Texes 111 Generalist 4-8 (EC & PPR)

Absolute Value Graph

"V" shaped

Midpoint formula

(x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2

Concurrent powers of Federal and States

- both may tax -both may borrow $ -both may charter banks and corp. -both may est. courts -both may make and enforce law -both may take property for public purposes -both may spend $ to provide public welfare

Mitosis

- division of somatic cell -2 cells result from each division -chromosone number is identical to parent cells (diploid) -for cell growth and repair

Moon Phases

-New moon: moon is invisible or 1st sight of crescent -Waxing crescent: right crescent visible -1st Quarter: right quarter visible -Waxing Gibbous: only left crescent is not illuminated -Full moon: the entire illuminated half of the moon is visible -Waning Gibbous: only right crescent of the moon is not visibile -Last Quarter: the left quarter is visible -Waning Crescent: only the left crescent is illuminated

Meiosis

-division of sex cells (sperm and egg) -4 cells or polar bodies result from each division -chromosone number is half the # of parent cells (haploid) -recombinations provide genetic diversity

Powers of States

-regulate intrastate trade -est. local -protect general welfare -protect life and property -ratify amendments -conduct elections -make state and local laws

Powers of Federal Govt.

-tax -borrow and coin $ -est. postal service -grant patents/copyrights -regulate interstate/foreign commerce -est. courts -declare war -raise and support armed forces -govern territories -define and punish felonies and piracy -fix standards of weights/measures -conduct foreign affairs

Layers of the atmosphere

-troposphere: closest to earth's surface, where weather occurs, has most water and dust (7 miles) -stratosphere: contains very little water, ozone layer located in upper portion -mesosphere: air temp decreases more about -100 C -thermosphere:getting closer to the sun, so temp increases, gases are excited by the radiation causing Aurora Borealis

Math

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Finding Standard Form of graph when coordinates are given

1) Find slope first: (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) 2) Fill in slope and coordinates for Ya and Xa: Y-Ya = m(X-Xa) 3) Clean up (if answers have fractions w/ same denominator, multiply both sides by that whole number) ex: (5, 6) and (-1, -2) 1) (6 + 2)/(5+1) = 4/3 2) Y+2 = 4/3(X +1) y + 2 = 4/3x + 4/3 y = 4/3x -2/3 3) (3)y = 3(4/3x -2/3) 3y = 4x - 2

6 themes of geography

1) Location 2) Spatial Organization- describes how things are grouped in a given space (ex: where people live in relations to others) 3) Place- has both physical (rivers, mountains) and human characteristics (roads, canals) 4)Human-Environmental Interaction- humans adapt to envirn., humans modify envirn., humans depend on envirn. 5) Movement 6) Regions- a) Formal regions- political boundaries (state, country) b) Functional regions- defined by a common function (ex: area covered by telephone service) c) Vernacular regions- formed by perceptions (ex. "the middle east" or "the south"

Solving quadratic equations

1) factor 2) set each factor = 0 3) solve EX: x² + 10x - 24 = 0 1) (x + 12) (x-2) 2) x + 12 = 0 x - 2 = 0 3) x = -12 x = 2

2 types of dependent clauses

1) with subordinating conjunction 2) with a relative pronoun

Senate

100 member, 2 from each state, who serve 6-yr terms Powers: -approval of presidential nominations -approval of treaties -conducting impeachment cases of federal officials

World War I

1914-1918 Serbian assassinated Archduke of Austria. Austria demanded a full investigation, Serbia refused. Austria (w/ ally Germany) declared war on Serbia (w/ ally Russia). Germany then declared war on Russia, followed by France (b/c of France's alliance with Russia). Germany invaded Belgium (neutral) to be closer to Paris. Britain (ally to France and Belgium) declared war on Germany. US (under President Woodrow Wilson) declared neutrality. But, Germany threatened commercial shipping w/ submarine warfare, and US joined in 1917. Treaty of Versailles finally signed & League of Nations was created, agreeing to avoid armed conflict through disarment and diplomacy.

WWII

1939-1945 Germany, Italy, and Japan initiated a policy of aggressive territorial expansion. Japan attacked China, Italy invaded Ethiopia, Germany (under Hitler) immediately began to build up armed forces (a direct violation of peace treaty) Germany then invaded many countries, including Austria, Czech, Polland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, and France. US (under Franklin Roosevelt) announced neutrality. Roosevelt's plan was to defeat the Axis nations by sending the Allied nations war supplies. Roosevelt stopped all exports to Japan and refused to let them withdraw money from American banks. Japan bombed US at Pearl Harbor, causing US to join in war. After victory was atttained in Europe, focus went to Japan. 2 atomic bomb were dropped and the Pacific war ended. Allies agreed that Germany's armed forces be abolished and Nazi Party outlawed. Outcome: United Nations named for promoting world peace. Consequences: death, destruction, displaced people, strength/spreading of Communism/Cold War tension (ended more lives and caused more devastation than any other war)

Korean War

1950-1953 After WWII ended, Japan stopped controlling Korea. The Soviet Union occupied the North, US controlled the South, through trusteeship. United Nations ordered elections to create a unified govt. but both countries backed different candidates, creating a division of 2 separate states. North Korea (backed by Soviets) declared war on South Korea (US, British, Australia, UN forces). China also got involved when forces entered N. Korea. 1953: Peace negotations resulted in cease-fire. Since then, N. Korea has an isolated, communist dictatorship, S. Korea has grown into a major world economy.

Vietnam War

1957-1973 Like Korea, Vietnam became divided after WWII (communist North, western-govt South). North began to drive out South. US became more involved when N. Vietnam attacked US ships. As controversy over the war began to grow in US, Nixon began to reduce troops, while assisting the S. Vietnam army in building strength. US withdrew troops, with a promise from Nixon to send defense assistance. But, after Watergate, Congress cut off all funding. US withdrawal left S. Vietnam w/o economic or military support, and N. Vietnam was able to take control of the entire country.

Quartiles

1st Quartile: median of the lower half of the data set 2nd Quartile: median of the entire data set 3rd Quartile: median of th upper half of the data set

Counting Principle in probability

2 distinct, independent events: n x m Ex: 3 options for meal x 2 options for dessert

Direct variation

2 things vary directly: as one gets larger, the other does too; if one gets smaller, so does the other one. If x and y vary directly, there should be a constant Ex: pay per hour at the same rate: increase hours=increase pay

Diameter

2(radius)

Composition reaction

2+ substances combine to form a compound A + B → AB ex: silver and sulfur yield silver dioxide

John Adams

2nd president of the US; was Washington's VP; a founding father and pushed the Dec of Indep

Thomas Jefferson

3rd president; primary author of Dec of Indep; responsible for the louisiana purchase

tetrahedron

4-sided space triangle (basically a triangular pyramid)

House of Representatives

435 members, who serve 2-yr terms Powers: -initiating financial bills -bringing impeachment charges against high federal officials

James Madison

4th president; ratfied the constitution and created Bill of rights; president during War of 1812

James Monroe

5th president; last of the Revolutionary War Heroes to become president; a father of the Constitution

Krebs Cycle

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

Correlation coefficient closer to 1.0

A correlation coefficient that results in dots very close to a line

Expresses a theorem and its converse are true?

A if and only if B

Epistle

A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but b/c of the fame of sender/recipient becomes public domain. (EX: Paul in the Bible)

Synecdoche

A part is used as a whole; more literal ex: America instead of USA It still makes sense and is literal

Mexican-American War

A war that began as a result of a border issue and resulted in fighting along the Rio Grande. By the end, Mexico lost almost all of California, Utah, Nevada, AZ, and NM

Area of a circle

A=πr²

1690 Leon + Tejas Mission = SAR of Camino Real

Alonso de Leon establishes San Francisco del los Tejas Mission in East Texas, opening the Old San Antonio Road portion of the Camino Real

Examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Although When If Unless Because

1528-34 ANCdV Explore Tx

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca explores Texas for trade

Western Expansion

America's desire of the western territories that were either not claimed or claimed by other countries

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy. (communism)

Negative correlation coefficient

As one decreases the other increases and vice versa in regards to the correlation coefficient

Positive correlation coefficient

As one increases, the other increases in regards to correlation coefficient

1839 Austin

Austin becomes the capital of the Republic of Texas

Mean

Average *THINK the AVERAGE girl is MEAN

1832 Battle of Velasco

Battle of Velasco - 1st casualties of the Texas Revolution

Formula for photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O + energy (sunlight) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)

Indians with advanced political structures

Cherokee and Choctaw, elected chiefs

1850 Mexican-American War

Compromise of 1850 adjust the state boundary, ended Mexican American War and United States assumed Texas debts

Legislative Branch

Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Responsibilities: -make, repeal, and amend all federal laws -levying federal taxes and distributing funds

symbiosis (mutualism)

Each organisms fills a need for another. Both happy.

American Revolution

English colonists in America won freedom from Great Britain Results: representative govt.

Euclidean geometry

Euclid wrote a set of 13 books in 330 BC called Elements, where he outlined 10 axioms and then deduced 465 theorems. Is based on the undefined concept of the point, line, and plane. His 5th axiom (parallel postulate) has not been as readily accepted b/c it could be proved by the other 9 he created.

Spanish Colonies

Florida, Gulf Coast of Texas, California

Individualization

For each student; i.e. allowing students to select their own topic or activities

1689 French "claim" TX

French claim Texas but do not have a physical presence in Texas

1688 French Massacre

French colony is massacred

1762 French v Spain over acquisition of LA

French give up claims to Texas and cede Lousiana to Spain until 1800

1900 Galveston

Galvestion is destroyed and 8000 people killed in category 4 hurricane

GDP

Gross Domestic Product - a monetary measure of the economy's output during a specific time period Measured by expenditure approach and incomes approach GDP = Consumption $ + Investment $ + Govt. $ + Net Export $ (includes only final goods and services)

Alkaline Metals

Group 2 -harder -denser -higher melting point -chemically active

Associative property

Grouping numbers together *THINK associates means group

History

History

Negation of a Statement

If a statement is true, then its negation must be false and vice versa EX: "if p, then q" is "p and not q" "not q" is "q" "r and s" is "not r" OR "not s" (if you negate both, than still true) "r or s" is "not r" AND "not s" negation of: "some winter nights are not cold" : "none of the winter nights are cold" "if it rains, then the beach party will be held" : "it rains and the beach party will not be held"

Law of Syllogism

If q, then r Therefore if p,then r

addition property of equality

If you add the same numbers to each side of an equation, both sides are still equal

Epic examples

Illiad, Odyssey, Aeneid, Paradise Lost, the Fairie Queene, Aurora Leigh, The Rape of the Lock

Nonmetals

Include: solids, gases, and one liquid (bromine) -usually dull, brittle -not good conductors of heat or electricity -have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost energy level -tend to attract other electrons -react with metals

Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee

Indians in middle of continent, teepees, buffalo skins, feather headdresses

Industrial Revolution Results

Industry: -increase productivity -increase world trade -specialized division of labor -growth of giant businesses and monopolies -revolution in agriculture b/c of: steamship, fertilizer, canning, refrigeration Social: -increase population, esp. in industrial areas -advances in science (agriculture, sanitation, medicine) -growth of cities -disappearance of diff. b/w city dweller and farmer -faster life tempo, increase stress -increased mobility produced rapid sharing of knowledge and ideas -conflict over slavery

A quadratic function has imaginary roots. What is always true of the graph of the function in the xy-coordinate plane?

It never intersects the x-axis

1685 LaSalle + Ft St. Louis

LaSalle established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay, basis for French claim to Texas territory

4 standard forms of valid arguments

Law of Detachment Law of Contraposition Law of Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism

Epic

Long poem, usually of book length, reflecting values in society. Include: invocation to a Muse for inspiration, purpose for writing, general setting, protaganist/antagonist with supernatural strength, and intervention of a God or gods.

1901

Lucas Gusher - start of Texas oil boom

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Two major characteristics of the 1st American literature?

Maudlin and self-pitying egocentricism. (ex: John Smith, William Bradford, and Michael Wigglesworth)

1842 San Antonio

Mexico captures San Antonio twice and retreats both times

1821 Mexico Independence

Mexico gains independence from Spain

CHONP

Most prevalent elements

1800 "LA Purchase"

Much of north Texas is returned to France and later sold to the US as part of the Lousiana Purchase

Additive

Must do the same to both sides of an equation *THINK If I "ADD-IT-TO (additive) one side, I have to ADD-IT-TO another

4 types of measurement scales used in statistic

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Law of Contraposition

Not q, therefore not p Ex: If John drives the big truck, then the shipment will be delivered The shipment is not delivered b/c ~q = ~p Answer: John does not drive the big truck

Octava Rima Poetry

Oct- eight-line stanza whose rhyme scheme is ababacc

Quadratic Graphs

Parabola f(x)=x² : normal graph, vertex at origin f(x)= (x± c)² : opposite of what you would think- negative goes right, + goes left f(x)=x² ± c: positive goes up, negative goes down f(x)=cx² : again, opposite of what you would think-the larger the number the skinnier the graph; the smaller the number the wider the graph. If c is negative the parabola points down

4 forms of discourse

Persuassion (talk someone into), description (make the reader aware), exposition (to explain or inform; giver directions), narration (answers what happened) *think PEND

Cognitive approach

Piaget's theory that children must be able to process words and actually learn them i.e knowing what a ball is before they can learn to say/read/or use the word

Piecewise Function

Piecing multiple graphs together (may or may not intersect)

Law of Detachment

Premise 1: If p, then q Premise 2: p, therefore q

Executive Branch

President, various executive dept, and independent agencies Powers: -enforcing federal laws -appointing/removing any high federal officials -commanding armed forces -conducting foreign affairs -recommending laws to congress -can veto bills that congress pass

Calvin Cycle

Process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2.

