tests)

11th century Japanese government

-buddhism and writing etc like china -ruled by divine emperor founded the feudal system led by Daimyo, warlords, or samurai -isolationists until 1800s

international relations: realism

-by nature states are agressive and work in their own self interest -relations between nations are determined by military and economic strength -nation is seen as the highest authority

Requirements for civilization

-calendar -defined territory -written language -metal tools and weapons

black death

-came on sailing vessels by fleas carried by rats -1/3 of European population died -ended feudalism as the political system because skilled labor was needed so peasants and serfs took those jobs -people turned away from faith and more to greek and roman types of government making the nation-state far more powerful

Origins of the United Nations

-came out of the ideas for the League of Nations, after WWII -helps to bring countries together to solve international problems -member nations can also be called upon to send troops to countries to solve problems (korean war 1950-1953)

geographical features of mesas

-can be called a plateau -flat with steep sides mountains or hills

datasets and texts

-can provide more specific information about events that might only otherwise be hypothesized from maps

Dwight D. Eisenhower

-carried out middle of the road foreign policy -helped US in equal rights, desegregated the military, and told the Nation Guard to stand down in Little Rock ARK -Helped keep the peace during the cold war and negotiation a peace treaty with russia after stalin died -during his administration organizations like the department of health, education, and welfare also NASA

Scientific Revolution: Brahe

-cataloged astronomical observations

compare maps of the same place and different times

-cause and effect relationships effects: -why it happened, since, consequently, because, therefore, etc Causes: -what happened comparing similarities and differences: -listing written descriptions point by point

civil rights movement: adam Clayton powell

-chairman for coordinating committee for employment -led rent strikes and other actions as well as a bus boycott to increase the hiring of blacks

civil liberty challenges being addressed currently

-challenges to existing laws have come about for minorities throughout history -also the amount of information the government should tell people -women's rights and equal pay -debate over encouragement of hiring minorities -debate over civil rights of homosexuals (marriage and military) -whether minorities should be compensated for past discrimination -the balance between how much the public should know and what risks the national security -the balance between the publics right to privacy and national security

Nicece Creed

-christian doctrines -byzantine empire was christian based, greek language philosophy and literature and drew its law and government from Rome -325 first council of Nicaea created christian doctrines (beliefs and trinity etc) -451 council of Chalcedon furthered these doctorines

differences between cities around the world

-cities continue to grow for LDC and AIS -cities have suburban and urban sections -some grow into megalopolis with surrounding towns growing into the city -they need to have good relations with rural areas for food, resources, raw materials, etc since they cant made those things in cities Continental differences in cities: -north american cities cover larger area and wealthy live outside of the cities in suburbs -european cities have great transportation -latin american cities have wealthy living in city center

US supporting WWI effort

-dec. 1917 gov took control of Railroads, consolidated into a single system and each region was assigned a director. highly efficient domestic and militarily, 1920 private ownership was okay again -telegraph, telephone, and cable services became controlled by the government -american red cross made clothes for army and navy troops, refugee and surgucal dressings -8 million people participated in the war effort, and the US sold liberty bonds to help fund the war

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

-december 2 1823 -Monroe send a message to congress that said any attempts by european powers to establish new colonies on the north american continent would be considered interference in american politics -the US would stay out of european matter and expected europe to do the same -this approach to foreign policy stated that the US would not tolerate any new european colonies in the new world and that events occurring in europe would no longer influence the policies and doctrines of the US

revolutionary war: crossing of the Delaware river

-december 26 -first colonial victory in Trenton NJ, George Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware river to do a surprise attack on british and hessian

how federalism affects public policy in the US

-decides whether local, state, or national government develops policy -affects how policies are made -making sure policy making has limitations

Scientific Revolution: galileo

-defended the theories of Kepler and Copernicus (sun is the center of the universe) -discovered four moons on Jupiter -died during house arrest by the church charging his with heresy

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

-democrat -had to deal with high enemployment, budget deficit, inflation etc -Torrijos-carter treaties: the US gave control of Panama Canal to panama -Camp David Accords: negotiations between isreal and egypt led to a peace treaty -strategic arms limitation talks (SALT): agreements and treaties between US and USSR -iran hostage crisis: the leader of iran was deposed and replaced, the deposed mans came to the US for medical service and Iran demanded he was sent back for trial, this causes iranian students to stormed the US embassy in iran, 52 american hostages were held for 444 days -2002 he got the nobel prize

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

-democrat -second president to ever be impeached, however was not convicted and still had high approval ratings -Family and Medical Leave Act - dont ask dont tell -NAFTA -Defense of Marriage act (against gay marriage but is not unenforceable) -Oslo Accords (gave Palestine some authority over people) -Waco siege, branched dividians and David Koresh -Bombing of Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma city, Oklahoma -troops sent to Somalia (africa), Bosnia (europe), and haiti (Latin America)

Barack Obama (2009-2017)

-democrat -senator from. illinois, first african american president -economic bailout backages -women, LGBTQ, more rights -healthcare reform legislation -reinforcement of the war in Afghanistan

how the US government helped improve agriculture in the 19th century

-department of agriculture -morrill land-grant acts -hatch act of 1887 -smith-lever act

enlightenment: rousseau

-developed idea of "social contract" meaning that government exists by the agreement of the people and that government was obligated to protect the people and their basic rights -his ideas influenced locke and thomas jefferson

Scientific Revolution: kepler

-developed laws of planetary motion

Hebrew / ancient Israelite major accomplishments

-developed monotheistic religion -led to jewdism and Christianity

alliances

-different countries based on similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues NATO EU UN Common market caribbean community council of arab economic unity -very large companies and multi-national corporations can create alliances and various kinds of competition based on the need to control resources, production, and overall marketplace

political science

-different governments and how they compare and interact -study of elections, government admins, political parties -how freedom, power justice, and equality compare among cultures

Cartographic distortion

-distortion created by projecting a three dimensional structure onto a two dimensional surface -maps that preserve directions accurately are azimuthal -area preserving maps are equal area -maps that preserve distance are distance preserving -maps that preserve the shortest routes are gnomonic projections

Dorian Invasion

-dorians are not a group of people this is just the term used by historians to describe the attack on the Mycenaeans -1200bc was the attack by the Hittite civilization from turkey

popular map projection: conic maps

-drawn by projecting the globes features onto a cone -some distortion at most points

causes of the cold war

-due to WWII, lots of loss and large regions of europe and asia in disary commiunist governents came in and promised renewed prosperity and economic stability -USSR did this in eastern europe. Zedong in china after overthrowing chinese nationalist powert In 1949 -communist was giving power to a distator and repressive police forces, also tensions between democratic west and communist nations -there was also tensions due to countries having nuclear weapons -1989 berlin wall came down ending the standoff and then 1991 USSR dissolved

the rise of Nazi party in Germany

-due to the great depression and the devastated german economy, the US could not help them, Facist and Communist parties rose promising change and improvement -Hitler got his power in pariament because of these promises and the votes of desperate german workers -when he became chancellor he launches expansionist policies that violated peace treaties that ended WWI. his military conquered neighboring countries that sparked aggression that soon led to WWII

Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia.

-earliest civilizations by water sources like the nile -christianity, Judaism, and islam originated here -although they were known for these civilizations the 18th and 19th century were times there were colonized by European countries and in the 20th century they gained their independence -islam unified lots of these areas, many of them speak Arabic -agriculture and oil are the largest businesses here -centuries of conflict has led to ongoing political problems contributing to environment issues

Theory of Plate Tectonics

-earths crust is made of ten major and many minor tectonic plates that float on top of the earths mantle which is made of molten rock -since the float they create major changes in earth surface, quickly or over long periods long periods: mountain ranges, contiental drift etc quickly: volcanic activity, earthquakes, and deep rifts

popular map projection: robinson

-earths features are projected onto an oval-looking map -closer to poles are truer to size than mercator -some distortion at every point

Algonquian (Native American group) traits

-eastern US, living in wigwams -north hunting and gathering -south grew crops like corn

World War I Trench Warfare

-eastern and western fronts built the trenches -24,000 miles -coast of Belgium to border of Switzerland -allies straightforward open air trenches, front lines, supporting lines, and communication lines -german trenches sometimes included well-equipped underground living quarters

Market socialism

-economic structure is between market economy and planned economy -higher economic levels have authority that plans where to allocate resources -consumer goods are driven by the market economy

technological advances throughout the 1900s

-effective treatment of diseases, communication, transportation new means of generating power, medicine that advanced lifespan in developed countries and instantaneous communication really changes things -1928 discovery of penicillin -1947 supersonic air travel - 1951 nuclear power plants -1957 orbital satellite leading the manned space flight (sputnik) -1969 first man on the moon

geographical features of plateaus

-elevated but flat at the top -some are very dry because mountains around them keep the rain away

gilded age / second industrial revolution

-end of civil war to beginning of WWI -US changed from agriculture economy to industrial economy -country was also still expanding west -banks, department stores, chain stores, and trusts (familiar modern day landscape) were created -urban growth and rapids number of new immigrants

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

-established by Buddhist monk Zhu Yuanzhang, brutal and believed in central power of government -civil servic examinations - hard tests based on confucian classics, youth based future on this exam -capital became Beijing -porcelain, expansionary wars, and artistic resurgence

forms of government: totalitarian

-everything should be under control of the gov (ex: resources production, religion, press, and other social institutions) -all aspects of life must conform to the ideals of the gov --> totalitarian gov are authoritarian

vertical climate

-exists in high mountain ranges -higher elevation means more types of temp, growing conditions, types of vegetation and animals, and occurrence of human habitation

