Vett 114 #11 Vaccines

advantages of killed vaccines

- cannot revert to pathogenicity and therefore cannot cause infectious disease in the host. -stable in storage - will not harm immune suppressed individuals

disadvantages of killed vaccines

-can require repeated doses -contain adjuvants -may contain preservative like penicillin, streptomycin, fungpistats used to keep vacc stable but may cause rxn

Vaccine reactions

-slight sting or soreness at injection site (sign of mild rxn) -residual virulence and toxicity -effect a fetus, can cause abortion -anaphylaxis

a substance that is used to clean an inanimate object only and should never be used on a living being or patient

A disinfectant

ajuvant

A substance given with an antigen or vaccine that is going to enhance immune response of patient to disease or micro organisim

avirulent

A term describing a pathogen that can only mildly harm, but not kill, the host

dermatophytes

A type of fungi that causes skin, hair, and nail infections

Systemic corticosteroids are typically used to treat these skin conditions because topical therapies would be removed with continued licking

ALD, flea bite dermatitis, hot spots, and atopy

antiseptic commonly used to treat epidermal and aural infections caused by Pseudomonas spp.

Acetic acid (vinegar)

Can cause localized reaction add injection site and some are suggested to be linked to vaccine related fibrosarcoma in cats

Adjuvants

can be used for the temporary relief of mild-to-moderate pruritus; are often used in combination with glucocorticoid therapy and or antihistamines

Antipruritics

two commonly confused terms

Antiseptic and disinfectant

cleansers that can be used to cleanse the skin of the patient

Antiseptics

used for the treatment of moist dermatitis, skin infections such as seborrhea oleosa, pododermatitis, moist dermatitis, bacterial and yeast infections, and can also be used to treat weeping skin wounds in large animals

Astringents

Antiserum

Blood serum that contains specific antibodies

are bactericidal, fungicidal, effective against many viruses, and are generally nonirritating

Chlorhexidine-based antiseptics

examples of topical antifungals

Clotrimazole (used most) Butocanozle Ketocanazole Sulconazole Miconazole Ciclopirox Gentain Violet

examples of caustic agents

Copper sulfate= Treatment of proud flesh in horses, may also be used for warts Silver Nitrate= Destroy tissue, stop bleeding, treatment of wart, can stain skin

may also be combined with administration of antihistamines or corticosteroids to control pruritus and improve overall skin and coat health

Fatty acid supplementation

killed vaccines

Immunizations that are manufactured from dead versions of pathogens

non-specific and designed to keep all potential pathogens out

Innate immunity

act on keratinized, or hardened, areas of the skin resulting in softening of the keratinized epithelium and cause the cornified epithelium, the most superficial layer of the epidermis, to slough off

Keratoplastic agents

include soothing agents such as colloidal oatmeal and topical anesthetics such as pramoxine HCl

Nonsteroidal antipruritics

are antimicrobial but are most frequently used as a solvent and for the delivery of other drugs

Propylene glycol antiseptics

an acne type skin infection, with black heads that is commonly seen in the Schmauzer breed

Schnauzer comedone

microscopic exocrine glands in the dermis that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals.

Sebaceous glands

Anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction to vaccine, includes: SWELLING FEVER LETHARGY SALIVATION DYSPNEA APAXIA

the outermost, or superficial, layer of the skin. It is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells and forms the outer covering of the body's surface

The epidermis

integumentary system

The skin and its many supporting structures

are primarily used to prevent infection of a wound during healing.

Topical antibacterial agents

may be used alone or combined for use with steroids or antifungal agents as needed to appropriately treat the patient, they are also used to both prevent and treat superficial skin infections caused by bacteria

Topical antibacterial agents

disinfectant

a chemical substance that kills harmful bacteria or viruses

Counterirritant

agents that produce superficial irritation, which is intended to relieve pain or inflammatory processes in deeper tissues. This method is often used to remove exudates from wounds. The superficial irritation causes an increase in circulation, similar to heat application, which will in turn alleviate discomfort.

most common cause of pruritus

allergies, dermatitis, or systemic diseases

antitoxin

antibodies against a specific toxin, used to provide immediate response

any substance that can induce a specific immune response (toxin, foreign protein, bacteria, or virus)

antigen

Each hair follicle has an attached

arrector pili muscle

a substance that causes the contraction of body tissues and is typically used to protect the skin

astringent

gentamicin, clindamycin, and bacitracin are antibacterial drugs used to treat or prevent

bacterial skin infections and infection of wounds during healing

Irritation at the application site, scar formation, and discomfort are common side effects of using

caustic agents

These agents are used to breakdown cornified epithelium, and cause tissue destruction at the site of their application

caustic agents

rarely used but are used for proud flesh in horses

caustic agents

The use of some cytotoxic agents may also result in

cell death

antiseptics safe for use on feline patients

chlorhexidine-based

three basic types of shampoo:

cleansing, anti-parasitic, and medicated.

which topical anti-seborrheic product is not safe to use on felines?

coal tar, selenium sulfide

modified live vaccine

contain microorganisms that go through a process of losing their virulence, will not be as reactive as live vaccines, similar to live vaccines but does not produce dz

toxic or damaging to the cells

cytotoxic (alcohol is an example)