1851-1861 Reformation period

Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation

Civil rights movement in 1960's sought to address issues from:

Reconstruction era following the civil war

1837 Sam Houston

Sam Houston moved the state capital 5 times ending in Houston in 1837

Science

Science

Shakesperian or Elizabethan

Sonnet a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

1700-1799 Spain settles into TX

Spain establishes Catholic missions throughtout Texas

1529 Pineda maps TX coast

Spanish explorer Alonso Alvarez de Pineda maps the Texas Coast

1823 SFA "Old 300"

Stephen Austine begins colony known as Old Three Hundred along the Brazos River

Phonetic Phase

Students write one letter, or a cluster of letters, for every sound in the word. Teachers should emphasize visual strategies (looking for predictable letter sequence and patterns)

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court and other lower federal courts

What oral language activity would be most effective in promoting students' multicultural awareness and appreciation?

Teacher guides students to discuss some features that folk tales of various countries have in common as well as some of the unique features of each culture's folk tales.

1835 Texas v Mexico

Texas Revolution begins to gain freedom from Mexico

1845 Texas State Official

Texas admitted to United States

1870 Texas

Texas is readmitted to United States

1861 Texas Secedes

Texas secedes from Union and joins Confederacy, Governor Sam Houston was replaced

syntax

The pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases.

Percent error

The percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value ex: 260 came but I estimated 320 260-321 = 60% (don't worry about the negative)

arbitrage

The process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price

converse

The statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement (the same but in reverse) ex: If Q, then P. If P, then Q

What activity would best promote students' understanding of relationship b/w written and spoken words?

The teacher displays a big book and points to each word as she reads the book aloud

advection

The transfer of a property of the atmosphere

1917 WWI

US joins WWI when Germany threatened commercial shipping to June 1919 Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations

1865 Emancipation Proclamation

Union troops landed in Galvestion, Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery in Texas

Integration

When to pull the information in

Examples of relative pronouns:

Who Whom Which That

Moons Position in relation to the sun

Why we have different phases of the moon

Pejorative

Words that are Politically incorrect such as redneck or queer; remember the *P's*

antithesis

a CONTRAST between two very different thngs; the exact opposite

1800 Manifest Destiny

a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean; a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)

aphorism

a brief, often witty saying, usually an observation about life; (ex: a proverb, Jerry Seinfield)

mitosis

a cell divides and creates another identical cell *For growth or repair, NOT reproduction ex:starfish, worms regenerating

Aurora Borealis

a colorful, glowing display in the sky caused when particles from the sun strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere; also called the Northern Lights

Standard Deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (looks like a lower case cursive o on the calculator) is found by taking the square root of variance

concept of region

a convenient and manageable unit for studying earth's human and natural environments

Colloquy

a conversation or conference, usually formal

Marbury V Madison

a court case that established Judicial review

Box and Whisker Plot

a diagram that summarizes data using the median, the upper and lower quartiles, and the extreme values (outliers).

Iambic pentameter

a foot with 5 syllables

Single replacement reaction

a free element replaces an element that is part of a compound A + BX → AX + B ex: iron + copper sulfate yields iron sulfate + copper

Mathematical Theorem

a mathematical statement derived from axioms, definitions, and previously proven statements

Nationalism

a nation acting independently emphasizing national goals rather than international goals

renewable resource

a natural resource that can be replaced

idiom

a peculiar expression, jargon, or regional dialect ex: keep tabs on her

sea floor spreading

a process of plate tectonics in which new oceanic crust is created, magma swells up as the tectonic plates spread apart, the magma is then cooled by the sea water and forms mountain ranges such as the mid atlantic ridge

irrational number

a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number

non-renewable resource

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

compound sentence

a senentence with 2 independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjuction *think FANBOYS - conjuction junction

complex sentence

a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

simple sentence

a sentence with a subject and a verb with a complete thought; also called an independent clause

spenserian sonnet

a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee

spenserian stanza

a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c

Paradox

a statement that at first seems to be absurd or self-contradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true ex: the paradox of freedom...we have to have laws in order to be free

Ballads

a story told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music. Earliest forms were anonymous folk ballads.

catalyst

a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

Federal system

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

First person narrative

a voice that "I" *think 1st = 1=i

2nd person, direct address

a voice that directly addresses the audience

Third person omniscient

a voice that doesn't use "I" but knows the thoughts of other characters; is all knowing

First person Omniscient

a voice that uses "i" and knows the thoughts of the other characters; rare

Distributive property

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Simplify the expression below 6i^7x5i^-5+8i^11 _____ 4i^9 a.-32 b. 32i c. 30i+2i^2 d. 28

a. -32 6(1)x5(-1)+8(1)/4(1) 6 x -5 - 8/4 6 x -5 1 2 -30 - 2 = -32

Consider the function f(n)=5n cubed - 6n+1 ---------------------- 7n to the 4th If you evaluate the function for n, what is the value of the function when n becomes exceptionally large? a. 0 b. infinity c. negative infinity d. 5/7

a. 0

Consider a standard deck of cards. How many ways can we choose a group of three queens at random from a deck of cards? a. 4 b. 24 c. 22,100 d. 132, 600

a. 4

Vince can read 20 pages in 30 minutes. If he continues reading at this rate, how many pages can he read in 1.5 hours? a. 60 pages b. 90 pages c. 600 pages d. 900 pages

a. 60 pages 90 minutes/30 minutes = 3 3 x 20 pages = 60 pages

A rectangular prism has a volume of 256 cubic feet. Which of the following could be the dimensions in feet of the prism? a. 8' x 8' x 4' b. 8" x 8" x 4" c. 8' x 6' x 4' d. 16' x 16'

a. 8' x 8' x 4' 8x8x4 = 256

Which of the following is NOT an economic factor of production? a. Goods b. Natural Resources c. Entrepreneurship d. Labor

a. Goods

The purpose of having teacher-led discussions prior to having students engage in small-group discussions might be to primarily do which of the following? a. to provide additional scaffolding for students who may need the explicit modeling prior to engaging in their own discussions b. to be sure that behavior management is under control before the teacher puts students into small groups c. to be sure that students are capable of engaging in small group discussion d.to be in control of the lesson rather than letting students take control of their conversations

a. To provide additional scaffolding for students who may need the explicit modeling prior to engaging in their own discussions.

What is a primary historical source? a. a document or piece of evidence produced during the period being studied b. a historian's analysis of the past c. the first document produced about a particular historical event d. a website that summarizes the key events of a major historical figure

a. a document or piece of evidence produced during the period being studied

An example of kinetic energy is which of the following? a. a moving car b. an apple hanging on a tree c. a ball at rest d. a spring that has stretched

a. a moving car

Index fossils are used to determine a. age of a particular layer of sediment b. approximate mass of an unknown fossil c. relative lengths of appendages d. approximate size of an unknown fossil

a. age of a particular layer of sediment

When children begin to read, they learn that letters represent sound. Which of the following represents this concept best? a. alphabetic principal b. concepts about print c. conventional spelling d. phonological awareness

a. alphabetic principal - letters and combinations of letters are the symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language based on systematic and predictable relationships between written letters, symbols, and spoken words. Phonological awareness refers to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of spoken words.

What does the ability of a lizard to lose its tail when pulled represent? a. an adaption for survival when attacked by predators b. a mechanism of reproduction of a new lizard from the tail c. a form of molting as the lizard grows in size d. an indication of environmental stress such as drought

a. an adaption for survival when attacked by predators

Which of the following would help students to self-asses their correct use of writing conventions during the writing process? a. an editing checklist b. a retelling checklist c. a mentor text d. a revision checklist

a. an editing checklist

Which of the following is true regarding asexual reproduction? a. asexual reproduction is the splitting of one cell, after replacing all of it genetic material, into two daughter cells, with each having genetic material identical to the parent cell. b. asexual reproduction involves the joining of two cells, each consisting of half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells, with their union forming a new cell containing a mixture of genetic material from each parent cell c. asexual reproduction involves the exchange of genetic material between two organisms of the same species to produce two identical daughter cells d. asexual reproduction is a process that occurs only in specialized cells of the organism to produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

a. asexual reproduction is the splitting of one cell, after replacing all of it genetic material, into two daughter cells, with each having genetic material identical to the parent cell.

Students who have difficulties reading typically have core deficits in phonological awareness. Which of the following instructional activities by the teacher best supports development in this area? a. breaking words into phonemes, orally, and asking the students to count the number of phonemes b. reading a story and having students follow along and track print while reading c. pausing and having students supply the missing world while reading aloud to students d. practicing sight word vocabulary with students to help their automaticity

a. breaking words into phonemes, orally, and asking the students to count the number of phonemes

An example of a chemical change in everyday life is which of the following? a. burning gasoline in a car b. melting ice (boiling water) c. tearing paper d. chopping wood

a. burning gasoline in a car

An example of a word that is a homonym is which of the following? a. club b. too c. butterfly d. blue

a. club

Which of the following mini-lessons would best help a language arts teacher to implement editing checklists into the writing workshop? a. conduct a mini lesson on how to use the editing checklist by modeling how to use one with the teacher's own writing b. discuss with students how they will be graded on their use of the editing checklist to motivate them to use it c. suggest to students that the editing checklist is used by real writers in their daily lives d. model a brainstorming activity of how to generate ideas in a writing notebook

a. conduct a mini lesson on how to use the editing checklist by modeling how to use one with the teacher's own writing

An example of an informal way to assess a student's written composition and use of the writing process might include which of the following? a. conferring with the student individually about his or her written work b. grading a student's errors and assigning a percentage grade c. assessing a student's use of an editing check list d. conducting an item analysis on scores of a released standardized test

a. conferring with the student individually about his or her written work

The economy of the southern colonies was primarily based on what? a. cotton and tobacco b. farming, shipping, and fishing c. tobacco and shipping d. trading

a. cotton and tobacco

What should be occurring in the mathematics classroom? I. Paper and pencil busywork II. Calculator use for computing answers III. Homework IV. Discovery and inquiry learning a. decrease I and increase IV b. increase I and decrease III c. decrease II and decrease III d. Increase I, II, III, and IV

a. decrease I and increase IV

A study strategy by which the teacher helps students establish a purpose for reading and guides students to make predictions while reading is also known as which of the following? a. directed reading- thinking activity b. KWL (know /want to known/learn) c. graphophonemic awareness d. phonological awareness

a. directed reading- thinking activity

Mr. Johnson wants his students to use clues from the text to make predictions about what is coming up next in the story based on what they have read so far. The technique is also known as which of the following? a. drawing inferences b. generating questions c. determining important ideas d. summarizing

a. drawing inferences

A way to use picture books to teach the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills that focus on viewing might include which of the following? a. examine ways that the art and design impact the mood of the story b. take turns discussing revision choices that students made during peer editing c. hold up the book during the read-aloud so students can properly view the pictures d. have students discuss their favorite pictures within a story

a. examine ways that the art and design impact the mood of the story

Water, or H20, is one of the few known chemicals that a. expands when frozen b. contracts when frozen c. contracts when heated d. evaporates more rapidly when cooled

a. expands when frozen

A paleontologist unearths fossil that possesses primarily canine and incisor teeth. The scientist infers that the organism was a meat eater. What unifying concept of science is present in this example? a. form and function b. models and explanation c. systems and subsystems d. equilibrium and disequilibrium

a. form and function

Which type of economic system is based on the premise that an economy can regulate itself in a freely competitive market though the relationship of supply and demand with little government intervention? a. Free enterprise b. centrally planned c. mixed d.socialist

a. free enterprise

The different between heat and temperature is that a. heat is the movement of thermal energy, whereas temperature if the measure of the average molecular movement of matter. b. heat is the measure of average molecular movement of matter, whereas temperature is the measure of how hot or cold something is. c. heat is the movement of energy through some medium, whereas temperature is the measure of the movement of energy from one source to another d. heat is the movement of thermal energy, whereas temperature is the measure of state of matter

a. heat is the movement of thermal energy, whereas temperature if the measure of the average molecular movement of matter.