Biogeography

-explores the way physical features of earth affect living creatures

Social science research: Almanac

-facts published annually -number info for any topic -organized by subject or geographic region -no interpretation of their own, can just help to support thesis

Aleuts and Inuit

-far north, skin tents or igloos -good at fishing, building kayaks, and umiaks -hunted caribou, seals, whales, and walrus

WWII: German Blitzrieg

-fast and surprise powerful attacks on german opponents that made it impossible to retaliate -1940 there was Bliz aerial bombing of england, bombings in london and other cities 57 nights in a row -battle of britain in 1940 also brought intense raids by germanys air force, Luftwaffe mostly targeting ports and british air force bases, eventually Britain's royal air force blacked the luftwaffe ending germanys hopes for conquering britain

Jacksonian Democracy

-favored the common man over wealthy man, also gave all free white man the right to vote (before it was only if they owned property) -jackson favored laissez-faire economics, patronage system (favoring supporters and family) , and relocated tribes that were originally in the SW US -jackson was against the formation of the federal bank and allowed the second bank of the US to collapse by vetoing a bill to renew the charter -nullification crisis SC did said they could ignore a federal law if they thought it was unconstitutional and this law was the tariff laws, jackson sent troops to SC to control the situation. in 1833 clay compromised with jackson to settle the matter for the time being

Russian Revolution 1905

-feudal system and power was from the Czars -Czars, rich nobles and landowners, then peasants and serfs -russo-japanese war (1904-1905) made things even worse for lower classes and the protested (started by union leader) outside of the palace where they were fired upon. then the union and political parties blossomed and began to lead numerous strikes -because of the strike the economy crumbled leading to the Czar signing the October Manifesto creating a constitutional monarchy giving legislative power to parliament -however this did not last, he violated the manifesto, disband parliament and ignored civil liberties that were given in the manifesto -led to the Bolshevik Revolution

History of Minoan civilization

-first advanced civilization in Europe -based on Crete 4000-1400 BC -created Linear A and B writing (a is still not translatable) (b is from Classical Greek script) -based on trade -earthquakes and Volcanos disrupted them -conquered by Mycenaeans

19th century labor movements

-first american labor strike: 1751 bakers protested and stopped baking bread -1830s and 40s there were many labor movements (one in boston were masons, carpenters, and stone workers protested the work day and said it should only be 10 hours) -1844 lowell female labor reform: textile workers that were women also wanted a 10 hour work day -many organizations were developed during this time and wanted better working conditions

Human systems that have shaped south asia

-first human civilizations in the Indus river valley -large difference between urban and rural life, lower social classes need to improve quality of live -hinduism and buddhism originated and dominate here -india was ruled by Britain, now trying to improve independence gov and social system -culturally diver, mix of religions and languages -many are farmers and have advanced into high tech industries -industrialization growing as they face environment, social, religions and economic challenges

Overview of the Roman Empire and Republic.

-first was a republic but after the assassination of Julius Caesar the empire was born a. Rome grew out of an Etruscan settlement, and according to legend was founded by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, who were raised by wolves. Romulus killed Remus, and from his legacy grew Rome. b. A thousand years later, the Roman Empire covered most of the known world, from Scotland to the Middle East. Hellenization, or the spread of Greek culture served as an inspiration for the spread of Roman culture. c. Rome brought in belief systems of other cultures as well as their technology and scientific achievement, melding all into the Roman core. d. Rome's government was autocratic, but local officials came from provinces where they lived. This helped ensure the long life of the empire.

how the voting process has changed

-first was public voting but this led to threatening and influencing someones vote -created registered voting and using secret ballot -voting machines later on gave even more privacy (debate still happens today on the different types of voting)

Lincoln's Assassination (1865)

-five days after the civil war ended Lincoln and Mary went to the theater to watch Our American Cousin at the Ford theater -Booth did not know the war was over and shot Lincoln because he thought it was helping the confederacy. Lincoln died the next morning -12 days later union soldiers found booth and killed him

Wilson's Fourteen Points

-five points general ideas, eight to resove immediate problems of political and territorial nature, one proposed the League of nations -Nov 1919 germany agreed to armistice and the central powers were punished much harsher than originally intended -treaty of versailles gave the league power and the right of the league to declare war without an okay from congress -senate rejected the treaty of versailles, Wilson would not concede to lodges demands and the US never joined the League of Nations

WWII: role of women

-flight nurses corps -they also moved into workforce while men were overseas 19million by 1944 -rosie the riveter helped with recruiting others to take needed positions -women and families grew victory gardens to help provide food

Similarities between Spartans and Athenians

-fought each other in the Peloponnesian war (431-404 bc) -powerful city states -descended from invaders who spoke Greek

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

-fought mainly in north america -french lost colonia power in north america -although the french had way more advantages (being backed by indian and american allies) the leadership of GB helped GB win William Pitt -because it cost GB so much money to fight in these wars, it led to american colonists to get mad and led to the american revolution

How to identify main ideas in a document

-found in the topic sentence -main idea and then the rest of the paragraph is supporting that information -find a common theme -intro paragraph, supporting paragraphs, summaries

1860 Presidental Election

-four different parties with different opinions on slavery 1. Breckinridge: southern democrats, proslavery but wanted to compromise to preserve the union 2. Lincoln: republican and anti-slavery 3. Douglas: northern democrat, popular sovereignty or local decision 4. Bell: constitutional Union party, just wanted to keep the union together Lincoln won and southern states seceded from the union (led by south carolina) -civil war started shortly after due to shots being fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston SC

Alien and Sedition Acts

-four laws passed by john adams saying: -he can deport anyone in the US if they are not a citizen and they are suspected of treason or treasonous activity -made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government -when Jefferson became president a repealed these laws and pardoned anyone convicted over them background: when JA was president France and GB were at war. Adams and federalist supported GB and jefferson and republican party supported france (under control of Bonaparte). US almost went to war with france during this time.

France motivations for Louisiana purchase

-france and Britain still had high tensions and france needed money to support the war efforts so they sold the Louisiana territory to the US -new orleans trade port was vulnerable to spain and france so thomas Jefferson wanted to by that territory -Napoleon sold the whole territory to Jefferson for only 15 million (bargain) -Louisiana territory was larger than all the rest of the US put together and eventually turned into 15 different states -federalists did not want the purchase because they were worried it would extend slavery and western growth wold weaken the power of the northern states

geographical features lake

-fresh water, inland -60% of lake are in canada

French goals in America's colonization

-fur trade -later colonization led to southern plantation and an increase on African Americans being taken to the new world

Dutch goals in America's colonization

-fur trade Which needed more labor importing more slaves

civil rights for african americans

-garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvements Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) very large and active organization for black nationalism -1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) worked to end Jim Crow laws and prevent segregation from being a federal law, lynchings, helped black soldiers in WWI become officers and helped defend the Scottsboro boys that were accused of rape

political ideology: fichte and Hegel

-german philosophers -supported form of liberalism, socialism, and nationalism

FDRs ways of preventing future crashes and stabilizing the economy

-glass-steagall act: investment and commercial banking were separated -securities exchanged commission (SEC): helped regulate wall street investment practices so they were less dangerous for the economy -Wagner act: provided worker and union rights to improve relations between employees an employers -social security act of 1935: provided pensions as well as unemployment insurance -other actions insured bank deposits and fixed value of american currency, most of these agencies and policies still exist

most popular map projections

-globe -mercator -Robinson -orthographic -conic maps -polar maps

Reconstruction: redemption

-gradually confederate states were readmitted into the union -during this white Democrats took over most of the southern government -president Hayes took all union soldiers out of the south by 1877

growth of the civil rights movement

-great prosperity after WWII but African americans were left behind -like gandhi in India, african americans started to demand equal rights Famous figures: parks: mothers of civil rights movement, not moving seats was the beginning of the movement King jr: leader of the movement, drew on Gandhi's non-violent beliefs, led march on Washington in 1963 got the nobel price in 64 and was assassinated in 68 malcolm X: less peaceful means to change, a black muslim and supported black nationalism

importance of Alexander the great

-greatest conqueror in history (Egypt, achaemenid/Persian empire), spread greek culture east -father was philip II of macedon, tutored by Aristotle, died from malaria at 32 -spread of greek eastward is more well known than his empire that fell apart due to internal conflict after his death -increase in east and west trade and religion/beliefs -hellenistic traditions were prevalent in the byzantine empire until 15th century

Persian Wars: Battle of plataea

-greece won but they had more soliders than persia -ended the invasion of greece

political study philosopher: Aristotle & Plato

-greek philosophers -political science would create order and stable societies

biome

-group of ecosystems usually consisting of a large area with similar flora and fauna as well as similar climate and soil -ex: deserts, tropical rain forests, taigas, and tundra

communities

-groups of people that settle together for specific conditions and similar characteristics need: -easy access to food water and raw materials -way to transport raw materials and goods (waterways) -land for workers to live similarities in communities: -common language -values -religious beliefs -cultural characteristics

geographical features of Deltas

-happen at river mouths -rivers carry sediment to deltas -very fertile

cultural movements in the 1920s influenced by african americans

-harlem renaissance saw many african american artists moving to harlem new york and there were many famous artists and writers -jazz age was driven largely by the african american community, its style helped grow optimism and exploration for the decade -jazz began in New Orleans and it was the offshoot of blues music. Famous jazz musicians Armstrong, ellington, and morton -big band and swing jazz also developed in the 20s -well-known musicians: crosby, sinatra, basie, goodman, holiday, fitzgerald, and the dorsey brothers