The two most common forms of fungal infection of the integument are caused by

dermatophytes and yeast

makes up the largest portion of the skin and contains many functional components such as sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and blood vessels.

dermis

used to reconstitute vaccine, a liquid, or sterile saline

dilluent

seborrhea

discharge of sebum (excessive)

Canine lick granuloma or acral lick dermatitis (ALD) is a

dog skin disorder caused by obsessive licking.

advantages of modified live vaccines

effective against many viruses produce immunity similar to killed vacc may have quicker response during and outbreak

factors to consider when choosing a vaccine

effectiveness ease of admin cost safety

3 layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what types of skin conditions are typically seen in veterinary patients?

fungal infection, ectoparasites such as fleas and mites, allergic dermatitis, bacterial infections, and pyoderma.

avoid contact with the eyes when using the antibacterial drugs

gentamicin, clindamycin, and bacitracin

Common topical corticosteroids include

hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, fluocinolone, and betamethasone

The third, innermost layer of the skin; known as the subcutaneous layer

hypodermis

types of vaccines

inactivated (killed) attenuated (modified live) live recombinant misc. (toxids, antitoxins, serum)

toxoid

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine, can stimulate antitoxin production, diphtheria, tetanus

The immune system is divided into two parts:

innate and adaptive immunity

It acts as the first line of defense using physical barriers such as skin, fur, or mucous membranes, while working in combination with chemical barriers in the body, including tears and mucus

innate immunity

have properties that are effective against bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi

iodine antseptics

Forms of astringents include

iodine, alcohol, phenol, and tannic acid

Live vaccines

made from live microorganisms or viruses that may be able to cause dz, either virulent or avirulent

disadvantages to live vaccines

may be contaminated with organisms require careful handling may not store as well may produce residual virulence, or revert back to being fully virulent

disadvantages of modified live vaccines

may cause abortion may cause mild immune suppression may cause mild form of dz may contain preservatives

Disadvantages of recombinant vaccines

new technology so expensive with limited availabilty

advantages to live vaccs

no adjuvant so decreased risk for rxn inexpensive require fewer doeses

The two main categories of antipruritics are

nonsteriodal antipruritics and topical corticosteroids

substance such as abx that may be added to a vaccinator to destroy or inhibit growth/multiplication of a microorganism

preservative

Vaccines are used to

prevent infectious diseases in animals

Advantages of recombinant vaccines

produce fewer adverse effects, can provide effective immunity, no risk of reversion to virulence, no adjuvant needed

recombinant vaccines

produced using recombinant DNA technology, a gene is separated from one microorganism, usually the pathogen of dz causing part of an organism and inserted into another microorganism. The two microorganisms are combined.

in horses, quick-forming, excessive granulation tissue that is produced during the wound healing process, although it is necessary for small amounts of this tissue to form during healing, horses often produce much more granulation tissue than is needed for a wound to heal, can grow over the skin and develop into a large mass that will commonly bleed when rubbed, bumped, or manipulated in any way, may also prevent the growth of new skin cells, and as a result interfere with the healing of the wound.

proud flesh

a bacterial infection of the skin that is characterized by swollen, pus-filled bumps, known as pustules

pyoderma

Dermatophytosis

ringworm

Used with sulfur to treat seborrhea sicca

salicylic acid

the patient will present with flaky, itchy, scaly skin that is typically reddened from irritation

seborrhea

two common types of seborrhea

seborrhea sicca (dry seborrhea) and seborrhea oleosa (oily seborrhea)

antibacterial drug particularly effective against Pseudomonas spp

silver sulfadiazine

structures included in the integumentary system

skin, glands, hair, nails (claws, hoofs, or horns)

Trichophyton and Microsporum

species of dermatophytes

antiseptic

substance that prevents infection; deter growth of bacteria on the skin. (alcohols, iodine, chlorhexidine, propylene glycol, and acetic acid (vinegar))

astringent

substance that shrinks tissues and checks flow of blood;

Commonly used topical antiseborrheics include

sulfur, salicylic acid, coal tar, benzoyl peroxide, keratoplastics, and keratolytics

The second layer of the skin and is primarily composed of connective tissues

the dermis

The areas of the body that are classically affected by seborrhea include

the face, dorsal surface, and flanks

composed mostly of adipose tissue, or fat, and connective tissue; serves to protect the body by providing insulation, which aids in maintaining body heat through thermoregulation.

the hypodermis

medications that are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes and are then absorbed into the body

topical meds

toxoids, antitoxins, and serum vaccines

treatment rather than prevention

what skin conditions are treated with topical antifungals?

used to treat ringworm as well as other fungal infections such as thrush in equines; frequently mixed with antibacterial agents or combined with steroids to help their efficacy

how can fatty acid supplements help the skin?

usually derived from fish or vegetable oil and may be combined with antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin A or vitamin E for skin health

autogenous vaccine

vaccine produced from a culture of bacteria taken from the patient who will receive the vaccine

monovalent

vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism

polyvalent

vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin that is active against multiple antigens or organisms; mixed vaccine

refers to ability of an infectious agent to produce pathogenic effects

virulent

clinical uses of topical antiseptic drugs?

wound irrigation, skin infections, pre-surgical skin cleanser, tx of bacterial and fungal skin infections, tx of superficial pyoderma