According to the state standards for English Language Arts Reading, teaching sixth grad students about writing conventions is best when done a. in the context of meaningful writing and application b. using isolated drill and practice editing techniques c. through weekly editing tests d. by using lots of corrective feedback and editing

a. in the context of meaningful writing and application

When seventh grade students are presenting a formal speech about research in class, they should be requires to do which of the following, according to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skill a. include evidence that justifies the conclusions b. retell a personal narrative that relates to the findings c. share their report in a five-paragraph essay formal d. provide information from only one source

a. include evidence that justifies the conclusion

The purchasing power of money is most affected by what? a. inflation b. tax rates c. interest rates d. debt

a. inflation

The presence of many metamorphic rocks in an area is an indication that the area has been subjected to a. intense heat and pressure b. lack of volcanic activity c. significant weathering d. extended periods under water

a. intense heat and pressure

In helping students become more equipped with study skills, why might a teacher use a Venn diagram? a. it can help teachers to compare and contrast ideas across two different readings b. it can help students to outline the main ideas of the text c. it can help students make inferences about ideas d. it can help students to identify the text structure of the reading

a. it can help teachers to compare and contrast ideas across two different readings

Ms Adams wants to assess reading comprehension by posing questions about the short story the students are reading. She begins her questioning by asking some basic recall questions to assess understanding. These types of questions are also known as a. literal questions b. evaluative questions c. inferential questions d. applied questions

a. literal questions Literal questions - Ones where we can find the answer directly in the text.

The primary purpose of semantic mapping in reading instruction is to a. make explicit the relationships between words and concepts b. provide a way for students to draw on their understanding of the text c. create an assessment tool to grade students during guided reading d. help students to organize their thinking as a prewriting tool

a. make explicit the relationships between words and concepts Semantic mapping is a strategy for graphically representing concepts. Semantic maps portray the schematic relations that compose a concept. It assumes that there are multiple relations between a concept and the knowledge that is associated with the concept

Which of the following is an example of a writing mini-lesson that focuses on developing process skills in writing? a. modeling for students how to revise a drafted piece b. modeling for students how to use better adjectives c. modeling for students how to write with better detail d. modeling for students how to use stronger verbs

a. modeling for students how to revise a drafted piece

A fifth grade teacher wants students to gain skills in reading with expression. Which of the following instructional methods would best facilitate this? a. modeling reading by the teacher of a wide genre of texts b. providing comprehension activities at the computer center c. requiring students to engage in silent reading during reading center time d. providing access to a wide variety of texts in the classroom library

a. modeling reading by the teacher of a wide genre of texts

Discovery of which natural resource led to the economic growth in Texas cities including Houston and Dallas. a. Oil b. Natural Gas c. Gold d. Limestone

a. oil

What type of redress did the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, HR 442, offer to qualified Japanese Americans who were related and interned by the government of the US? a. payment of 20,000 b. guarantees of nonrepetition c. restoration of victims to their original situation before the violations occurred d. new housing for all victims

a. payment of 20,000

In middle school math class, students have begun activities exploring area relationships among rectangles, triangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids. The classroom teacher wants to identify any aspects of the content that challenge the students in order to adjust future lessons on this topic. Which of the following assessment methods would be most appropriate for achieving this goal? a. regular observations and interviews among teacher and student b. periodical peer reviews of partner work c. pretest and postest d. pop quizzes after future lessons

a. regular observations and interviews among teacher and student

While giving a reading assessment to his sixth graders to test their oral reading, Mr. Tomkins notes that one student, Gerard, consistently reads at a rate much slower than the grade-level norms. He also lacks confidence in reading. Which of the following activities would help him to develop his fluency in reading? a. repeated reading of independent level text b. guided reading and pausing to discuss the meaning c. repeated reading of frustrational level text d. guided reading and completion of a graphic organizer

a. repeated reading of independent level text

Mr. Navarro is a seventh grade language arts teacher. He is working with a group of students who are having trouble with comprehending basic text. Which of the following is the most effective strategy that he can teach students to do to support their comprehension when it breaks down while reading? a. rereading b. evaluating c. judging d. inferring

a. rereading

Mr. Falvey provides students with a graduates cylinder and asks each student to measure the volume of water in the graduated cylinder. Students report a variety of different measurements. This is an opportunity for the teacher to discuss the importance of all the following EXCEPT a. science generally has only one correct answer b. measurement error c. the importance of systematic observations and measurements d. the importance of clear communication among investigators

a. science generally has only one correct answer

On February 1, 1861, the Texas Legislature voted to a. secede from the Union and join the confederacy b. relinquish all claims to New Mexico c. annex Texas to the US d. adopt the Texas Declaration of Independence

a. secede from the Union and join the confederacy

To facilitate comprehension for the English language learners in his class, a language arts teacher wants to help students become more meta-cognitive at checking whether they understand what they read. Asking students to practice "chunking" the text at designated stopping points and having them explain what they read to a partner is a good way to support them in a. self-monitoring b. increasing reading rate c. motivating them to read more d. developing their productive language skills

a. self- monitoring

An eighth grade social studies teacher wants to develop her students' understanding of cause and effect in major historical events. Which of the following graphic organizers would best help in facilitating this type of comprehension? a. t-chart b. venn diagram c. semantic map d. inquiry chart

a. t-chart

If you are given the density and volume of a particular substance, then you can determine its mass by a. taking the product of its density and volume b. dividing density by volume c. dividing volume by density d. it cannot be determined

a. taking the product of its density and volume mass/volume

A major conflict between colonial Americans and the British occurred over a series of British Acts of Parliament dealing with a. taxes b. slavery c. farming d. Native Americans

a. taxes

To help her students acquire research skills a fifth-grade teacher wants her students to understand how to evaluate credible sources of information from a variety of sources by using the internet. Which of the following lessons would help them most as they seek out multiple sources of information? a. teach students how to critically evaluate sources of information for accuracy and credibility as potential sources b. teach students how to use multiple web browsers to search for different sources c. teach students how to summarize the article in a paragraph d. teach students how to read charts, tables, and graphs in different sources

a. teach students how to critically evaluate sources of information for accuracy and credibility as potential sources

A warm air mass was over the Gulf of Mexico and has moved over the state of Texas. The warm air mass has high humidity due to water evaporation while over the Gulf. A cold dry air mass moves southward to Texas from Canada. What can be expected to occur when the two air masses meet over Texas? a. the cold, dry air mass will move under the warm, moist air mass, forcing the warm air to move upward creating wind, thunderstorms, and precipitation b. the cold, dry air mass will move above the warm, moist air mass, causing thick high clouds in the atmosphere, colder temperatures, but no precipitation c. the two air masses will remain next to each other in a stationary front , with little movement or circulation of air between the air masses d. the cold, dry air mass will push the war air mass back toward the Gulf of Mexico causing a hurricane over the coast, likely near Galveston

a. the cold, dry air mass will move under the warm, moist air mass, forcing the warm air to move upward creating wind, thunderstorms, and precipitation

In properly reading and recording the volume of water in a graduated cylinder, it is necessary to take into account which of the following to ensure accuracy? a. the water will arc or curve downward from the sides, forming a meniscus within the cylinder with its lowest point in the center. The bottom of this meniscus in the center of the graduated cylinder is the proper measure to read and use. b. the water will arc or curve upward from the sides, forming a meniscus within the cylinder with its highest point at the center. The top of this meniscus in the center of the graduated cylinder is the proper measure to read and use. c. the water will arc or curve downward from the sides, forming a meniscus within the cylinder with its lowest point in the center. The two sides of the meniscus where the water touches the inside walls of the graduated cylinder is the proper measure to read and use. d. the water will arc or curve upward from the sides, forming a meniscus within the cylinder with its highest point in the center. The two sides of the meniscus where the water touches the inside walls of the graduated cylinder is the proper measure to read and use.

a. the water will arc or curve downward from the sides, forming a meniscus within the cylinder with its lowest point in the center. The bottom of this meniscus in the center of the graduated cylinder is the proper measure to read and use.

Geothermal energy, a possible energy resource, is based on which phenomenon? a. there are concentrations of heat in some places of earth's crust b. earths internal energy hearts its surface more than the sun does c. heat energy from the sun penetrates deep into earth d. fossils deep below earths surface have transformed over time to oil and coal

a. there are concentrations of heat in some places of earth's crust

Which item below is true of arteries? a. they carry blood away from the heart b.they carry blood towards the heart c. they contain valves to prevent backflow of blood d. They always transport oxygenated blood

a. they carry blood away from the heart

A cloze passage is a passage that has about every fifth word deleted and replaced with a blank. Students read the passage and have to decide what would be the best and most appropriate word to put in the blank to complete the sentence. The purpose of using a cloze passage with students would be which of the following? a. to develop skills in using semantic and syntactic reading clues b. to develop skills in self monitoring and using metacognition while reading c. to develop decoding skills at the word level d. to build fluency and rate reading

a. to develop skills in using semantic and syntactic reading clues

Convection current is a. transfer of heat energy into a fluid b. a form of electricity transfer in conductors c. direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another d. radiation from the sun that causes earth to warm

a. transfer of heat energy into a fluid

Which of the following best describes the historical diet of Atakapans and Karankawas American Indians who inhabited the coastal regions of present day Texas? a.they consumed bear and deer from the land as well as alligators, oysters, clams, ducks, and turtles b. they grew and consumed beans, squash, and sunflowers along with eating bear, deer, and occasionally buffalo c. they ate bison, fish, turtles, crawfish, snails, pecans, acorns, wild fruit, rattlesnakes, and rabbits d. they gathered wild berries, plants, and other locally grown items

a.they consumed bear and deer from the land as well as alligators, oysters, clams, ducks, and turtles

Italian sonnet

abba (petrarchan)

phonological awareness

ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - non print

phonemic awareness

ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - print and sound

Deposition

act of depositing, laying down of material by natural processes; creates coastal beaches, sand dunes, and landforms created by glaciers

1943-1945 United Nations

after World War II, although started in 1943 was complete when charter was drawn up in 1945

output Production

amount produced or manufactured by an industry

market economy

an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

Capitalism

an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

communism

an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions

Quadratic Equation

an equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0

slope-intercept form

an equation written in the form y=mx+b is in slope-intercept form. The graph is a line with slope m and y-intercept b.

anachronism

an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time

Conceit

an unusually far-fetched [extended] metaphor comparing two very dissimilar things cleverly

enterprise

any business organization

Delta

areas of lowlands formed by soil and sediment deposited at the mouths of rivers

Directionally proportional

as one amount increases, another amount increases at the same rate

Inverse variation

as one gets larger, the other gets smaller If x and y vary inversely, there should still be a constant. y=x/k Ex: driving time: increase speed=decrease time

Mountains

at least 2,000 ft above sea level

Standard Form

ax + by = c

Pythagorean Theorem

a²+b²=c²

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. - A swimming pool measures 50 meters by 25 meters -The average depth of the deep end is about 2 meters -The shallow end is about 1/4th the length of the pool -The swimming pool covers about 1.25 x 10^3 square meters What is the volume for the deep end of the pool in cubic meters? a. 2.5 x 10^3 b. 1.875 x 10^3 c. 6.25 x 10^2 d. 3.125 x 10^2

b. 1.875 x 10^3 To find the volume of the deep end of the pool, multiply the dimensions of that region. First, we need to determine the length of just the deep end of the pool. 50 meters long 1/4 of the length of the pool is 12.5 meters (50/4) 50-12.5 = 37.5 meters in the deep end Volume of the deep end is 37.5 (length) x 25 (width) x 2 (depth) = 1875 cubic meters

In order for the US Constitution to be amended, what proportion of the US Congress must propose the amendment? a. 1/2 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 3/5

b. 2/3

Gerald wants to graph the equation: 3x+6-4y-4=18 He chooses to first solve for y, to graph the line by using the slope intercept form. Gerald's work is shown below: 3x+6-4y-4=18 3x-4y+2=18 ? 3x-4y=16 3x-3x-4y= -3x+16 -4y/-4= -3x+16/-4 y=3/4x-4 Which of the following equations best describes the missing step in his work? a. 3x-4y-4=18-4 b. 3x-4y+2-2=18-2 c. 3x-4y-6=18-6 d. 3x-4y+4-2=18-2

b. 3x-4y+2-2=18-2

A poster with a length of 21 inches and a width of 35 inches is reduced to the size of a note card. The poster and note care are similar. The length of the note card is 3 inches, what is the width of the note card? a. 1.8 inches b. 5 inches c. 7 inches d. 9 inches

b. 5 inches

On October 1, a pair of cowboy boots was priced at $120. On November 1, the price was reduced by 15%. In December, the price was further reduced by 25% of the November 1 price and marked as final. What percentage of the original price was the final price? a. 76.5% b. 63.75% c. 40% d. 30%

b. 63.75% $120-15%= $102 $102-25%=$76.50 $76.50/$120= .6375 x100= 63.75%

Which of the following famous Texans contributed significant medical advances in science, technology, and society? a. Michael Dell b. Benjy Brooks c. Walker Cunningham d. Howard Hughes

b. Benjy Brooks Dr. Benjy Frances Brooks, a Houston physician who became Texas' first pediatric surgeon in 1958