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy in Latin America

-he said "speak softly and carry a big stick" when talking about expanding foreign affairs -Roosevelt put a lot of influence in latin america by deploying troops, more influence than european powers -as a result the US navy grew and foreign affairs continued to get more involved -R thought that if a country was left vunerable to europe due to economic issues or political instability it was the US obligation to intervene -the US was very involved in Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, and DR over several decades leading into WWI and WWII

civil rights movement: jesse jackson

-head the Chicago operation breadbasket 1966 -organized boycotts and other actions -unsuccessfully ran for president

political science: john locke

-heavily influenced US constitution -father of liberalism -two published works that argued hobbes -people are born blank slates, their minds are molded by experiences -All men should be independent and equal

political science: Montesquieu & Rousseau

-heavily influenced the french revolution -liberalists: government should be meant to get rid of existing problems -rousseau wrote famous writings that influenced the revolution Their other beliefs: -individual freedom and community welfare are equally important -man are born good which leads to natural harmony -reason develops as societies become more civilized -citizens have certain obligations to the government

John F. Kennedy

-helped create economic programs that led to a period of lots of expansion in the US that has been unmatched since before WWII -formed the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, organization intended to help developing nations -oversaw passage for new civil rights legislation and drafter plans to attack poverty and its causes along with support of the arts -1963 was assassinated by Oswald

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

-helped freed slaves with basic necessities (food and clothing), finding employment, and family members who had been separated during the war -was meant to make former slaves self-sufficient and less likely to be taken advantage of, confederates thought it was used to turn the slaves against owners -eventually closed due to a lack of funding and violence from the Ku Klux Klan

united nations in IR and diplomacy

-helps form international policies by hosting representatives of various nations who then provide input on policies -UN members must abide by these policies but countries not doing this is not uncommon -however, if they do this they can be penalized by the UN (ex: trade restrictions) -they UN can also send military forces to problem areas to keep the peace from other member nations (ex: north Korea)

globalization

-higher demand for resources like nonrenewable resources -easier to deal with diseases in remote locations but there is also easier spread through travelers -Internet has increased globalization due to instant communication with anyone -also increase awareness of events all over the world

How geographers analyze human population

-highly populated areas: population distribution, neighborhoods, industrial areas, transportation, etc - mapping where hospitals, schools, airports etc are -distribution of towns: spread out rural towns and merging towns around cities

development and growth of Chinese empires

-history is divided into dynasties (Han 206bc-220ad was the most famous) development: -built the great wall -paper, paper money, printing, gun powder -artistic development -silk

Economics discipline

-how different societies allocate resources to different societal groups -which efforts and innovatives are funded by the society -it says a lot about a society where they allocate resources Economic questions: -what goods are produced -how goods are produced -who gets the produced goods or benefits from them -micro and macro economics

Human Environment Interaction (geographical study)

-how humans interact with, use, and change their environment -effects, reasons, and consequences of these changes are studied -so are the ways environment limits or influences human behavior -this study is helpful so when countries want to make changes to the environment they know how to react (building a dam, removing natural landscape to build or expand roads) 0study of the consequences can help determine if these actions are manageable and how long term bad results can be avoided

Market economy: elasticity

-how quantity and change in price react to each other -if the quantity changes quickly to a change in price, supply/demand is elastic -if the quantity changes slowly to change in price, supply/demand is inelastic

human systems that geographers incorporate into their study of the earth

-human systems affect geography by how they settle, form groups that grow into large scale habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape -geographers study the movements of people, how they distribute goods and how ideas grow and spread -migrations, wars, forced relocations, and trade can all spread cultural ideas, language, goods, and other practices to widespread areas -throughout history cultures have been changed due to wide range of events, like major migrations and the conquering of one people by another -human systems can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control access to and the use of natural resources

globalism

-idea that all people and nations are interdependent for market for goods and for income generation -todays international travel and communication and technology like the airplane made interdependence even more real -since the beginning of the 20th century the sense of globalism has shaped many economic and political choices around the world -many of todays issues like environmental awareness, economic struggles, and continued welfare after require cooperation of many countries if they are able to be dealt with effectively

role the middle east: IR and Econ

-important for diplomatic and economic issues due to their access to oil and there placement next to europe and asia -since before recorded history there has been conflict in this region due to religion, political power, recourses, and land - their vast oil field and territories have been disputed for thousands of years

five types of market failure

-inadequate competition, -inadequate information, -immobile resources -negative externalities -failure to provide public goods

industrial development in the 1800s

-increased technology meant machines and factories for manufacturing, so there was a larger supply of goods in a smaller amount of time -immigrants and americans worked in these factories because the need for workers was constant -the cotton gin was also created so there was a larger supply of cotton causing the rapid expansion of cotton production in the south

SE Asia: Geography and Climate

-indonesia, philippines, vietnam, thailand, Myanmar, and Malaysia (island nations on the equator) -island nations are part of the ring of fire, lots of volcanic activity, tsunamis, and earthquakes since they are on tectonic plates -rivers and natural resources, gems, fossil fuels and minerals -wet and dry seasons, mostly tropical rainforest climates but there are some mountain areas and tropical savannas

Woodrow Wilson's approach to international diplomacy

-instead of tafts dollar diplomacy WW did moral diplomacy, which still influences american foreign policy -maintaining a strong military and also thought the US and UK were great influences on the world -if other countries become democratic countries there will be peace in the world -expanding international trade to boost the american economy

international relations: institutionalism

-institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations -set of rulers used to make international decisions -institutions help distribute power and determine how nations will interact

WWI: zimmerman telegram

-intercepted telegram that asked Mexico to join the central powers if the US joined the war

Five legacies of Sumerian culture

-invention of writing -invention of the wheel -first established library -hanging gardens of Babylon -first laws writing (hammurabis codes and ur-nammus codes) -the first recorded epic story (the epic of Gilgamesh)

Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg

-july 1-3 turning point of the war -saw the largest number of deaths (50,000 dead, wounded, or missing) -Lee was defeated and the confederate army, was severely crippled and withdrew from the battle

Civil war: first battle of bull run

-july 1861: first major battle of the war -people thought this was not going to be very violent and were to watch the battle -it was a bloodbath, union solders lost, but the battle set the tone for the violence of the civil war

revolutionary war: battle of bunker hill

-june 1775 -the most deaths of the whole war, half of the british army was killed which americans retreated -showed Britain that colonists could fight well -august GB declared american colonists were in a state of rebellion

popular map projection: polar maps

-land around poles are projected onto a circle -much less distortion of the poles compared to other maps

Major development in Africa during the 11th century

-land was hard to cross because of terrain -Egypt important -northern countries become Muslim due to armies spreading -Ghana trading 9-12 centuries -Mali (Timbuktu) becoming center for trade - exporter or leather, iron, and tin and agriculture -Muslim and no technological advances -migration was great due to Arab settlers and merchants (mainly each coast) -Timbuktu: trade, Islamic knowledge, and education

geographical features of plains

-large flat areas that are fertile -most population in the world are supported by crops grown in plains

End of the Cold War and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union

-late 1980s Gorbachev led the USSR but he did a series of reforms -reagan encouraged him to take down to Berlin wall as a sign of growing freedom in the eastern bloc -1989 it was demolished and the USSR gave up the eastern european countries and they became their own independent nations -1991 end of cold war and USSR

Chief Joseph (Native American) role

-leader of nez perce -supported peaceful relationship with white settlers -tried to relocate tribe to Canada rather than reservation

forms of government: presidential system

-legislature and political parties -no difference between the head of state and head of gov (elected pres performs as both) -election of the pres can be direct or indirect and they might not belong to the largest group

systems of government: parliamentary

-legislature and variety of political parties -head of gov is prime minister is the head of the dominate party -head of state can be elected or monarch (GB)

geographical features of Deserts

-less than ten inches of rain per year -large areas -ex: Australian outback or African saharan desert

international relations: constructivism

-like liberalism, based on international cooperation -however, recognizes that perceptions countries have of each other can affect their realtions

Role of diplomats in international relations

-live in a foreign country to maintain communications between that country and their home country -help negotiate trade agreements and environmental policies as well as convey official information to foreign governments -help resolve issues between countries -diplomats / ambassadors are appointed by the US president but must be approved by congress

Structure of Sumer

-located in southern Mesopotamia -made up of a dozen city states -each city state has its own god and religious leader

Importance of Kushite culture

-located south of Egypt in Nubia, -was once the largest empire on the Nile River and was written about in Egyptian text -ruled Nubia, upper Egypt, and lower Egypt -people were settled, lived in mud houses, and went hunting, fishing, cultivated grain, and herded cattle -kush and Egypt was ruled by women through women descendants -believed in many God, Egyptian based and regional -kush conquered 4th century AD by Aksumite empire

south asia: physical geography and climate

-longest alluvial plain, caused by shifting floodplains of major rivers and river systems -ganges, indus, and brahmaptura three major river systems -large deposits of mineral (iron) that is in great demand internationally -mountains, plains, plateaus, and many islands -desert, highland, and tropical climates in the region -different climates, elevation, and human activity influence agriculture but in south asia there are lots of monsoons

geography: transportation

-loose material being moved by wind, water, ice - ex: glacial movement carries everything from pebbles to boulders over long distances

geographical features of basins

-low elevation where rivers drain

Geographer: Ptolemy

-mainly an astronomer -experienced map maker -wrote the geography book Christopher Columbus used when finding new world

arms race

-major nations mainly US and USSR rushed to create advanced weapons like the atomic bomb and later the hydrogen bombs -war was cold because each country was afraid we would use these weapons on each other

factors that led to the boston tea party

-majority of townshend acts were repealed after boston massacre except for the tax on tea -1773 tea act passed which said east india compart to sell tea for cheap to storeowners, but merchents in the colonies were very offended -sons of liberty dumped the tea into the harbor