Juneteenth is the celebration that recognizes which event in Texas history? a. Texas Independence from Mexico b. Freeing of slaves c. The cotton harvest d. Texas's succession from the Union

b. Freeing of slaves

What is the only branch of the government includes in the Articles of Confederation? a. Judicial b. Legislative c. Executive d. Federal

b. Legislative

The process of judicial review was established in which Supreme Court decision? a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Marbury v. Madison c. Brown v. Board of Education Topeka d. Dred Scott v. Sandford

b. Marbury v. Madison

Which of the following holidays most significantly contributes to the conceptualization of being American? a. Valentine's day b. Memorial Day c. Christmas d. New Year's Day

b. Memorial Day

Fossils of clamlike shells have been found deep in the sedimentary rock in Texas. What do these fossils indicate? a. the state of Texas was once covered with smalls streams b. Texas was once covered by sea or oceans c. The state of Texas was once seismically active d. there once were mountain ranges across the state of Texas

b. Texas was once covered by sea or oceans

What are the three American Indian groups remaining in Texas that are federally recognized tribes? a. the Alabama Coushatta Tribe in East Texas, the Comanche Tribe in far west Texas, and the Kickapoo traditional tribe in southwest Texas along the Texas-Mexico boarder b. The Alabama Coushatta tribe in East Texas, the Kickapoo traditional tribe in southwest Texas along the Texas-Mexico boarder, and the Ysleta del sur Pueblo, or Tigua in far west Texas c. The Alamaba Coushatta tribe in southwest Texas along the Texas- Mexico boarder, the Comanche tribe in north and central Texas and the Tsleta del sur Pueblo, or Tigua, in far west Texas d. The Alabama Coushatta Tribe in southwest Texas along the Texas Mexico border; the Kickapoo traditional tribe in east Texas, and the Ysleta del sur pueblo, or Tigua in far west Texas

b. The Alabama Coushatta tribe in East Texas, the Kickapoo traditional tribe in southwest Texas along the Texas-Mexico boarder, and the Tsleta del sur Pueblo, or Tigua in far west Texas

The US census is conducted every 10 years. Based on census data, which government entity might be affected based on population changed? a. US Senate b. US house of representatives c. supreme court justices d. federal reserve bank

b. US house of representatives

Which of the following represents a symbiotic relationship known as mutualism? a. mistletoe growing on a tree and using the food and nutrients from the tree for its own growth b. a clown fish living among a type of sea anemone, where the fish aggressively protects the anemone from predators and the anemone's poison protects the fish from predators c. Poison ivy producing a toxin that irritates the skin of many animal species, therefore protecting the plant from predators d. spiders building their web on plants to capture insects for food and to have a protective shelter

b. a clown fish living among a type of sea anemone, where the fish aggressively protects the anemone from predators and the anemone's poison protects the fish from predators symbiotic- is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species Mutualism - the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits.

Mr. MSith is working with a group of fifth grade students who are below grade level in reading. He wants to monitor their progress every six weeks to get a comprehensive measure of both their decoding and comprehension skills. Which of the the following assessment tools would best be used to monitor reading skills in these domains? a. an informal reading inventory b. a timed one minute oral reading test c. a running record d. a phonics screening tool

b. a timed one minute oral reading test

The thirteenth amendment to the US constitution did what? a. established a federal income tax b. abolished slavery c. abolished the sale and manufacture of alcohol in the US d. gave women the right to vote

b. abolished slavery

Mr.Chan is introducing a new novel to his seventh grade language arts class. He wants to do some effective prereading activities that will help the students activate their background knowledge about the topic of immigration. Which of the following would best support this instructional objective of activating schema and background knowledge? a. review new vocabulary that is related to the topic of immigration b. ask students to brainstorm about their experiences and knowledge about immigration and chart their responses as a class conversation c. provide written summary about the topic to students and explain the main ideas of the topic d. watch a movie clip about immigrant experiences and have students write a summary

b. ask students to brainstorm about their experiences and knowledge about immigration and chart their responses as a class conversation

Mrs. Davis wants her students to read books that are memoirs. This type of book would fall into the broader genre category of which of the following? a. science fiction b. autobiography c. traditional literature d. folklore

b. autobiography

Why are schemes such as astrology, fortune telling, and tarot cards considered to be pseudo science (not true science)? a. because there is substantial evidence to support claims that one's personality or future events can be accurately predicted b. because no controlled experiments have been conducted to provide data that supports the claims made c. because any procedures followed and information revealed can be replicated with repeated experiments providing the same or consistent results d. because information is routinely presented to peers at professional conferences and subject to rigorous scrutiny and review before acceptance

b. because no controlled experiments have been conducted to provide data that supports the claims made

Shared reading is a method that facilitates students' understanding of the text while the teacher reads aloud and students follow along with the same text. A fourth grade teacher wants to use this technique as a small group activity for a group of students who are reading on a first grade reading level. What would be the teacher's reasoning for implementing shared reading as a whole class activity? a. students significantly below grade level are likely not motivated to read, so the teacher can support their motivation by doing the reading for them b. by reading the text aloud the teacher can continue to model fluency, build vocabulary, and focus on comprehension strategies and active reading while accommodating for diverse reading levels c. in reading aloud, the teacher is developing the listening comprehension of the students d. shared reading is an activity that easily manages student behavior because students are less likely to be off task

b. by reading the text aloud the teacher can continue to model fluency, build vocabulary, and focus on comprehension strategies and active reading while accommodating for diverse reading levels

The constitutional provision that allows one branch of the government to amend or veto the decisions of another branch of government is referred to as what? a. judicial review b. checks and balances c. constitutional amendment d. due process

b. checks and balances

Which class of fire extinguisher is recommended for a fire involving flammable liquids such as acetone and alcohols? a. class A b. class B c. class C d. class D

b. class B

Which of the following is an example of an activity that students could do to conduct primary research for a social studies project? a. create a poster report using internet resources b. conduct a survey to gather information c. synthesize facts from multiple informational texts d. evaluate websites for accuracy of information

b. conduct a survey to gather information

Slavery arose in the southern colonies partly as a perceived economic means to a. increase slave owners' natural resources b. cultivate large plantations of cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, and other crops c. provide Africans with humanitarian aid, such as healthcare, Christianity, and literacy d. provoke war with northern colonies

b. cultivate large plantations of cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, and other crops

Which of the following types of journal writing facilitates writing between the teacher and student? a. reflective journals b. dialogue journals c. learning logs d. personal journals

b. dialogue journals

Mr. Thomas, a seventh grade science teacher, wants to use formative assessment to evaluate his students' authentic understanding of the process of scientific inquiry during their lab time. Which of the following would be be suited to this? a. do an item analysis of scores on the most recent science standardized test, and chart where students are making progress b. evaluate the content of what students are writing in a scientific notebook by using a teacher designed rubric c. give a true/false quiz over content about the most recent science unit, and go over the answers in class d. test students on their knowledge of the vocabulary terms associated with the science unit by using a fill in the blank format

b. evaluate the content of what students are writing in a scientific notebook by using a teacher designed rubric

In evolution, the fossil record refers to which of the following? a. a large collection of fossils maintained by scientists for use in museums and scientific exhibitions to show the variety of species that lived on earth long ago b. evidence that layers of rock are found on earth in sequence according to age, and we can trace fossils of organisms buried in these layers during each time period to observe how characteristics of the same species have gradually changes over time c. the finding that appendages of organisms maybe homologous, meaning similar in structure, between two different present-day species, such as the bones in the wing of a bat and the arm of a human d. the observation that some species have analogous structures, which are structures with the same function but a different evolutionary origin, such as the wing of a bird and the wing of a mosquito

b. evidence that layers of rock are found on earth in sequence according to age, and we can trace fossils of organisms buried in these layers during each time period to observe how characteristics of the same species have gradually changes over time

The type of writing that explains and clarifies ideas about an informational topic is also known by which other general term? a. narrative writing b. expository writing c. persuasive writing d. letter writing

b. expository writing

Which of the following most accurately explains why scientific advances in farming equipment resulted in increased urbanization? a. farms lacked qualified people to operate the new equipment b. farms required less human labor to produce crops c. farmers could live in cities and commute to farms d. manufacturing plants required more people to make new equipment

b. farms required less human labor to produce crops

Samantha was investigating properties of quadrilaterals and noticed the diagonals of rectangles and squares bisect each other. Samantha conjectures this statement is true for all quadrilaterals. Which step is the most reasonable for Samantha to take to evaluate the validity of her conjecture? a. generalize the conjecture to apply other quadrilaterals b. find a counter example to the conjecture c. find more examples supporting the conjecture d. prove the conjecture

b. find a counter example of the conjecture conjecture - an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information.

The first thing a teacher should do when a student's eye have been explodes to a hazardous chemical is to a. remove any eyewear, including contact lenses, and wait for emergency personnel b. flush the affected area with water to dilute the hazardous chemical c. place safety goggles on the student to contain the hazardous chemical d. call 911 and wait for emergency personnel

b. flush the affected area with water to dilute the hazardous chemical

The "Matthew Effect" in reading explains which of the following? a. English language learners increase their reading comprehension by improving their academic vocabulary b. good readers, already fluent and skilled at reading texts, become better readers, whereas poor readers become worse c. systematic oral language instruction better facilitates reading comprehension d. fluency is increased by practice with a wide variety of independent reading

b. good readers, already fluent and skilled at reading texts, become better readers, whereas poor readers become worse "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer".

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country is referred to as what? a. capital b. gross domestic product (GDP) c. investment d. inflation

b. gross domestic product (GDP)

While reading a novel with his seventh grade language arts class, Mr. McBride asks his students to analyze character. He asks the class, based on the actions and dialogue of the main character, to identify several character traits of this character. He also asks them to refer back to direct evidence in the text for a specific example to support each character trait. Mr. McBride is helping his students to develop skills in a. connecting b. inferencing c. visualizing d. synthesizing

b. inferencing Looking for clues in the text

The PRIMARY reason "mentor texts" are useful to writing instruction is that they a. provide material for read-aloud and fostering reader response b. integrate reading and writing by demonstrating exemplar texts c. develop fluency in the amount of writing students can produce d. develop awareness of comprehension stategies

b. integrate reading and writing by demonstrating exemplar texts

Teaching students about morphology can help them in which of the following ways with their reading? a. it will help students to understand the overall meaning of the entire story or text b. it will help students unlock the meanings of words as they consider the meanings of prefixes, suffixes, or root words c. it will help students to analyze the grammatical structure at the sentence level d. it will help students to be able to react to the texts with a personal and interpretive respons

b. it will help students unlock the meanings of words as they consider the meanings of prefixes, suffixes, or root words

Which branch of government is responsible for creating the nation's laws? a. executive b. legislative c. judicial d. fiscal

b. legislative

Which of the following is an example of reflection in light energy? a. light passing through glass b. looking in a mirror c. light passing through a prism d. a rainbow in the sky

b. looking in a mirror

In the flow of energy from one organism to the next in a food chain, energy is a. gained by each organism in the food chains as one organism gains energy from the organism ingested b. lost by each organism in the food chain as one organism looses energy from the organism ingested c. maintained along the food chain with each organism gaining an equal amount of energy from the organism ingested d. not transferred along the food chain from one organism to the next ; only inorganic nutrients are transfered

b. lost by each organism in the food chain as one organism looses energy from the organism ingested

Mr. Stephens wants his seventh grade language arts students to develop skills in the area of oral speech presentations. He especially wants his students to develop their use of standard and formal academic English. Which of the following tasks would best help him in reaching this learning objective with his students? a. provide students with a list of commonly used academic terms and vocabulary that would be useful to incorporate into a speech b. model academic speeches by experts and have students discuss what types of language would be appropriate for which audience c. give students a grading rubric and discuss how they can help each other peer edit their written speeches d. require students to submit their written speeches for written feedback from the teacher

b. model academic speeches by experts and have students discuss what types of language would be appropriate for which audience

During literature circle discussion Mr. Smith's fourth graders bring a responsive journal with their ideas about the novel they just read to share with their peers. In small groups, the students share their ideas about the text in an open-ended discussion. The purpose of having students bring the written response journal to the group would be to develop the student's ability to... a.express their thoughts in an imaginative way with others b. plan and organize their thinking in writing before sharing their thoughts with the group c.use grammar, spelling, and punctuation in conventional ways d. share ideas, especially for the less talkative students

b. plan and organize their thinking in writing before sharing their thoughts with the group.

Me. Morrissey noticed his seventh grade students are constantly confusing the plural and the possessive in their written compositions. He wants to provide some guided practice in correcting this error. Which of the following would best help practice this convention? a. require students to complete practice worksheets with editing exercises b. provide direct instruction in the correct use of each with specific examples and have students practice writing sentences using each correctly c. modeling using the correct use of each and deduct points each time students use it incorrectly d. emphasize to students that using correct grammar will help them to be more effective writers

b. provide direct instruction in the correct use of each with specific examples and have students practice writing sentences using each correctly

All investigations are guided by one or more a. hypotheses b. questions c. educated guesses d. controls

b. questions

To develop fluency, Mr. Madaris has his students engage in repeated readings of a text. He does this in a fun and interactive way. The technique he is using is which of the following? a. reciprocal teaching b. Reader's theater c. oral retelling d. reading inventories

b. reader's theater

During the writing process students are encouraged to add, change, and/or delete ideas in their composition. This process is known as a. brainstorming b. revision c. editing d. drafting

b. revision

Which of the following best describes the discipline of science and the rationale for how science should be taught in the classroom? a. science is a body of indisputable facts determined over time by scientist, indicating that science information should be presented by the teacher to the whole class and later discussed in small groups b. science is discovering, experimenting, observing, concluding, and other processes, indicating that science should be taught as an active, inquiry process by which findings are based on observable and logic based evidence c. science is unchangeable and authoritatively known, indicating their reading science text books and lectures should be the primary teaching procedures used in the classroom d. science is based upon verification of facts, indicating that students conducting laboratory investigations should first be informed of the content, procedures, and expected findings, and then carry out the experiment in the lab as instructed

b. science is discovering, experimenting, observing, concluding, and other processes, indicating that science should be taught as an active, inquiry process by which findings are based on observable and logic based evidence

Astronomers have discovered vast differences in stars through their observations. One theory that is used to explain these differences is that a. the distances between stars in the universe are extremely large b. stars in space are at different points in their life cycles c. earth's atmosphere alters our views of the stars d. the high light pollution on earth changes how stars appear to the human eye

b. stars in space are at different points in their life cycles

Ms. Rodriguez presents a writing sample to the class that contains common errors and then asks the class to help provide corrective feedback about the errors. What is her purpose in this instructional activity? a. students will be able to develop their skills in writing an effective composition b. students will be able to identify correct writing conventions c. students will be able to construct coherent sentences d. students will be able to write for a particular audience

b. students will be able to identify correct writing conventions

A researcher wants to test the effect of the number of hours students work during the week on their grade point average. Which of the following would be an appropriate group from which the researcher could recruit? a. students in a remedial math class at a local high school b. students working in a local area restaurant c. students from an honors geometry course d. students from all of the 12th grade English classes at a local high school

b. students working in a local area restaurant

The term manifest destiny connotes a culture of a. ancestral harmony b. territorial expansion c. geographic isolationism d. economic capitalism

b. territorial expansion

What is the arrangement of the Sun, earth, and moon during a solar eclipse? a. the earth is directly between the sun and moon, casting a shadow on the moon. b. the moon is directly between the sun and the earth casting a shadow on earth c. the moon is present during the day at the phase known as first quarter d. the sun emits solar flares that reach both the moon and earth, slightly increasing the over all temperature

b. the moon is directly between the sun and earth casting a shadow on the earth

After students concluded their inquiry lab experiments about respiration, Mr. Davis provided real life samples of anaerobic respiration. He used the example of intensely exercising muscle cells breaking the bonds of sugar molecules to release energy without the use of oxygen (anaerobically). This energy, which is in the form of ATP energy, will be added to the ATP energy made available to the body when sugar is metabolized through aerobic respiration (with the use of oxygen). Mr. Davis described playing football, wrestling, and boxing in his examples. What is one major issue that is wrong with Mr. Davis' approach to teaching? a. the content of cell respiration is abstract, thus the teacher should not have used inquiry in teaching students this topic. b. the teacher used only male dominated sport examples, whereas he should have given a variety of examples that would appeal to a wider range of his student's interest c. the content the teacher is presenting to students is not accurate because it is not possible to carry on respiration in the absence of oxygen d, the teacher should have described anaerobic respiration and provided real-life examples before the students carried out their inquiry activities

b. the teacher used only male dominated sport examples, whereas he should have given a variety of examples that would appeal to a wider range of his student's interest

In a blinding snowstorm in Vermont, the air temperature and dew-point temperature are both 30 degrees. Meanwhile, under clear skies in Arizona, the air temperature is 85 degrees and the dew-point temperature is 38 degrees. From this information you could conclude that a. there is more water vapor in the air in Arizona b. there is more water vapor in the Vermont snowstorm c. the same amount of water vapor is found in the air in Vermont and Arizona d. Vermont and Arizona are both located next to the ocean

b. there is more water vapor in the Vermont Snowstorm

The author's mood or expression in a story is also known as a. style b. tone c. plot d. setting

b. tone

How do topographic maps differ from other maps? a. topographic maps use census data to show population density b. topography maps use contour lines to show elevation change on the surface of the earth c. topography maps use latitude and longitude to show relative location d. topography maps use latitude and longitude to show absolute location

b. topography maps use contour lines to show elevation change on the surface of the earth

Which of the following best describes the way in which the Farm Securities Administration labor camp in Robstown, Texas, relates to the beginning of teacher's knowledge of geography? The beginning teacher a. understands the basic concept of culture and the processes of cultural adaption, diffusion, and exchange b. understands the characteristics, distribution, and migration of populations in Texas and the United States c. understands how people use oral tradition, stories, real and mythical heroes, music, paintings, and sculptures to create and represent culture in communities in Texas, the US, and the world d.understands the physical environments of Texas.

b. understands the characteristics, distribution, and migration of populations in Texas and the United States

Economics is best described as the study of a. how different political systems establish systems for production and consumption b. how individuals and groups with limited resources make decisions to best satisfy their needs and wants c. how currency is used in different societies d. how trade has developed through a historic and systematic process

b.how individuals and groups with limited resources make decisions to best satisfy their needs and wants

Protestant Reformation

b/c of religious, political, and econ. reasons. Religious: abuses in the Catholic church- fraudulent clergy w/ immoral lifestyles, sale of religious offices, different theologies, frauds w/ sacred relics

Battle of the Alamo

battle in which Mexican physically won and killed all but 2 Texan and Texican volunteers, but inspired the Texans to fight for freedom

Transitional Phase

beginning phase of using visual memory. Students have learned about letter patterns, but often use them incorrectly. Teachers should implement visual and morphemic strategies (pre-fix, suffix, roots)

innate behavoir

behavior that doesn't depend on learning or experience Examples -fish just naturally know how to swim -birds just know how to fly

learned behavoir

behavoir learned by experience or observation

Stem and Leaf Plots

best suited for small sets of data and are especially useful for comparing 2 sets of data

Unfixed Literature (poetry)

blank verse and dramatic monologue

Diane and Liam are college students who share a two-bedroom apartment. At their part time jobs, Diane earns $650 a month and Liam earns $730 a month. Their rent each month is 29% of their total monthly income. What is a reasonable amount for their rent? a. $189 b. $212 c. $400 d. $414

c. $400

A coin is flipped and then a die is rolled. What is the probability that the outcome shows heads on the coin and an even number on the die? a. 1/12 b. 1/6 c. 1/4 d. 1/3

c. 1/4 Heads Tales 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heads- 2,4,6. 3 combinations out of 12 = 1/4

Which of the following is NOT equivalent to 10 kilometers? a. 10,000 meters b. 1,000 decameters c. 100,000 centimeters d. 10,000,000 millimeters

c. 100,000 centimeters It should be 1,000,000 centimeters

Which of the following expressions would describe the number of ways that a 12 person basketball team could choose a forward, center, and point guard for the starting line up? a. 12^P9 b. 9^P12 c. 12^P3 d. 3^P12

c. 12^P3 12 to Pick from and you need 3

Susan was measuring two angels with a protractor and found their sum to be 88 degrees. What is her percentage of error if the two angles were complimentary? a. 0.04% b. 2.00% c. 2.22% d. 2.27%

c. 2.22% Because: Two complementary angles have a sum of 90 degrees. Therefore, if a student used a protractor and found the sum of the two angles was only 88 degrees, the measure was inaccurate by 2 degrees. To find the percentage of error, divide the error amount by the total number of degrees possible, 2/90=0.0222x100 thus 2.22%

Mr. Marshall arranged chairs for a school function in rows of the same length, with more than one chair in each row and not more than one row. Which of the following could not be the number of chairs he arranged? a. 99 b. 81 c. 73 d. 27

c. 73

An isosceles triangle has a hypotenuse of 12 cm. How long are the other two legs? a. 6.00 cm b. 8.40 cm c. 8.49 cm d. 12.00 cm

c. 8.49 x^2 + x^2 = 12^2 2x^2=144 x^2= 72 x= 8.49 (the square root of 72)

The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears were a result of whose presidency? a. Abraham Lincoln b. James Monroe c. Andrew Jackson d. James Madison

c. Andrew Jackson

A scientist crosses a male and female brown guinea pig, both having a brown coat. Brown coat color is dominant over which coat color. Among the offspring, 75% have brown coats and 25% have white coats. The scientist can conclude that the genotypes of the parent guinea pigs were most likely: a. BBxBB b. BBxBb c. BbxBb d. bbxbb

c. BbxBb B b B BB Bb b Bb bb

Which of the following court cases overturned the conditions of segregation? a. Plessy vs Ferguson b. Marbury vs Madison c. Bown v Board of Education in Topeka d. Dred Scott vs Sandford

c. Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka

"We hold these truths to be self-evident. That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government. " This quotation is from which of the following? a. Articles of Confederation b. US Constitution c. Declaration of Independence d. Missouri Compromise

c. Declaration of Independence

Which female played a significant role in the Chicano civil rights movement by fighting for better working conditions and fair compensation for farm workers? a. Rosa Parks b. Martha Cotera c. Dolores Huerta d. Ida B. Wells

c. Dolores Huerta

Students in fifth grade are practicing reading their reader's theater scripts for a performance presentation on Friday. Their teacher encourages them to read with prosody, or expression. This instructional activity primarily fosters development in the key area of reading called... a. comprehension b. vocabulary c. fluency d. structural analysis

c. Fluency

Authors who captured the cultural voice of societal change during the Harlem Renaissance included a. Walker Dean Myers, Christopher Myers, Nikki Giovanni, Zoe Lewis, and Gail Carson Levine b. Aaron Douglas, Lois Jones, William H. Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, and Romare Bearden c. Langston Hughes, Countree Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jessie Redmon Fauset, and Zora Neale Hurston d. Marcus Garvey, WEB Dubois, James Weldon Johnson, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington

c. Langston Hughes, Countree Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jessie Redmon Fauset, and Zora Neale Hurston

The comprehension strategy of reciprocal teaching develops students ability to discuss and analyze a shared text though use of ... a. summarizing, connecting, revising, and sharing b. summarizing, inferring, visualizing. and recalling c. summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting d. questioning, knowing, wanting to know, and learning

c. Summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting

Which of the following helped to extend the border of the US westward toward the Pacific Ocean? a. The 1848 Annexation of Colorado b. The 1845 Annexation of Mississippi c. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase d. The 1846 Washington Purchase

c. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase

Article 55 of which document calls for "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms?" a. The US Constitution b. The Declaration of Independence c. The United Nations Charter d. The Texas Constitution

c. The United Nations Charter

Which of the following is a secondary social studies source? a. a diary b. a photograph c. a biography d. a letter

c. a biography

During independent reading, Mr. Murphy encourages his students to self-select expository text in addition to narrative text. Which of the following is an example of expository text? A. A short story b. a poem from a poetry anthology c. a feature story in the daily newspaper d. a young adult novel

c. a feature story in the daily paper

Mr. Freeman conducted an inquiry lesson in which his class of 30 students worked in groups of three and first read and recorded the room temperature of two thermometers. The student groups then each taped one thermometer on the walls of the classroom near the floor, and the second near the ceiling. After an hour, the students collected their thermometers and again read and recorded the temperature on each. What would the best strategy to help students reach the desired conclusion that the air at the ceiling is warmer than the air at the floor (demonstrating that warm air rises and cold air sinks, or the concept of convection)? a. After students have collected their starting and ending temperatures, on their thermometers , show a well designed powerpoint presentation with diagrams describing and showing convection. Follow the powerpoint with discussion about other examples of convection, such as hot air balloons and a film about tornadoes b. after students have collected their starting and ending temperatures on their thermometers, ask each student group to review their starting and ending temperatures. Then ask each group to make a graph of their findings and develop a conclusion based on their group's measurement and results. c. after students have collected their starting and ending temperatures on their thermometers, ask one student from each group to enter their starting and ending temperatures for their floor and ceiling thermometers on a class spreadsheet. Using all class data, ask students to make a line graph with one line showing starting and ending floor temperatures and another line showing the same for the ceiling temperatures. Ask students to calculate the average starting and ending temperatures for ceiling and floor thermometers using class data. d. after students have collected their starting and ending temperatures on their thermometers, have students conduct an experiment using a beaker filled with ice. Students measure the temperature of the ice and then place the beaker on a hot plate. After turning on the hot plate, the students measure and record the temperature of the ice every 30 seconds as it changes state from solid to liquid and then reaches the boiling point. The student groups record, share, and analyze findings in class discussion.

c. after students have collected their starting and ending temperatures on their thermometers, ask one student from each group to enter their starting and ending temperatures for their floor and ceiling thermometers on a class spreadsheet. Using all class data, ask students to make a line graph with one line showing starting and ending floor temperatures and another line showing the same for the ceiling temperatures. Ask students to calculate the average starting and ending temperatures for ceiling and floor thermometers using class data.