Robinson-Patman Act

-makes clayton antitrust act stronger -businesses have to offer the same price to any consumer

how federalism affects political balance of power in the US

-makes sure no political party get complete control -all individual can participate in political system at different levels -people working in the system can affect policy at some level (local or widespread)

geographical features canals

-man-made waterways connecting two bodies of water -suez canal and panama canal

europe: physical geography and climate

-many climate zones -E and S mountains, N plains -long coastline and island nature of some countries (britain) some the climate is warmer than other lands at same LAT because they are warmed by the ocean currents -W europe have moderate climate, S europe has classic mediterranean climate -high level of Natural resources, many waterways help connect inner regions with coastal areas -much is industrialized and agriculture has been developed for thousands of years

British goals in Americans colonization

-many different reasons, some wealth, some religious freedom

monopolistic competition

-many firms sell similar products ex: different brands of food or clothes -barriers to entry are low

French and Indian War four wars

-many wars between spanish and GB for about 100 years after spain lost a large amount of power from the defeat of the spanish armada in 1588 -king williams war (nine years war) -the war of spanish succession (queen annes war) -war of Austrian succession (king George's war) -french and indian war GB and French were righting for power of North America

what led to Political parties in early US gov

-many were against this after seeing how they worked in GB because it was about personal gain and not good of country -issues between Hamilton (FEDERAL GOV) and Jefferson (STATE gov) led to political parties -Hamilton believers were Federalists -Jefferson believers were democratic-republicans

how to compare and contrast natural, political, and cultural features on maps

-map legends will show natural, political, or cultural features natural features: waterways, wetlands, beaches, deserts, mountains, highlands, and plains political features: state, county, roads, railroads, compared cultural features: roads, railroads, historica areas, museums, archaeological digs, early settlements, and campgrounds

US Cold War foreign policy acts

-marshall plan -containment policy -truman doctrine -national security act -these acts led to the cold war with the USSR trying to spread their influence and the US and other countries trying to contain or stop this spread

constitution process

-may 1787 12/13 state delegates met (RI did not have a delegate) -meant to revise the articles of confederation, secretly made a new document because the articles needed too much work -once the constitution was written the presented the finished document to the country for ratification so that it would not be picked apart by each small detail

First Continental Congress

-meant to reach peaceful agreement with britian with 12/13 colonial representatives -outcome intolerable acts / coercive acts were repealed after a trade embargo on britian happened but britian still was in charge of america internationally -after this King George III of england said american colonies must submit or face military. Militias / assemblies were created that opposed the british policies which led to Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775 which were the first couple battles in the american revolution

Choosing political candidates: caucus

-meeting of a parties leaders, some states still use this method

Second Continental Congress (1775)

-met in Philadelphia to discuss the war with Britain and local government -most wanted independence from Britain -they established an army, George Washington as the commander -delegates at the continental congress signed the declaration of independence

Human systems that have shaped Australia, Oceana, Antarctica

-migrated from SE asia, hunter gathers, or sometimes settled agriculture communities -europeans came for natural resources -some south pacific islands are still colonized by other countries making these cultures mixed modern, industrialized societies with indigenous cultures -uneven population distribution due to harsh weather in some areas (deserts of Australia) -agriculture and tourism drive the economy -Antarctica is the only continent not claimed by a county since there is no people fully living there other than explorers and scientists sometimes traveling there

McCulloch v. Maryland

-more judicial review -maryland wanted to tax people who use the bank outside of maryland. McCulloch did this and refused to pay the tax -Chief justice of the supreme court, Marshall, said Maryland can not tax federal government, let alone their banks -federal gov will win over state gov

major changes in the 1920s US

-more people moving to urban settings -roaring twenties / jazz age caused by booming auto and entertainment industry -Lindbergh the first person to do a solo flight over the Atlantic created more excitement for solo accomplishment -telephone lines, highways, distribution of electricity, radio, and others created major change

Choosing political candidates: primary election

-most common method of choosing candidates today -publicly election to choose candidates

Prehistory 2: upper Paleolithic

-most lived in caves -began to wear clothes -developed more variety of tools -tools were better made and more specialized -organized in groups and social structures -created art

geography: erosion

-movement of any loose material on the earth surface, soil, sand, or rock fragments -moved by wind, water, ice, plant cover, and human factors mechanical erosion: due to natural forces chemical erosion: result of human intervention and actives

geographical features rivers

-moving bodies of water, from high to low elevation -streams to rivers to sea or ocean

role of federal trade commission in eliminating trusts

-muckrakers tarbell and steffens showed the demanding trend of trusts when big businesses make monopolies to control the price and distribution of goods -sherman antitrust act and clayton antitrust act tried to eliminate these trusts -federal trade commission 1914 was created to enforce these anti-trust acts and to make sure businesses did not create controlling monopolies

research paper components

-narrow down a topic and research question -background info, needs more research, no bias -sources with footnotes or bibliography -draft should be outlined with, results of research, clear citations, and -edited for clarity, style, flow, and content

WWII: Navajo Code Talkers

-native navajo who used their traditional language to transmit information among allied forces -since it was a language and not a code axis could not translate -the navajo code talkers was instrumental in the taking of Iwo Jima (jap islands) and other major war victories

importance of the bill of rights

-natural laws that exist to all people (thought of by the founding fathers) -steamed from the rights that were taken away during colonization by britian

Four types of monopolies

-natural monopoly -geographic monopoly -technological monopoly -government monopoly

Persian Wars: battle of salamis

-naval battle -greeks were outnumbered by won

Climates: marine

-near water or islands -ocean winds create mild and rainy weather -summers are cooler than humid subtropical and mild winters

structure of government proposed by continental congress (delegates)

-needed a strong central government but power should be limited -balanced power came from three branches -final power belonged to the citizens who voted officials into office based on who would represent the states the best

Indian Removal Act of 1830

-new american government had the power to make treaties with native americans -it was thought that the government would claim land the native americans had east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi, then the native americans would move their voluntarily -however, many tribal leaders were forced to sign these treaties and relocate at times by force

major objections to the constitution when it was presented for ratification

-nine states needed to approve the document for it to become official Major concerns: -no bill of rights to protect individual freedoms -states thought there was too much power for the central government -voters wanted more control over their elected representatives -there were two camps divided up to talk about changes (federalists and anti-federalists) FEDERALISTS wanted a stronger central government while anti-federalists wanted less power because they were afraid of tyrannical government

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

-no price discrimination

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

-no trusts, monopolies, or any other situation that gets rid of competition

four processes of political candidates being chosen

-nominating convention -caucus -primary election -petition

east asia: geography and climate

-north and south korea, mongolia, china, Japan, and Taiwan -lots of coastline, large population but not much farm land so they rely on the ocean for a lot, mineral resources are plentiful but not evenly distributed -east asia is big enough to encompass several climate regions -ocean currents create milder climate in coastal areas, monsoons create majority of rain -typhoons somewhat common, earth quakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis due to the tectonic places underneath the continent

characteristics of the New England colonies

-northeast coast -English and Scottish settlers -many harbors, deep forests -not good agriculture -economy was around fishing, shipbuilding, trade, lumber, and small farms -some small farms but mainly towns and cities emerged -merchants controlled trade economy -coastal cities like Boston thrived

Species Interactions: Competition

-occurs when different animals, either the same species or different compete for the same resources ex: robins compete with each other for food or with other animals that eat insects

Species Interactions: Predation

-occurs when one species depends on the other species for food ex: fox who subsists on small mammals

geographical features ocean

-ocean basins are the named portions of the ocean -Atlantic, pacific, Indian, southern, and arctic

revolutionary war: battle of Yorktown

-october 19, 1781 -General cornwallis surrendered after being defeated -ended the revolutionary war

treaty of paris (1783)

-official end to the revolutionary war -GB recognizes US as an independent nation -mississippi river is the US western boarder -nov 25 1783 GB last soldiers left the US Internationally: -Spain retook florida -France got back GB taken colonies (caribbean islands and african)

Choosing political candidates: nominating covention

-official meeting of members in a political party to nominate candidates ex: democratic national convention and republican national convention

America's: Importance of Norte Chico civilization (caral-supe)

-oldest civilization in the Americas -peru 5,000 years ago -30 individual communities -agriculture community

Significance of early civilizations in china

-oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world -Neolithic age 10,000bc -agriculture goes back to 5,000bc -writing system 1,500bc -yellow River was where people settled -northwest China has stone drawing dating back to Paleolithic period -famous literature (Confucius' analects, Tao te Ching, and lots of poetry)

technological monopoly

-one company controls the technology needed to supply the product

Market economy: comparative advantage

-one country can produce a good more cheaply, efficiently, or at a lower opportunity cost than another country in the international system

forms of government: fascism

-one leader, ideologically different than communism -usually focuses on expansion and conquering other nations

Oligopoly

-only a few firms control the production and distribution of the products ex: cars -barriers to entry are high - so large numbers of firms can not enter the market

Assyrian major accomplishments

-organized military -horse chariots

russia: physical geography and climate

-part of asia and europe, wide variety of climatic regions, plains, plateaus, mountains, and tundra -rivers that are usually frozen so natural resources do not have good transportation -siberia in N russia us dominated by Permafrost (completely frozen ground), so natives here hunt and gather, portable yurts, live on reindeer and caribou -taiga is mainly woods in N central russia and more temperate steppes and grasslands in the SW

why the British taxed American colonies after the french Indian war

-paying debt from war -Britian spent a lot of money on protecting the american colonies so they thought the colonists owed them money -they needed money to govern their 33 colonies around the world

system of government: democratic

-people elect gov representatives -"rule of the people" -two forms: direct and indirect direct: -each issue or election is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately indirect: -employs legislators that votes on issues that affect large numbers of people who they represent -democracy can be represented through a presidential or parliamentary system (US is presidential indirect democracy)

four kinds of market structures in an output market

-perfect competition -monopoly -monopolistic competition -oligopoly

Social science research: primary sources

-perspective of present people -letters, Interviews, speeches, autobiography, etc -info on surrounding circumstances -regular individuals will give you public opinion whereas organizations etc will not

enlightenment and the major ideas

-philosophers and scientists began to rely on observation to support their ideas (rather than building on past beliefs, mainly though held by the church) -ethics and logic drove their work Major philosophers: -descartes -hume -kant -rousseau

enlightenment: hume

-pioneered empiricism (something is not real unless it is seen or experienced) and skepticism -truth can only be found through direct experience -what others said was true was sus

importance of atomic bomb

-power to destroyed an entire city -WWII bombings led to 150,000 immediate deaths and other died later to radiation poisoning -after the war many countries began to develop these even thought they were controversial because they were trying to match the power of the US -the use of nuclear weapons continues to haunt international relations today

executive branch

-president, vice president, presidential advisors, other cabinet member -advisors and cabinet are appointed by president but congress must approve -carries out war, treaties, and laws by congress -veto bills approved by congress -commander and chief of us military -appoints federal judges, cabinet members, and foreign ambassadors

Three Phases of Reconstruction

-presidential -congressional -redemption

Anti-Slavery Organizations: American Colonization Society

-protestant churches formed this group to return black slaves to Africa -some former slaves went to Liberia to form a colony but did not do well as the region was not well suited for agriculture

civil rights movement: Birmingham campaign

-protesters organized a march and sit-ins to launch a voting campaign -when the city of Birmingham declared the protests illegal the protestors, including MLK jr persisted and were arrested and jailed

US 19th century agriculture: smith-lever act

-provided programs to help education people about food, home economics, community development, and agriculture -these programs helped farmers increase crop production to feed the rapidly growing nation

When to use electronic resources

-quick -different types of media other than written -can have bias and inaccuracies -can overwhelm with irrelevant information

Anti-Slavery Organizations: female vigilant society

-raised money for slave refugees and for the Underground Railroad

Thirteenth Amendment

-ratified by states in 1865 -prohibited slavery in the US

how to draw conclusions about a topic

-read sources and either agree or disagree -this will help to draw conclusions about research material

political study philosopher: aquinas

-realist -plato ideas but made them christian -people should have certain rights and duties which will determine the type of government needed -laws should limit the power of the government -modern constitutionalism

politcal ideology: hume and bentham

-realists -politics should made the largest group happy -hume believed in empiricism (something is not real unless it is seen or experienced) he never believed anything unless he experienced it himself

Sovereignty

-recognized the division of geographical areas into areas controlled by various governments or groups of people -they control the territory, natural resources, and inhabitants of the area -entire earth is divided into political or administratively sovereign areas recognized to be controlled by a government with exception of the continent of Antarctica

Social science research: bibliography

-references to periodicals and books by topic -when in textbooks or other journals the only bibliographies given support the topic so you're not getting other opinions

History of Mycenaean civilization

-relied more on conquest than trade -Mycenaean states were Athens, Sparta, and Corinth -homer (poet - odyssey and the Iliad) recorded the Trojan war which is now found to be true after finding Troy in turkey -more information has come about from this civilization from translating Linear B -destroyed by either Dorians (Hittite civilization turkey) or northern Greek invaders

Reasons for the New England colonies

-religious freedom -puritans came to America in 1600s and influenced the colonies

virginia plan

-representation in congress should be based on state population -james monroe and Randolph (govonor of virginia) thought representation in congress should be based on state population

Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)

-repub -Nixons VP Agnew resigned in 1973 under charges of tax evasion and ford became Nixons new VP until he resigned due to watergate -negotitations with russia to limit nuclear arms, struggles to deal eith inflation, economic downturn and energy shortages -his policies sought to reduce gov control of various businesses and reduce the role of gov overall -also worked to prevent conflict in the middle east

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

-republ -ended the vietnam war -helped relations between US and USSR and US and China -Nation enviormenal Policy act providing for environmental protection -compulsory draft ended -supreme court legalized abortion in Roe v wade -watergate -1972 watergate scandal ended his presidency, instead of being impeached he resigned in 1974

George W. Bush (2001-2009)

-republican -9/11 -Began the war on terrorism by sending troops to Afghanistan to find Al-Qaeda leaders -sent troops to Iraq to stop saddam hussein to prevent him from spreading weapons of mass destruction -great recession and first of many bailouts of the financial industry

George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

-republican -Reagan's former VP, thousand points of light speech that won him his presidency -fall of berlin wall and the unification of germany -panama dictator Noriega captured and charged and tried for drug and racketeering (getting a business illegally) charges -dissolution of the USSR -gulf war stemming from iraqs invasion of Kuwait -Tiananmen square massacre in Beijing china -Ruby ridge -arrival of world wide web

Donald Trump (2017-2021)

-republican -won electoral college but lost the popular vote -appointed three supreme court justices: Goruch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett -passing major tax reform bill -travel and emigration restrictions on eight nations: iran, libya, syria, yemen, somalia, chad, north korea, and venezuela -recognized Jerusalem at the capital of isreal over Tel Aviv -responded to the coronavirus outbreak -impeached by the House of representatives and acquitted (not guilty) by the senate for abuse of power and obstruction of congress

geography: deposition

-result of transportation -when material is transported it is eventually deposited and builds up to create formation like sand dunes

Elements of ancient Indian civilization that affect the world today

-rise of Hinduism and Buddhism -yoga (poses are still Sanskrit names) -literature (vedas, Ramayana, Gita, etc) -indo-aryan (Sanskrit) and Indo-European languages (English etc)

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

-roger sherman (from Connecticut) -Bicameral congress -two senators in senate -based on population for house of representative *both houses may draft bills, however financial matters must originate in the house of rep

Fall of Western Roman Empire

-roman empire was too big to control and people were becoming dissatisfied -german tribes (franks etc) did not want to conform to Nicene creed so the roman catholic church said they were heretics -franks were powerful after defeat of muslims years before -768 Charlemagne became king of franks -tribes fought rome in man wars (invasion of Britannia by the angles and saxons) -rome was invaded and lost control

outline of Persian wars

-ruled by Cyrus the great from black sea, Afghanistan, and central Asia -Darius I took over after Cyrus then war -50 year war between Greece and Persia 499-449bc -peace of callias ended the Persian wars Famous battles: -battle of marathon -battle of Thermopylae -battle of salamis -battle of plataea

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

-russia lagged behind other countries in development -bad conditions for majority of the civilization due to the large size of the state, food shortages, feudal system, and the horrible rule by the Czars, also kept losing in military battles -increase in poverty, decreasing supplies, and czars violation of the October manifesto led to this revolution

Dred Scott Decision

-scott was a slave who's owner took him from Missouri (slave state) to Minnesota territory and Illinois (free states) then back to Missouri after many years were the slave owner died -abolitionist brought this to court sayin he should be free since he lived in free land at one point -Supreme court said no, he is not a US citizen and he is not free. they also said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and they congress overstepped by outlawing slavery in the territories

US 19th century agriculture: morrill land-grant acts

-series of acts 1862-1890 -allowing land-grant colleges

american system

-set up tariffs to help protect american interests from competition with overseas products , caused by trade conflicts from the war of 1912 and supported by clay and others -american industry and employment went way up and the tariffs help the US pay for improvements -1816 the congress passed high tariffs and chartered the federal bank (the Second bank of the US is in-charge of regulating the US money supply)

Common map projection: Goode homolosine projection

-shaped oddly and cut into sections -size and shapes are accurate -distance is inaccurate

Map projection: flat plane

-shortest route from one place to another -only touches the globe at one point

thematic map

-shows the data for certain data -political votes, population, physical features

Relief map

-shows the different elevations in an area -ruggedness and smoothness of an area -can be represented by contour lines, lines with points, or textures

Choosing political candidates: petition

-signatures tp place candidate on the ballot -these can also be used to place legislation on the ballot

roman catholic church influence on medieval society

-significant influence politically and economically -provided education -power was lacking after many invasions so the role of the church was more political than religious -popes influenced kings and controlled large amounts of land