The writing process includes which of the following components? a. brainstorming, mapping, rehearsal, drafting, editing b. brainstorming, organizing, editing, spelling, grammar c. brainstorming, drafting, revising, editing, publishing d. brainstorming, sharing, listening, mapping, submitting

c. brainstorming, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

Which of the following is an example of a word with a consonant digraph? a. Gnat b. try c. chair d. hose

c. chair Consonant digraph = sh, ch, th

The acceleration of a given object is equal to the a. change of speed per some unit of time b. product of the force and mass c. change in velocity per some unit of time d. product of force times distance

c. change in velocity per some unit of time

A teacher gives a one-minute timed fluency check each week for students who are reading below grade level to measure their reading rate and to check for progress. What type of assessment technique is the teacher using? a. criterion-based assessment b. formal assessment c. curriculum-based assessment d. standardized assessment

c. curriculum-based assessment

Ms. Weaver knows that her fifth graders need to have a solid understanding of text structure in order to better facilitate their reading and understanding of expository text. The types of text structure can include, for instance, chronological, cause-and-effect, problem/solution, compare and contrast, and sequence. What types of instructional activity would best help develop students' understanding and recognition of these types of text structures? a. stock the classroom library with a wide variety of reading materials that contain these types of text structures b. model how to recognize the common types of text structures c. demonstrate and practice with students the use of graphic organizers that align with the common text structures d. discuss with students how text structures impacts the way the writer chose to organize information

c. demonstrate and practice with students the use of graphic organizers that align with the common text structures

Mrs. Jones has three fourth graders who are at the early stages of their reading development. She wants to help her students move from the emergent stage of reading to understanding some basic sight words and the conventions of print. She uses a technique called "shared writing," in which students dictate their thoughts orally and she writes them down. This is followed by the group of students doing a repeated reading aloud of the shared text. The primary purpose in doing this activity with these students would be to a. demonstrate the conventions of writing such as pronunciation, spelling, and grammar rules. b. engage students with a high-interest activity that will motivate them to want to write more c. develop the students' ability to engage in listening, speaking, reading, and writing to further their reading development d. foster a sight word vocabulary that will help them with spelling in future writing

c. develop the students' ability to engage in listening, speaking, reading, and writing to further their reading development

Which movement was most influential to the crafting of the US Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution? a. scientific revolution b. industrialism c. enlightenment d. renaissance

c. enlightenment

The process by which energy is generated in the Sun is called a. fission b. combustion c. fusion d. plasma

c. fusion

A sequence of DNA in a specific location on a chromosome in the nucleus of cells may code for a specific hereditary trait. This DNA code is known as a. nucleotide b. nucleolus c. gene d. phenotype

c. gene

The phase of the moon in which about 3/4 of the moon is illuminated is known as which of the following? a.crescent moon b. blue moon c. gibbous moon d. new moon

c. gibbous moon

In Mrs. Hernandez's class, the students are studying what plants need to survive. The students generate ideas to share. One need they have identifies for survival is food. When Ms. Hernandez asks the students where they think plans get their food, she notices that several students respond, "Plants get their food from (eating) the soil." What is the best way to help students change this misconception that plants "eat the soil" to the scientifically accepted conception that plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis? a. Have students conduct an experiment in which they plant seeds in two different containers, place one in the dark and one in the light, and make observations. b. conduct a lecture/discussion session with students, explaining the process of photosynthesis by using pictures and diagrams c. have students conduct and experiment in which they measure the mass of two pots of dry soil before planting seeds in the two pots; then after plants have grown, then measure the mass of the pots of dry soil again to see whether there has been a change. d. ask students to red the textbook and search the internet for information on how plants get food

c. have students conduct and experiment in which they measure the mass of two pots of dry soil before planting seeds in the two pots; then after plants have grown, then measure the mass of the pots of dry soil again to see whether there has been a change.

Where should caustic materials such as acids be stored? a. in a locked cabinet on a high shelf out of reach of children b. in the classroom refrigerator to maintain a constant temperature c. in a locked cabinet on a low shelf nearest the floor d. not in or near the classroom at all

c. in a locked cabinet on a low shelf nearest the floor

Which of the following best describes the way in which a beginning teacher would appropriately use technology as a tool for learning and communicating social studies concepts? a. information about social studies is available from the internet, however, students need to limit technology to use only primary sources b. information about social studies is available from the internet, however, students need to evaluate the scholarship of the many sources available and use only those that align directly with the textbook c. information about social studies is available from the internet, however, students need to evaluate the scholarship of the many sources available and only use those known to be reliable d. information about social studies is available from the internet, however, students need to know that the sources are limited to secondary sources

c. information about social studies is available from the internet, however, students need to evaluate the scholarship of the many sources available and only use those known to be reliable

Why is sight word practice important to reading instruction? a. it gives students a chance to decode CVC words and build word recognition b. it builds vocabulary and helps students with their conceptual understanding of the text c. it builds automatiticity, as sight words are not spelled in phonetically regular ways and must be memorized d. it develops skills at problem solving and higher-level comprehension

c. it builds automaticity, as sight words are not spelled in phonetically regular ways and must be memorized

Which of the following best describes the way in which the US Constitution assigns governmental power? a. it assigns it entirely to the states b. it assigns it entirely to the national government c. it divides it between states and the national government d. it does not divide power

c. it divides it between the states and the national government

Which constitutional amendment guaranteed women the right to vote? a. thirteenth b. eighteenth c. nineteenth d. twenty-second

c. nineteenth

What forces are acting upon a stationary book placed on a stationary desk? a. normal force b. gravitational force c. normal force and gravitational force d. contact force

c. normal force and gravitational force

A teacher recently began teaching a unit on similar triangles. Which of the following topics is a teacher most likely to have students explore? a. area formulas for right and equilateral triangles b. pythagorean theorem c. proportional relationships d. angle measures

c. proportional relationships

Ms. White wants to use a "mentor text" to exemplify the writing trait of voice. She selects several texts in which the authors use dialogue and character development to teach this writing trait. What part of the language arts block would be most useful to model and share these examples of the selected writing trait? a. guided reading b. independent reading c. read-aloud d. parter reading

c. read-aloud

On earth more solar energy reaches the equatorial regions than the polar regions because the equatorial regions a. have more vegetation to absorb sunlight b. have days with more hours of light c. receive sun rays closest to the vertical d. receive sun rays closest to the horizontal

c. receive sun rays closest to the vertical

Which of the follow was not a result of the Industrial Revolution? a. Growth of urban areas b. Increased economic production c. rise in small craft labor d. specialization and division of labor

c. rise in small craft labor

Ms. Jimenez uses several methods of informal assessment to track her students' progress in the area of decoding. She is working with a group of below-level readers in her fourth grade class. She wants to use an assessment to determine the accuracy of her students' individual oral reading problems and wants to gain more insight into the problem solving processes and strategies that students are using in decoding while reading aloud. Which of the following assessment tools would best support this assessment objective? a. timed reading b. written summary c. running record d. oral retelling

c. running record A running record allows you to assess a student's reading performance as she/he reads from a benchmark book.

The parts of any scientific investigation (observation, question, procedure, etc.) are collectively referred to as a. an experiment b. the scientific method c. scientific inquiry d. a six-step approach

c. scientific inquiry

When reading fictional text, the teacher can focus students' attention on such aspects of the story as character, plot, setting, problem, and solution. The instructional focus is also known as a. plot summary b. get the gist c. story grammar d. a directed reading-thinking activity

c. story grammar

A school board wishes to determine opinions of parents regarding the assigning of homework in mathematics classes. Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate for obtaining a statistically unbiased sample? a. survey a selection of parents from the official school roster b. survey a selection of people whose names are randomly chosen from the telephone directory c. survey a selection of people whose names are randomly chosen from a listing of parents of mathematics students d. survey the first 1000 names on an alphabetical listing of parents of mathematics students

c. survey a selection of people whose names are randomly chosen from a listing of parents of mathematics students

What are the distinguishing features of an experiment that differentiates it from other types of investigations? a. predictions, observations, and analysis of data b. predictions , observations, and conclusion c. testable hypothesis, variables, identified and manipulated, and the aim of determining casual relationships d. testable hypothesis, variables identified and manipulated, and the aim of determining correlations among variables

c. testable hypothesis, variables, identified and manipulated, and the aim of determining casual relationships

Bean seeds are planted in a cup inside a shoe box standing upright on its side with a 3-inch diameter circle cut out of the center of the shoe box close to the bottom of the box. The box is placed in a sunlit room, and the plant is watered regularly without exposing it to sunlight for any length of time. Over time, what will the researcher most likely observe has happened to the bean seeds, and why? a. the bean seeds will not have germinated and will die due to lack of sunlight b. the bean seeds will germinate and grow straight up to the top of the box but the plant will be brown, shriveled and soon die due to lack of sunlight c. the bean seeds will germinate and the plant will be observed to bend and grow out of the cutout circle due to a photoropism reaction d. the bean seeds will germinate and the plan will be observed to bend and grow out the cutout circle due to geotropism reaction

c. the bean seeds will germinate and the plant will be observed to bend and grow out of the cutout circle due to a phototropism reaction Phototropism - the growth response of plant parts to the stimulus of light, producing a bending towards the light source Geotropism - the growth of the parts of plants with respect to the force of gravity. The upward growth of plant shoots is an instance of negative geotropism ; the downward growth of roots is positive geotropism.

The Northern Hemisphere is located between _________ and __________. a. The prime meridian and the international dateline b. the equator and the south pole c. the equator and the north pole d. the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn

c. the equator and the north pole

When a human is exposed to cold temperatures, the blood vessels constrict, and the person experiences shivering and numbness in extremities. When exposed to warmth, the blood vessels expand or dilate, perspiration occurs, and extremities may swell. Why do these responses to cold and warm temperatures occur? a. the responses occur because the body is attempting to cause imbalance in the stable condition, or disrupt homeostasis b. the responses occur to promote the digestion of proteins for a needed supply of energy or impede the digestion of proteins to slow metabolism c. the responses occur as feedback mechanisms in response to external stimuli in the body's effort to maintain homeostasis, or an internal stable condition d. the responses occur because changes in temperature and light exposure create a blood cell imbalance in the body that may interfere with feedback mechanisms and homeostatic responses.

c. the responses occur as feedback mechanisms in response to external stimuli in the body's effort to maintain homeostasis, or an internal stable condition

If a teacher is attempting to look for signs that a student might have oral language delays, which of the following might be an indicator of such a delay? a. the student speaks in a different dialect b. the student comes from a country where there is no written language c. the student's speech is characterized by false starts and hesitations d. the student code-switches back and forth between two languages

c. the student's speech is characterized by false starts and hesitations

If a < b and b=c, which statement must be true a. the values of a,b,c are positive b. the values of a,b,c are negative c. the value of a is less than the value of c d. the value of a is greater than the value of c

c. the value of a is less than the value of c

The teacher asks students to conduct an experiment in which they each fill two jars of water to the same level, marking the level of water with a piece of tape or marker. A cover is placed on jar A, and jar B is left uncovered. The two jars are placed side by side on a shelf in the classroom. Each day the students measure the height of the water in the two jars and record their data in their science journals. After several weeks, what will the students discover, and why? a. the water level in the two jars has remained the same due to equal humidity in the room b. the water level in jar A is lower than the water level in jar B due to evaporation of water from jar A c. the water level in jar A is higher than the water level in jar B due to evaporation of water from jar B d. the water level in both jars is equal but lower due to evaporation taking place from both jars

c. the water level in jar A is higher than the water level in jar B due to evaporation of water from jar B

In teaching viewing and representing, a language arts teacher might teach students to recognize and apply visual coherence to visual representations. The best definition of visual coherence is which of the following? a. the ways in which the overall design appeals to the viewer b. the ways in which the layout and use of color appeal to the viewer c. the way in which the design of the visual creates a sense of unity d. the ways in which the layout creates a unique pattern

c. the way in which the design of the visual creates a sense of unity

Which of the following activities fosters development in phonological awareness? a. repeated reading b. oral retelling c. tongue twisters d. think-pair-share

c. tongue twisters

A student who is having trouble spelling words with middle vowel sounds (words with double vowels such as bread) is typically in which stage of spelling? a. prephonetic b. phonetic c. transitional d. conventional

c. transitional

Teaching students to use connecting discourse improves the overall effectiveness of their writing. These types of words that aid in this learning objective are known as a. morphemes b. clauses c. transitions d, conventions

c. transitions

Which of the following would be most useful to a seventh grade teacher preparing class resources about how Texans have contributed to technology and society in the twenty-first century? a. the mandated textbook b. various maps and other graphics to present geographic, political, historical, economic, and cultural features, distributions, and relationships. c. various primary and secondary sources, such as photographs, biographies, interviews, and artifacts. d. the local newspaper

c. various primary and secondary sources, such as photographs, biographies, interviews, and artifacts.

What is the motto of the United States? a. One nation under God b. Carpe Diem c. In God we trust d. Freedom and justice for all

c.In God we trust

Independent clauses

can stand alone or be joined with another clause

dilation

causes a change in size but not in location

Translation (slide)

changes locations but not size or orientation

diction

choice/use of words *think: dictionary*

Mercury

closest to the sun

glide reflection

combination of reflection and translation

ordinal measurement scale

compares categories ex: movie ratings, surveys (question with scales like "highly satisfied" or "1-good, 2-fair...")

Decomposition reaction

compound breaks down into 2+ simpler substances AB → A + B ex: water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen

Clause

contains at least one subject and one verb

Simplify the expression i^10 a. i b. -i c. 1 d. -1

d. -1 i^ to an odd number is 1 i^ to a positive number is -1

A box contains four red balls and two green balls. Two balls are selected at random from the box. After a ball is selected, it is not replaced in the box. Before the next ball is selected, what is the probability of selecting two red balls? a. 2/3 b. 1/3 c. 3/5 d. 2/5

d. 2/5 Prior to drawing a ball the chances of drawing a red ball was 4/6=2/3 After one ball is drawn assuming it is a red ball the chance of drawing a red ball is now 3/5 Multiply 4/6 x 3/5 = 12/30 or 2/5

If Jacqueline can paint a wall that is 40 feet by 20 feet in 25 minutes, how many minutes will it take her to paint a wall 40 feet by 30 feet? a. 12.5 minutes b. 15 minutes c. 15 minutes d. 37.5 minutes

d. 37.5 minutes

A train traveling from New York to Seattle passes a kilometer marker and then reaches the next kilometer marker in one minute. What is the velocity of the train? a. 60 kilometers per hour b. 1 kilometer per hour c. 1 kilometer per hour in a westerly direction d. 60 kilometers per hour in a westerly direction

d. 60 kilometers per hour in a westerly direction

The density of silver is 10.5 grams per cubic centimeter. What is the mass of a cube of silver that measures 1.8 cm on each side? a. 0.17 grams b. 5.83 grams c. 18.90 grams d. 61.24 grams

d. 61.24 grams 1.8 cubed x 10.5 grams = 61.24 grams

_____________ is the economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by state. a. socialism b. republicanism c. communism d. capitalism

d. Capitalism

Mr. Whitfield has his seventh grade students regularly engage in small group discussions following a social studies lesson in which they discuss a shared text. Using small group roles,the students take turns reading the text, pausing to discuss the text according to each student's assigned role. One student is a question generator, one is a summarizer, one is a predictor , and the fourth student is a clarifier of tricky concepts in the text. What is the name for this strategy? a. Thinking aloud b. Role play c. Literature circles d. Recipriacal teaching

d. Recipriacal teaching

What was NOT a major tension between settlers in Texas and the Mexican government that led to the Texas War of Independence? a. Texas settlers and Mexicans both believed themselves to be racially superior to one another b.Texas settlers wished to retail slavery, which had been outlawed in Mexico. c. Texas settlers were upset by Santa Anna's Siete Leyes (seven laws), which abolished the Mexican Constitution d. Santa Anna wanted to tax the Texas Settlers

d. Santa Anna wanted to tax the Texas settlers

Which of the following best described the geographic focus of the social studies TEKS in grades four and seven? a. The United States b. The world c. North America d. Texas

d. Texas

Who sets monetary policy in the US? a. Congress b. The president c. The US Treasury d. The Federal Reserve

d. The Federal Reserve

"We hold these truths to be self-evident. That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government. " Who was the primary author of this document? a. George Washington b. John Marshall c. James Madison d. Thomas Jefferson

d. Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following are the best instruments to use in measuring the density of a relatively small, irregularly shaped rock? a. a breaker of water and a metric tape measure b. a graduated cylinder of water and a metric tape measure c. a beaker of water and a triple beam or electronic balance d. a graduated cylinder of water and a triple beam or electronic balance

d. a graduated cylinder of water and a triple beam or electronic balance

One activity used for pre-reading and post-reading is the KWL chart by which students discuss and list what they know, what they want to know, and what they learned about the topic. A rationale for conducting this activity would be to a. help students compare and contrast main ideas in the text b. provide a structured assessment tool to grade understanding of text c. help students better understand the story grammar of the text d. activate the background knowledge and generate interest in the text

d. activate the background knowledge and generate interest in the text

Ms. Ojeda wants her eighth grade students to understand how to use visuals to communicate meaning with an audience. Which of the following activities best develops this skill in her students? a. provide students with a rubric detailing how they will be evaluated on their use of visuals b. ask students to write a paragraph describing why they chose their visuals c. have students display their visual work for other students to examine silently d. actively question and discuss with students their visual choices and encourage them to provide reason for their choices

d. actively question and discuss with students their visual choices and encourage them to provide reason for their choices

Which of the following is the molecular building block of proteins? a. monosaccharide b. glycerol c. fatty acid d. amino acid

d. amino acid

From 1836 to 1845, Texas functioned as a. a slave state in the US b. a Mexican state c. a Spanish territory d. an independent nation

d. an independent nation

Select the best choice to the following question. What is the primary role of science notebooks in the science classroom? a. an opportunity for students to reflect on the day's activities, similar to a diary b. an opportunity for students to act like a scientist by recording and exploring ideas related to investigative inquiries c. an opportunity for the teacher to assess grammar skills d. an opportunity for students to act like scientist by writing to inform, explain, persuade, and explore.

d. an opportunity for students to act like scientist by writing to inform, explain, persuade, and explore.

The most meaningful way to teach students about potential sources of error is to a. ask the students to conduct and investigation that follows one procedure and leads to only one conclusion b. provide a lecture of sources of error in famous investigations from the history of science c. perform a demonstration and identify sources of error for students d. ask the students to conduct an investigation that is likely to result, and or unsupported personal opinion

d. ask the students to conduct an investigation that is likely to result, and/or unsupported personal opinion

_______ and __________ are two related key concepts that are seen across the science disciplines a. empirical and supernatural b. constancy and change c. form and function d. both b and c

d. both b and c

The first stage in the writing process is known as: a. revising b. editing c. publishing d. brainstorming

d. brainstorming

An example of exothermic reaction is a. melting icecubes b. combining baking soda and vinegar c. using a cold pack d. burning firewood

d. burning firewood An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of light or heat.

A teacher wants to meet with students individually during writing workshop time in her fifth grade classroom. A primary purpose of conferring with students would be to a. motivate students to want to write more b. edit and proofread their work for spelling and mechanics c.give them a final grade for their finished product d. check in with them to monitor their progress and assist their writing process

d. check in with them to monitor their progress and assist their writing process

Mr. Jones has his fifth grade students examine some photographs of dust storms from the Great Depression. He asks the students to discuss details from the photos and to consider what life must have been like during that era and place. Students are asked to write a paragraph describing what life must have been like from the perspective of those who lived through it. What type of analysis are students doing while engaging in this instructional activity? a. predicting b. taking notes c. comparing and contrasting d. drawing inferences

d. drawing inferences

A seventh grade language arts teacher has her students write and respond to one another about a novel on a class blog (web log). This way of having students represent information would primarily include which of the following types of media? a. media literacy b. print media c. visual media d. electronic media

d. electronic media

Oxygen gas (02) is an example of a(n) a. compound b. heterogeneous mixture c. homogeneous mixture d. element

d. element

How can a teacher promote critical thinking in social studies? a. guide students toward a single perspective b. prevent students from practicing evidence based decision making c. help students memorize key facts d. encourage students to apply their knowledge to the real world

d. encourage students to apply their knowledge to the real world

Which of the following transformation would move the function f(x) to the right 3 units? a. f(x + 3) b. f(x) + 3 c. f(x) - 3 d. f(x-3)

d. f(x-3)

A social studies teacher should expect students in grade 4-8 to do which of the following? a. focus on traditional ways of finding , organizing, and displaying information b. focus exclusively on history c. focus primarily on memorization strategies d. focus on making connections with the real world and between academic subjects

d. focus on making connections with the real world and between academic subjects

Assessments that provide the teacher with information about student understanding as they are learning content are called a. direct assessment b. informal assessment c. summative assessment d. formative assessment

d. formative assessment Formative assessment or diagnostic testing is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures employed by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.[1] It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.[2] It is commonly contrasted with summative assessment, which seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability.

When teaching viewing and representing, the concept of design and selection of images to be used in a media presentation generally includes the study of each of the following aspect EXCEPT a. color b. shape c. texture d. hyperlinks

d. hyperlinks

According to the sixth, seventh, and eighth grade Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills, the skills that should be taught as part of making oral presentations includes all of the following EXCEPT a. using eye contact b. enunciation c. a variety of natural gestures d. including a personal story

d. including a personal story

A fifth grade student can read a grade level passage aloud with a 94% accuracy in decoding. This grade level passage is at the student's ____________ reading level. a. frustrational b. independent c. comprehensive d. instructional

d. instructional Most children are actually taught by the teacher at their instructional levels. This is the level at which the teacher "stretches" the student in his thinking and reading. The independent level, on the other hand, is the level at which the child can read easily and with pleasure. Reading scores generally refer to instructional levels.

The dust bowl created what classification of migrants? a. emigrants b. immigrants c. refugees d. internally displaced persons

d. internally displaced persons Internally displaced persons may be in transit from one place to another, may be in hiding, may be forced toward unhealthy or inhospitable environments, or face other circumstances that make them especially vulnerable.

Consider the case in which an independent scientist received funding by a pharmaceutical company to conduct an investigation determining the effectiveness of a particular medication manufactured by the company. This is a situation to generate discussion with students about scientific ethics because a. it provides an example of how scientists are often dishonest b. it provides an example of how scientist can work independently c. it suggests that the results of scientific investigations can be trusted d. it suggests a possible issues of conflict of interest

d. it suggests a possible issues of conflict of interest

Where two of the Earth's huge plates collide, near the edge of at least one of the plates there will typically be a. a large canyon, such as the grand canyon, as two plates pull apart after colliding b. river that was formed when the two plates collided and the water table rose to the surface c. hot spot, such as the island chain that includes Hawaii d. maintain ranges as the two plates over time push together and the earth folds upwards

d. maintain ranges as the two plates over time push together and the earth folds upwards

Which of the following instructional activities would best assist students with the aspect of phrasing for fluency? a. require students to explain why reading with expression is important b. have students read silently during guided reading groups c. provide a rubric for oral expression and reading and penalize students who deviate from the rubric d. modeling reading by doing expressive read-alouds

d. modeling reading by doing expressive read-alouds

Scientific investigation must involve all of the following EXCEPT a. verifiable evidence b. peer review c. logical reasoning d. predictions

d. predictions

Mr. Terry uses miscue analysis to assess each students accuracy. He then looks for pattern in the types of miscues each student might make. All of the following are types of miscues that are measured in the decoding part of such an assessment technique EXCEPT a. substitution b. omission c. mispronunciation d. prosody

d. prosody prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech

Which concept is NOT embodied as a right in the First Amendment to the US Constitution? a. peaceable assembly b. freedom of speech c. petition for redress of grievances d. protection against unreasonable search and seizure

d. protection against unreasonable search and seizure

To use structural analysis to decode, the reader would use which of the following? a. syntactic codes b. initial consonant sounds c. initial, medial, and final sounds d. roots, prefixes, and suffixes

d. roots, prefixes, and suffixes

Velocity is equal to a. the square root of acceleration b. the change in distance per some unit of time c. speed d. speed with direction

d. speed with direction

In the consolidated alphabetic stage of word identification, students can do which of the following? a. students are beginning to learn that letters represent sounds b. students are beginning to learn sound-symbol correspondence c. students can spell words with the correct initial sounds of the words d. students can use components of the words they know to decode new words

d. students can use components of the words they know to decode new words

Ms. Conway wants to help her seventh graders to effectively give oral instructions to perform a task. Which of the following lessons would best help prepare students to be successful with this task? a. model for students how to hold the audience's attention b. provide a blank graphic organizer for students to plan their speeches c. pair students to practice their speeches with classmates d. teach students sequence words, such as first, next, then, to organize their writing

d. teach students sequence words, such as first, next, then, to organize their writing

Which of the following would be the best strategy to teach students so they can successfully read expository text? a. teach them to look up all unknown words in the glossary before reading b. teach them to write a summary after reading an expository text c. teach them to create a story grammar map during and after reading expository text d. teach them to read expository text more slowly than they would read narrative text

d. teach them to read expository text more slowly than they would read narrative text

Which of the following are imaginary lines on the Earth's surface? a. only the equator b. only the international date line c. only lines of longitude and latitude d. the equator, the international date line, longitude lines, and latitude lines

d. the equator, the international date line, longitude lines, and latitude lines

Eleanor Roosevelt said, "The destiny of human rights is in the hands of all our citizens in all our communities." From a social studies teacher's perspective, this quote applies a. only to US citizens in the 20th century b. only to US citizens from early civilizations through today c. only to any human living after the 20th century d. to any human from early civilizations through today

d. to any human from early civilizations through today

What is the primary goal of sustained silent reading (SSR)? a. to keep students busy while the teacher is reading with a group b. to increase students' stamina for taking standardized test c. to provide models of good writing for a writing workshop d. to boost reading comprehension and fluency

d. to boost reading comprehension and fluency

Mr. Hart wants his student's writing to show their own uniqueness and personal style. Mr. Hart wants his students to develop their skills in which of the following? a. organization b. ideas c. focus d. voice

d. voice

Which of the following aspects of writing is used to asses whether the writer engaged the reader sufficiently with her or his writing style to keep the reader's attention? a. organization b. conventions c. ideas d. voice

d. voice

As part of the writing process, eighth grade students are expected to be able to do all of the following except a. draft and essay with the audience in mind b. develop coherence in a piece of writing c. use compound and complex sentences d. write primarily in narrative prose

d. write primarily in narrative prose

Trigonometry

deals with angles, triangles, functions of sine, cosine, and tangent Development in jr high: similar shapes pythagorean theorem algebraic expressions/equations Careers using Trig: astronomy land surveying acoustics