Policies and Legislation Enacted Expanding Minority Rights of US citizens

-since WWII many acts have been passed -civil rights act 1964 -voting rights act 1965 -age discrimination act 1967 -americans with disabilities act 1990 other movements for civil rights include: -prisoners rights movement -movements for immigrant rights -women's rights movement -national organization of women (NOW) tried to pass the Equal rights amendment, it was passed but not enough stated ratified it to become part of the constitution

Three factors that led to discontent in American colonies

-since people were in america for longer there was more of a disconnect between british and american ideals. Americans felt seperate from the british empire -american colonies were allowed to form their own local governments for domestic issues but britian represented them internationally -colonists formed a sense of independence and after seeing the french indian war colonies decided to unify to protect themselves

carpetbaggers and scalawags

-since there was a lot of chaos going on in the south some wanted to take advantage of the economic disruption -scalawags: southern whites who aligned with freedmen and northern republicans to financially benefit themselves to take over local governments -carpetbaggers: northerns who who traveled south for various reasons (assistance to the chaos, some sought to make money, or to get political power during this period)

how political parties affect the functioning of an individual gov

-single party: one type of government runs everything -two party: compete for power and influence with checks and balances to make sure one party does not get too much power (US) -multiparty: three or more many will come to agreements to form a majority and shift the balance of power

Forms of Government: dictatorship

-single ruler -usually violent rule and repressive police force to ensure control over the population

Monopoly

-single sellers controls the product and the price -high fixed costs make it do there are barriers of entering the market (people can not sell the same product)

natural monopoly

-single supplier has a large advantage over others

feudalism: European middle ages

-social and economic life created the feudal system which ensured that a military could be created quickly if needed -kings owned the land and got money from lords, offered protection for vassals -lords looked after the vassals and got money from them -vassals got land and in return said they would be the military -peasants or serfs cared for the land for no pay as slaves

Prehistory 3: Neolithic

-social structures are more complex -more importance of family, government, religion -human can domesticate animals and crops -can build houses, set fires with tools, knit, and weave

Human systems that have shaped southern africa

-south of Sahara Desert there is culturally diverse nations -population is very unevenly distributed -AIDs has killed millions due to a lack in education about the disease, poverty, and political situations that make it impossible to mange the pandemic -extensive migration made diverse countries -people mainly rely subsistence farming -starvation and poverty are caused political instability and drought -some areas are more developed and have began the process of industrialization

climates: humid-subtropical

-southeastern coastal areas -long summers, mild winters -most of earth population lives in this climate

America's: importance of maya civilization

-southern mexico and northern Central America 2600bc -developed writing language and complex calendar

Fertile Crescent

-southwest Asia / Mediterranean basin -modern day Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, and Jordan -had raw materials that helped civilizations advance rapidly -migration and invasion leading to wars and genocide -caused groups to absorb each other's cultures

America's: importance of anasazi civilization

-southwest United States 1200bc -built complex Adobe buildings

Pueblo tribes (Native American group) traits

-southwest desert home made of Adobe or stone -domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans -tribes:Zuni, Hopi, acoma

spanish american war

-spain controlled cuba since the 15th century and there had been some tried revolts that did not work. 1886 slavery ended in cuba and another revolt was rising -the US (McKinley) did not want to get involved in the war between cuba and spain -however, at some point the Maine (us battleship in havana harbor) was blown up and killed 266 crew members -The US declared war two months later and the was ended with spain surrendering in less than four months

native americans in wartime through the beginning of the 20th century

-spanish american war 1898: there was many native americans fighting for teddy roosevelt in the rough riders -apache scouts went with general Pershing to Mexico trying to find Pancho Villa -17,000+ native americans were drafted to serve in WWI, although at the time they were not seen as legal citizens -1924 Indians were granted US citizenship by the Indian Citizenship act -about 300 reservation exist today after decades of relocation, genocide, and forced assimilation causing the native american population to greatly decline. most of their inhabitants are living in poverty today

Yalta Conference

-stalin, FDR, and Churchill -meeting before germany had surrendered but they new it was coming soon so they discussed the post-war treatment of the axis nations (mainly germany)

Potsdam Conference

-stalin, truman, and clement attlee this is the meeting when they formalized the plans that they came up with at the Yalta conference provisions for post WWII: -germany divided into four zones -germany demilitarized -poland remaining under USSR -outlaw nazi party -trials for nazi leaders -relocation of many german citizens -USSR joining United nations- established in 1945 -UN security council is US, China, UK, France, and USSR

factors that led to Boston massacre

-stamp act caused protests in NY, Boston, and Philadelphia usually leading to violence -Townshend act even more tension -protests in boston led to 5 dead and 8 injured -after majority of the townshend acts were repealed

Iron age

-started 1200-1000 bc -metal tools replace stone tools due to smelting

Bronze age

-started 3,000 bc -metals are discovered -humans become more technologically advanced -first civilizations emerge

Upper Paleolithic or last stone age

-started 40,000 bc -during Mesolithic and Neolithic eras -pottery and textiles developed -wheel was discovered -some domesticated animals -polished tools -growing agriculture

Triangular Trade

-started in the colonies -ships went to africa carrying rum, this was traded for gold or slaves in africa -from africa to the west indies where they traded slaves for molasses, sugar, or money -ships went back to the colonies with these items (sugar and molasses) to make more rum -the british had a law in place (molasses act of 1733) that said colonist were taxed for it but colonists ignored this

how the agricultural revolution changed society

-started when the plow was invented in mesopotamia 6,000 years ago -using a plow that is led by animals people were able to cultivate crops in large amounts rather than gathering available seeds and grains and planting them by hand -this caused stable communities because large scale agriculture required lots of people to care for the crops -stable farming communities replaced groups of nomadic hunter-gathers so human activity underwent large change -trading livestock and crops led to the growth of large-scale commerce and trade routes

forms of government: socialism

-state controls the production of goods however it does not own all means of production -state provides a variety of social services to citizens to help guide the economy -usually democratic

international relations: liberalism

-states can cooperate through compatibility rather than power -Woodrow Wilson's theories on international cooperation

compromises for constitution

-strong central government controlled by checks and balances -bill of rights was added -the US constitution as remained unchanged other than additions

Ecology

-study of the way living creatures interact with their environment

WWI: Sinking of Lusitania

-sunk by german Uboat in 1915 -this caused public opinion in the US to join the war -killed 100/1000 americans

market economy basics

-supply and demand Consumers needs and wants How much is produced to meet demand and how much suppliers are willing and able to sell -market equilibrium: needs of consumers meet needs of suppliers

judicial branch

-supreme court federal court system -makes sure laws are okay with constitution -looks over lower courts decisions

Taft's Dollar Diplomacy

-taft wanted to use money to influence latin america and east asia instead of militarily, his reasoning was to peacefully protect the panama canal -however, many of these interventions were violent -during Latin American revolts (like in Nicaragua) the US sent in troops to settle the revolutions, after bankers moved to help support new leaders through loans -Woodrow wilson ended dollar diplomacy when he got into office 1913

red scare and labor unions

-the many jobs that were created for WWI disappeared and there was a lot of unemployment, then the International Workers of the World and the Socialist Party (led by debs) became more visible. workers wanted the better working conditions that they had before WWI so they started striking -these strikes turned violent and americans were afraid of this turning into a situation like the Bolshevik revolution in Russia that had just happened -so many of these violent strikes were blamed on the Reds / communists for trying to spread views in America -the red scare caused people to be jailed for supposedly holding communist, anarchist, or socialist beliefs

factors that affect climate

-the tilt and rotation create seasons (close to the equator and the poles experience the least amount of change) -mid-rage latitudes experience the most change -ocean currents and winds can create much more temperate weather -mountains can affect both short term and long term climates (deserts can be created by mountains not letting rain pass) -climate patterns can shift due to climate change and the human activity its created by

how treaty of Paris affected native Americans after the American revolution

-the treaty gave the US large portions of land that were occupied by native americas, they tried to conquer them basically -then the US tried to buy the land from the Native Americans through treaties as they moved westward -treaties were not honored and they were forced to move west with military force

Five contributions from Greece that still exist today

-theater: Aristophanes -geometry: pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes created pi -alphabet:Phoenician to Roman to modern day -historical writing: Herodotus and Thucydides -philosophy: Socrates, plato, and Aristotle

Anti-Slavery Organizations: anti-slavery convention of American women

-their meeting place was burned down by pro-slavery factions but continued to meet

Holocaust

-there were lots of economy problems and germans wanted to someone to blame, they already didnt like jewish people much so they were the scapegoats -jewish, catholics, homosexuals, gypsies, and mentally ill were sent to concentration camps were 6 million were killed -there were rumors of these mass killings but they did not know how bad it was until the allied forces went to germany to liberate prisoners -lost cultures and traditions for jewish and gypsy populations -after WWII the US recognized genocide as crime against humanity and they passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to protect specific rights -during Nuremberg trials nazi war criminals faced justice - individuals instead of their governments were held accountable for war crimes

major events that led to the Civil War

-there were many small farms in the south that did not have any slaves and the farms that did were owned by the rich with cotton plantations -north was dependent on industry and diverse agriculture so slavery was rare -this paved the way for abolitionist groups that wanted to free the slaves from their owners in the south

Harper's Ferry incident

-this event caused the south to see north as Anti-slavery and South as pro slavery -John brown and other abolitionists killed five proslavery men and decided to fund a runaway slavery colony (harper's ferry now west virginia) -1859 Robert E. Lee captured brown and 21 others, then they were hung for intending to seize guns and ammunition to incite a slave rebellion

changes in agriculture due to technological advances in the 19th century

-this time was very helpful for crop production -mid1800s irrigation techniques got better, fertilizer use and crop rotation -steel plows arrived in the Great Plains (great american desert) to help cultivate the dense soil -1892 tractors powered by gas arrived and became very popular by 1900 -barded wire fences, combines, silos, deep water wells, and cream separator

players in the anti federalist camp

-thomas Jefferson -patrick henry -argued against the constitution as it was originally drafted in a series of anti-federalist papers

Three-Fifths Compromise

-three-fifths of the slave population were counted for each state to determine the number of representative in the house and to determine the direct taxation for each state (southern states wanted the slaves to be counted as people for representation in the house but not for taxation before the compromise)

Five major elements of a map

-title -legend -grid -directions -scale

accomplishments of Truman

-took over FDR at the end of WWII, made final decision on atomic bombs and big role for potsdam conference outcome -helped domestically by making a 21 point plan known as the Fair Deal that expanded social security, public housing, and made fair employment practice committee permanent -Helped support turkey and greece from communism and the USSR, also south Korea from north Korea -helped with recovery in western europe and helped create NATO

Four divisions of geographical study

-topical -physical -Regional -human

revolutionary war: battle of saratoga

-turning point of the war -britian failed to seperate new england and southern colonies -france joined as american allies -british general john burgoyne surrendered leading to the french help

Lower Paleolithic or early Stone Age

-two/three million years ago -used crude tools such as needles, hatchets, awls, and cutting tools

climates: humid-continental

-typical four seasons (like most of the US) -for productive farmlands -hot humid summers, cold winters

Common map projection: Mercator projection

-use by seafarers -distortion north and south

Map projection: conical

-used for middle latitudes -cone paper

Biodiversity

-variety of habitats that exist on the planet and the variety of organism that can exist within these habitats -greater level of biodiversity makes it more likely that an individual habitat will flourish along with the species that depend on it -changes in habitat include climate change, human intervention, etc can reduce biodiversity by causing the extinction of certain species

Climates: steppe / prairie

-very Inland on large continents -summers are hot while winters are cold -sparse rain

forms of government: monarchy

-very popular in old europe -king or queen, hereditary, not elected -constitutional monarchy is whats around now (modern) -still have a king and queen but the governmental decisions are chosen by democratic institutions like parliament

geographical features of marshes and swamps

-very wet lowlands -covered in vegetation

causes of Vietnam war and involvement of France

-vietnam was a franch colony (franch indochina) that fought for independence (french indochina war) in 1946-1954 for the democratic republic of vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh -1954 a siege at Dien Bien Phu ended in a Vietnamese victory and vietnam was divided into communist north and democratic south ran by south Vietnamese forces supported by the US -1965 US troops led the fight in support of south but it became a political issue in the US so US left in 1973 -war ended in 1975 when the south surrendered and vietnam became the socialist republic of vietnam

ways an average citizen can participate in the political process

-voting -participating in local gov -participating in caucuses for large elections -volunteering for political parties -running for election for local, state, and national offices also: donate money to political causes you want to support that will lobby legislators to act in support of their efforts

Major Regulations Regarding Labor After the Great Depression

-wagner act 1935: national labor relations act - unions were legal, protects members of unions, and required collective bargaining. later amended by taft Hartley act of 1947 and the landrum-griffin act of 1959 which clarified certain elements -davis-bacon act 1931: fair compensation for contractors and subcontractors -walsh-healey act (1936): minimum wage, child labor laws, safety standards, and overtime pay

Importance of water and rivers for civilizations

-water for drinking, crops, and caring for domesticated animals -drinking spot for wild animals for hunting -regular flooding for rich soil deposits

Spanish goals in America's colonization

-wealth and conversion of natives to Christianity -some wanted gold -some established ranches

Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish (Native American group) traits

-west pacific coast, Large rectangular homes for many people in family -totem poles -ate fish, deer, berries, and roots

Government dealings with Native Americans through the end of the 19th century.

-westward expansion caused conflicts like the battle of little bighorn -1876 US gov ordered all indians relocate to reservations but they were reluctant to do this so the US gov came up with the Dawes Act in 1887 -Dawes Act ordered assimilation over separation- native americans were offered citizenship and a piece of their tribal land if they would accept the land chosen by the gov and live on it separately from the tribe - this act was around until 1934 -indian children were also forced to attend indian boarding schools, they could not speak their native languages, they were taught to abandon their identity as native americans and they were often times abused

plate techtonics: transform boundaries

-when the plates move next to each other but in different directions causing intense pressure since they are grinding along each others edges -earthquakes, san Andreas fault-line

Climates: desert

-where steppe has even less rain -deserts in Asia, Gobi, and Australia and SW us

human systems influencing europe

-wide variety of climate, cultures, ethnic groups, physical geo, and resources which influence population distribution -industrilized and developed, culutral differences leading to countries being very unique -greek, roman, and christianity were big influences -migration and coloniztion led to distribution of beleifs and cultural elements -heavilt influenced many other nations -eastern europe is democratic, western is communist -EU created better relations -europe is focusing on enviornmental issues

south america: physical geography and climate

-wide variety of geographical features -mountains (andes), plains, and high plateaus -lots of natural resources that are mostly unused by to political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of economic power -largely tropical climates, rainforests, savannas but vertical climate zones and grasslands also exists in some places

forms of government: authoritarian

-widespread state authority but do not always dismantle all public institutions (ex: if a church is an organization and is not threatening to the authoritarian they might leave it alone) --> a gov can b authoritarian without being totalitarian

WWI: German U-boat aggression

-wilson kept the US out of war and that was the basis of his 1916 reelection campaign -though german U-boats would attack US and canadian ships when sending supplies to the allied powers

Four map projections used today

-winkel tripel projection -Robinson projection -Goode homolosine projection -Mercator projection

origins and ideas of the declaration of independence

-written by Thomas Jefferson -says King George III violated the colonies rights and was established a tyrannical rule over them -jeffersons ideas of natural and property rights came from john locke (all men should be equal and liberalism) "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" -both thought government was to protect the rights of people and individual rights were more important than an individuals obligations to the state

enlightenment: descartes

-wrote I think before I am -believed in logic and observation

Geographer: Strabo

-wrote a description of the ancient world called geographica (17 volumes)

Scientific Revolution: copernicus

-wrote on the revolutions of the celestial spheres -earth revolves around the sun

Cartographer

mapmaker that make data visualizations, maps, graphs, and globes -they must take distortion into account -they use projection to put a map on a flat surface

Difference between equal area map and conformal map

Equal area -shows when areas are more distorted than others (north and south of cylindrical map) to help fix that issue of Mercator Conformal -meant to represent the correct shape of geographical areas, does not care about accurate size

cost of production

total fixed cost and variable cost

difference between weather and climate

weather: -short term -Daily weather conditions climate: -long term -seasonal weather conditions -classified according to Latitude / how close they are to the equator

market failure

when any element of a competitive market is missing - certain things are needed for perfect competition and if they are missing it is imperfect competition, worse is market failure

plate techtonics: divergent boundaries

when plates slide away from each other -mid-atlantic ridge and east africas great rift valley

Species Interactions: symbiosis

when two different species exist in the same environment without negatively affecting each other

three types of power given to the federal government by the US constitution

expressed powers: collecting taxes, declaring war, regulate trading, making money implied powers: power they need to carry out expressed powers inherent powers: powers for any government that are not defined in the consitution *some of these powers are also granted to state governments

Anthropology

The study of human culture -similarities and differences between different groups of humans -anthropologists usually live within these cultures to study them -cross cultural research and comparative research -biological, cultural, linguistic, and archeology

four acts by britian after the french indian war

The sugar Act 1764 the stamp act 1765 the quartering act 1765 the townshend acts 1767

variable costs

labor

fixed costs

land and equipment

factors of production

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review meaning they can nullify laws if its found to be unconstitutional -Adams was voted out of office and he appointed Marbury to the supreme court before Jefferson came into office but Jefferson/madison tried to not deliver the appointment

major artists, authors, and scientists during renaissance period

artists: Leonardo da vinci Michelangelo authors: Petrarch Erasmus sir thomas more Boccaccio (all believed people should focus on reality) Shakespeare Cervantes dante (wide audience after the invention of the printing press) scientists: copernicus galileo kepler (challenge geocentric beliefs and proved that the earth was not the center of the solar system)

how a political campaign gains funding

large amount of funding goes to advertising -candidates personal money -donations -special interest groups (most comes from special interest groups who also do some of their own advertising for the candidate)

Four purposes of government

ensuring national security: creating relationships with other governments and protecting from international and domestic attacks Providing public services: "promoting general welfare" / providing whatever is needed to citizens ensuring social order: keeping the peace between citizens with laws for the nation, state, or city making decisions regarding the economy: international and domestic trade policy - government also has the ability to distribute goods and wealth to some extent among citizens

human systems that have shaped Russia

a. Conflicts led to the formation of the Communist state. b. With collapse in 1991 of the USSR, it has struggled to transition to a market economy c. Attempts to build a workable system have destroyed natural resources, and resulted in nuclear issues such as Chernobyl. d. Needs to improve transportation and communication systems e. Population is not evenly distributed, with 75% living west of the Ural Mountains. f. Russia encompasses over a hundred different ethnic groups.

The major military events of the War of 1812.

a. Two naval battles on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain stopped the British from invading from Canada. American counter attempts to conquer Canadian lands were unsuccessful. b. Another battle occurred when the British invaded DC and burned the White House. The first lady, Dolly Madison, reportedly saved the flag. c. On Christmas Eve, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the war. d. Unaware the war was over, Andrew Jackson managed another victory in New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, leading to upped morale and nationalism that ushered in the Era of Good Feelings.

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

allowed popular election of senators

tenth century events: east

americas: -mayan empire was winding down -toltec more popular -pueblo indian culture was at the height of its power

Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica: geography and climate

australia: -mountains, deserts, and lowlands -economy is mainly agriculture, ranches, farms, and minerals -only coastal areas have rain for crops without using irrigations, while the inland arid areas need irrigation oceania: -10,000 pacific islands created by volcanic activity, wet and dry seasons new Zealand: rich forests, mountain ranges and moderate temps rain throughout the year Antarctica: covered in ice -resources are scientific information, some wildlife, little vegetation, (mosses and lichens)

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

banned sale, production, and transportation of alcohol (21st amendment later repealed this)

US treatment of immigrants during and after WWII

before: -1940 the US passed the Alien Registration Act that fingerprinted all aliens older than 14, they were also required to report change in address within 5 days of moving during: -tensions had been growing before the war in california with Japanese americans -1941 came to a head after pearl harbor because americans believed the Japanese americans must be loyal to their native country -president ordered many Japanese americans to be arrested on suspicion of subversive action and put them into zone known as War Relocation camps -120,000 Japanese americans (2/3 were US citizens) were send to these camps during the war

type of graphic formate is best for each informational piece

chronology: -each piece of information needs a date -most straightforward way to arrange info -can also be organized in a who what where when why format analyzing sequence of chronological events: -talking about event, before, and after -one negative is it might not show which events are important and not important, you need to interpret how much they affect the main

plate techtonics: convergent boundaries

continental collision: -when the plates collide directly they make mountain ranges like the Himalayas and andes subduction: when one plate slides under the other creating volcanic activity like the ring of fire

FDRs alphabet organizations: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

created forestry jobs

popular map projection: globe

earths features on a sphere -no distortion of distances, directions, or areas

factor income

factors of production all have an associated factor income (factors that earn income) labor - earns wages capital - earns interest land - earns rent entrepreneurship - earns profit -each factors income is determined by its contribution -market economies do not guarantee to be equal -scarcity and weight of the contribution to the production determines final factor income

how to distinguish fact or opinion

facts: is, did, saw opinion: would, should, believe

First and second phases of the Industrial Revolution

first phase: 1750-1830 first phase of industrial revolution, textile industry became more machined -transportation increased with waterways improved and the created of the railroad, steam engines helped mining second phase: 1830-1910, industry efficiency increased, more industries were created like photography, some chemical processes, and electricity more widely available to produce new goods or improved versions of old goods -during this the industrial revolution spread to US and Japan

examples of first amendment rights being restricted

freedom of religion: when a religious act is illegal ex: polygamy, animal sacrifice, illegal drugs or substances freedom of speech: if it endangers others freedom of the press: publishing falsehoods *during emergency situations these might be restricted like speech, assembly, and press to protect national security

how human interaction and conflict affects geographical boundaries

geographical divisions: occur through conflict between different human populations causes: -control of resources -control of important trade routes -control of populations conflict: occurs due to religious, political, language, or race differences -natural resources are finite and so often lead to conflict over how they are distributed among populations

FDRs alphabet organizations: agriculture adjustment administration (AAA)

helped increase agricultural incomes by adjusting both production and prices

FDRs alphabet organizations: works progress administration (WPA)

helped unemployed to secure employment on government work projects or elsewhere

how political science ties to other disciplines

history: how historical events have influenced political thought and process sociology: stages of social developments and the affects on governments and politics anthropology: how the governmental process affects the culture of one group and the relationships with other groups economics: how government policies affect the distribution of products and how/if they control the economy

american foreign policy during early years

isolationism: -wanted to grow larger within north american -did not want to establish colonies no entangling alliances: -washington and jefferson both agreed that the US should not have any permanent alliances and they we should stay out of other countries internal issues nationalism: -after the war of 1812 (when the US again beat Britain) -also the industrial revolution which made it possible for all americans to communicate through telephone and railroad

Northern Advantages in the civil war

more advantages than south -larger population: 24 states (south had 11) -better transportation and finances: most of the railroads were in the north and there was more trade overseas -raw materials: had the majority of gold, copper, tin, and other materials vital to wartime

NATO

north atlantic treaty organization 1949 -US and western european nations an attack on one is an attack on all

economic trends in different areas of the US

north east: -manufacturing, industry, and industrial development -divide between rich business owners, Industrial leaders, and poor workers south: -agriculture, large scale farming or plantation worked by slaves or indentured servants west: -Agriculture, crops and livestock

two positions of federalism functioning

people either think that individual states should take the lead when managing problems (states' rights), others think the federal government should take the lead (nationalist) -this is an ongoing debate and the power shifts between state and national governments

Function of Political Parties

political parties form organizations at all gov levels -recruit and back candidates for office -discuss issues with public to increase awareness -compromise on difficult issues -staffing gov offices and providing admin support admin levels make sure the candidates are available for elections and that offices and staff are in place to support candidates as they run for office and afterward

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

political: -development of mass communication, widespread education Social: -populations grew and more people moved to urban centers -scientific advancements led to more agriculture, greater supply of goods, and knowledge of medicine and sanitation leading to better overall health economic: -conflicts between companies and workers arose for fair treatment and wages, unions gained power and became more active -government regulation over industries increases but businesses were also fighting for more rights to free enterprise

Popular Sovereignty and the compromise of 1850

popular sovereignty: the idea that states can make its own choices and laws -stemmed from a third party coming into the mix and said that each state should be able to decide if they want to allow slavery of not -1849 California applied to become part of the Union, but the balance in congress was being threatened so congress came up with the compromise of 1850 -although this compromise happened debate still happened each time a new state prepared to join the union

reformation period

protestant reformation: -martin luther protested abuses of the catholic church -john calvin led the reformation in switzerland -king henry VIII used reformations ideas to further political goals catholic reformation: (also counter reformation) -response to the protestant reformation -wider tolerance to other religious viewpoints -however, others condemned more for being known as heretics reformation religious: -occurred because of indulgences such as the selling of religious offices and increasingly dissolute clergy reformation politically: -increased power for ruling monarchs instead of the church -started taking more of the churches wealth -protestant revolution cause the power to shift to the monarchs like henry VIII who wanted to stop being controlled by the church

FDRs alphabet organizations: public works administration (PWA) and civil works administration (CWA)

provided many jobs by created 34,000 projects

Climates in the low latitudes

rainforest: high temp, humidity, high rainfall savannas: side of rainforest region, grasslands, dry winters, wet summers deserts: hot, dry, sparse rain, large temperature changes

what the constitution does for people accused of crimes

rights of criminals -basic human rights are preserved -authorities can not be oppressive -4-6&8 amendments protect criminals

right, duties, and responsibilities of a US citizen

rights: -basic rights written in the Bill of Rights duties: -taxes -loyalty -support and defense of constitution -serving in military when it is required by law -obeying laws of all levels of government responsibilities: -voting -respecting others rights -staying informed on political and national issues -respecting one anothers beliefs

Scientific Revolution

scientists and astronomers began to bring evidence that challenges the churches scientific doctrines known figures: -Copernicus -Brahe -Kepler -galileo -Isaac newton

how foreign political can affect a countries position in world affairs

set of goals, policies, and strategies that determine how a nation will interact with other countries -these strategies can shift dramatically and quickly -usually based on nations needs and ideals (US use to be isolationists and then internationalists during WW, now they lean towards interdependence or globalism not economic health)

difference between french and american revolutions

similarities: -came from protests of the extremely controlling monarchs -both led to the development of republics to replace the monarchies that were displaced - american: -british let colonist control colonies until monarchs got more invested in them (i think financially from the french and indian wars) making the colonies revolt -in the end created a working republic french: lower classes were mad at the excess wealth for the nobility food shortages, taxation, inflation, and bad economic conditions -in the end gave power to the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte

Communism vs. Socialism

similarities: -public ownership and distribution of goods and services are focused on communism: -gets to revolution by overthrowing upper classes and the systems of capitalism socialism: -democratic procedures, building on the existing order -utopian socialists saw industrial capitalism as oppressive not allowing workers to prosper =struggled between world wars communism took hold especially in the eastern front -after world war II democratic socialism became more common, later capitalism took over and today most industrialized countries in western world function under an economy that mixes elements of capitalism and socialism

suffrage, franchise, the right to vote

suffrage = right to vote franchise = gave the right to vote 15th amendment: right to vote for former slaves 19th amendment: right to vote for women 26th amendment: right to vote for all US citizens (except not full citizens and people who have committed certain crimes)

Cold War: Marshall Plan

the US sent aid to countries in europe that were ravaged after WWII so they would not fall victim to communism

Prehistory

the period of time before written records

difference between civil liberties and civil rights

they define the basics of a free state civil liberties: constitutional freedoms guaranteed to citizens (free speech, privacy, and free thought) civil rights: guarantees of our protection of civil liberties example: civil liberty says one is free to practice the religion someone wants to practice, civil rights makes sure someone is not discriminated against because of the religion they chose