Species

defined by the ability to reproduce with members of their own kind

American Revolution most influenced political developments in Mexico and Latin America by:

demonstrating that it was possible to overthrow European colonial rule

Petrarchan or Italian Sonnet

divided into an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet normally rhyming cdecde

stanine

dividing the bell curve into 9 sections (5th section is the mean)

Skew lines

do not intersect and do not lie on the same plane

geometric construction

drawing made using only a compass and straightedge, and consists of only segments, arcs, and points

principal of oppurtunity cost

due to limited resources, we must make choices and establish purchasing prioritites

trophic level

each step in a food chain or food web producers → Primary consumers→secondary consumers→tertiary consumers

Learning Approach

early theory approach in which rules of language structure was learned and applied through imitation and reinforcement

Caddo Indians

east Texas, farming, trading and making pottery

free enterprise

economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Battle of San Jacinto

ended the Mexican-American war; Texans captured Santa Ana; established the Republic of Texas

Law of conservation of energy

energy is neither created or destroyed, but may change form

radiation

energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles-sun to earth

Greatest Integer / Step Function

equation uses [ ], graph looks like steps

League of Nations

established by the Treaty of Versailles after WW1 and proposed by Woodrow Wilson; failed miserably

Opportunity costs lead to consumers:

establishing purchasing priorities

tone

expression of the authors attitude toward the subject

Linear Function

f(x)=ax + b

Comanche

famous horsemen and hunters

When are thunderstorms most likely to form?

fast-moving cold front enters an area in which there is a warm, humid air mass

Iroquious

fierce fighters but forward thinkers

mercantile Sytem

first system in which goods were exchanged

Mesas

flat top hills or mountains, usually with steep sides. (similar to plateaus, but smaller)

relfection

flip (mirror image)

latent energy

form of energy transferred by a difference in temperature HEAT

Ionic bond

formed by the transfer of electrons, when metals and non-metals bond -when electrons are shared, it throws off their neutrality creating ions

Covalent bond

formed when 2 atoms share electrons -happen among non-metals -always polar b/w 2 non-identical atoms

Anaphora

found in ballads, also called incremental repetition, used for effect

Refrain

found in ballads, also called the repeated section

Halogens

found in group 17 -combine readily with metals to form salts ex: salt, fluoride toothpaste, and bleach

Noble Gases

found in group 18 -do not react chemically with other elements -inert (inactive)

Transition elements

found in periods (rows) 4-7 under groups (columns) 3-12 -metals that do not show a range of properties -hard -high melting point -all of which are metals and tend to form salts when reacted with Halogens -compounds are: colorful, such as silver, gold, and mercury

personification

giving human traits to something non-human

Choctaw

good farmers, hunters, tool-makers, and housebuilders

Karankawa

good jewelers and shell-makers

European Colonies

government based on democracy, eastern seaboard

Parliamentary System

govt. made up of a legislative body, called a parliament, and a cabinet with a prime minister. Cabinet stays in power for as long as it has support.

Despotism and Dictatorship

govt. where there is unlimited power over the people and no legislative body to limit rulers. Syn: tyranny, autocracy, totalitarianism

popular sovereignty

grants citizens the ability to participate in govt. by voting and running for public office. -the ideal behind Declaration of Independence -embodied in the Constitution

Rational Function

has 2 graphs (parabolas) and asymptotes (a line that a graph approaches, but does not intersect)

Parallel Lines

have same slope

Interaction

how students will practice the skill such as with others

Tonkawa

hunting bison and gathers fruits and nuts

laissez faire

idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Venn Diagram in Math

if circles are inside each other: the inner circle must also meet the rules of the outer circle

Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System

if we know the dimensions of a 2-D shape, we could use coordinates to visualize that shape

parody

imitation; to make fun of ex: Scary Movie and all of the movies that make fun of it

market socialism

in between planned and market community

folkways

informal rules of ettiquette and behaviors a society follows ex: forming a line, holding doors

Tempo

interpretation of dialogue must be connected to motivation and detail. Director seeks a variation of tempo to keep audiences attention

Series

is a sum of numbers represented by sigma (looks like a large greek E)

Work

is done on an object when applied force moves through a distance

derivative

is the slope of a tangent line to a graph f(x) and is usually denoted f'(x). Also referred to as the instantaneous rate of change.

cognitive

knowledge about our own thinking processes, of or pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes

Jupiter

largest planet

converging lens

lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus

Identity Function

linear equation y = x, graph is a line going through origin and 1st and 3rd quadrants at 45 degree angles

Meridians

lines of longitude that also are used to determine time around the world

evaporization

liquid to gas

Sample space in probability

list of all possible outcomes

Cherokee

lived in southeast, domed houses, animal skin clothes, hunters, farmers, fishermen, basketry, pottery, lacrosse

Algonquians

lived in wigwams and wore animal skin clothing, proficient hunters, gathers, trappers, and farmers

Seminoles and Creeks

living in southeast, lived in chickees and wore clothes made from plant fibers

learned territorial behavior

long song, learned thru trial and error, short songs are mating

Novel

longest form of fictional prose

Basins

low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains

coplanar

lying in the same plane

The main effect of formal changes to the constitution has been to:

make the constitution more democratic than the original document

mechanical isolation

mating does not occur due to reproductive parts not fitting together

Reflexive angle

measures more than 180 and less than 360 (has a circle around the back of the angle to show it goes all the way around and is greater than obtuse)

z-score

measures the distance in standard deviations from the mean z-score = (outcome-mean)/standard deviation ex: mean = 50, standard deviation=10, probability of less than 42 =(42-50)/10 =-8/10 =-.8

anemometer

measures wind speed

assimilation

members of an ethnic minority group lose cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant cultural group; they take on the cultural characteristics of another group

What best supports the big bang theory?

microwave background radiation is fairly evenly distributed across space

Alloy

mixture of 2+ elements having properties of metal, but do not have to be all metal

nominal measurement scale

most basic: classify responses into categories ex: gender, race, religion, marital status

ratio measurement scale

most informative scale, b/c it allows for proportional comparison (twice as much $, or half the length) basically an interval scale with a true 0 point ex: length measurement, $ systems, degrees Kelvin (b/c 0 value represents the absence of length, $, or temp.)

Commutative property

move numbers around and they mean the same thing *THINK COMMUTE = move

rotation

movement of a figure by a certain number of degrees

Multiplication Principle of Counting Independent Events

n(AandB) = n(A)n(B) ex: how many 6 letter combinations can be created if none can repeat? 26 x 25 x 24 x 23 x 22 x 21

Multiplication Principle of Counting for Dependent Events

n(AandB) = n(A)n(B|A) When the first event effects the outcome of the second event ex: How many ways can a Jack be drawn twice without replacing? 4 x 3 = 12 To find: multiply the outcomes of event A x outcomes for event B (should usually be 1 less than event A)

Addition Principle for Mutually Exclusive Events

n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) If events are mutually exclusive of each other ex: travel agency offers 16 trips to Asia, 14 to Europe, in how many ways can you select a trip to Asia or Europe? 14 + 16 = 30 To find: add events together

Addition Principle of Counting

n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) - n (A n B) The probability of event A or event B happening, if dependent on each other ex: drawing a Jack or black card: 4 + 26 - (26-4) = 28 To find: Probability of A + Probability of B - Difference of both probabilities

abiotic

non-living

Inuit

northwest, lived in tents or igloos, seal or animal skin clothes, fishermen, hunters

Chickasaw

not in Texas long but known as good hunters and farmers

interval measurement scale

numeric scales, where intervals are fixed, uniform values throughout (limitation: no fixed 0 point) ex: thermometer

spring tides

occur during the full and new moons, tides are very high and very low

ellipsis

omission of a word or phrase needed for syntax but not semantics ex: A**

cultural integration

one culture gaining ideas, technologies, and products from another; one country integrating into another

inversely proportional

one value decreases at the same rate the other increases

sequence of organization

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Disjunctive Syllogism

p or q not p, therefore q Ex: Peter is a Jet Pilot or a Navigator Peter is not a Jet Pilot p v (or) q ~p, so has to be q Answer: Peter is a Navigator.

atmosphere

part of the earth that is mostly nitrogen

Double replacement reaction

parts of 2 compounds replace each other (compounds switch partners) AX + BY → AY + BX ex: sodium chloride + mercury nitrate → sodium nitrate + mercury chloride

Misplaced modifiers

phrases not placed near the word they modify. (EX: "One damaged house stood only to remind townspeople of the hurricane." - suggests that the sole reason the house remained was to serve as a reminder. Correction: "Only one damaged house stood, reminding townspeople of the hurricane."

Dangling modifiers

phrases that do not relate to the subject being modified. (EX: "Weighing the options carefully, a decision was made about convicting the criminal." - who is weighing the options? Correction: "Weighing the options carefully, the judge made a decision...")

Circumference of a circle

pi x d or 2 x pi x r

Pan Americanism

political alliance or union of all North and South America

Permutations

probability of an experiment where replacements are not allowed. (easier to use the counting principle) Order is important! nPr= (n!)/(n-r)! r-number of items to be selected n- number of draws ex: How many ways can 7 students choose a president and vice president? 7P2= 7!/(7-2)! =7 x 6 x 5!/5! the 5!'s can cancel out =7 x 6 = 42

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Mass

protons + neutrons (MAN: mass=atomic # + neutrons)

Pueblo

pueblo houses, wool and cotton clothing, farmed in desert, pottery, Kachina dolls

Pathos

quality in a work of literature that evokes feelings of pity or compassion. (Ex: Desdemona's death in Othello)

p→q

read: if p then q

Semi-phonetic Phase

realization that there is a relationship b/c letters and sounds. Students tend to spell by sound. Teacher should emphasize phonetics (sounding word out).

Eli Whitney developed interchangable parts, allowing for division of labor, resulting in:

reduced price of goods produced

2nd derivative

relates whether the curve is concave up or concave down

graphophonemic knowledge

relationship of printed letters to spoken words

Meiosis 1

reproduction process that halves the # of chromosomes and results in diploid cells

Meiosis 2

reproduction process that splits the sister chromatids and results in haploid cells

1st derivative

reveals whether a curve is rising or falling from left to right

French Revolution

revolt of middle/lower class against rulers b/c of extreme taxation, inflation, lack of food, and disregard for their living conditions Results: consulship, a generalship, and then an emperor

allusion

rhetorical figure addresses personified things, absent, gods

Elegy

sad and melancholic poem, usually about the death (lamenation) of an individual. Funeral poems or elegy is one of the most popular formats used in funeral and memorial services today. *Way to remember: eulogy*

Atomic #

same as # of protons or electrons (APE: A=P=E))

Sequence

series of numbers that follow a specific pattern.

Variance

shows how spread out a set of numbers are. The larger the variance, the larger the spread. To find: 1) add all numbers together 2) square that answer 3) divide by number of items

Punnet Squares

shows the possible ways that genes combine and indicate probability of gene type (one parent along top, other parent along side)

Dramatic Arc

similar to the plot diagram

Finding slope when graph or coordinates are given

slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

Perpendicular Lines

slopes are negative reciprocals (ex: 3 and -1/3) If slopes aren't same or negative reciprocal the answer is neither

Fixed Literature (poetry)

sonnet, elegy, ode, pastoral, and villanelle

Navajo

southwest, lived in hogans, rabbit skin clothes, sand painting, weapon-making, silversmithing, weaving

Apache

southwest, wikiups homes, cotton clothing, hunters and gatherers, basketry

function

special relationship between values; for each input you get an output

cultural diffusion

spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another or throughout many cultures

Slavery

started in European colonies with the first 20 slaves in 1619

1821 Mexican Control of Texas

started with Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, abolished slavery and expectation of Catholicism

Myth

stories that are universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions (also, usually to explain a natural phenomenon)

Allegory

story written in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices

Word identification strategy

strategy in which you break words apart, pulling off or using the prefix or suffix

mores

stronger than folkways in the consequences for not following (person considered immoral) ex: cheating, lying

Calculus

study of limit, rate of change, area under a curve, and slope of a tangent line. Junior high prepares for this by learning: infinity linear growth exponential growth slope change over time

sociology

study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society

phonology

study of the sound system of language

To find y intercept

substitute 0 for x and solve. To find x intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve.

contrapositive

switches the hypothesis and the conclusion and negates both ex: if not Q, then not P

Fable

terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum (EX: "The Nun's Priest's Tale" about animals that speak and act like humans, illustrating human foibles)

1836 Texas Declaration Of Independence

the "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, The Battle of the Alamo, 400 executed by Santa Anna at Goliad, Sam Houston leads army of 800 to victory over Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto Treaty of Velasco signed, Sam Houston first President of the Republic of Texas

1832-33 "Conventions"

the "Conventions" responded to unrest over the policies of the Mexican Government

Energy

the ability to do work or supply heat

predation

the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey

socialization

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

condensation

the change of state from a gas to a liquid

water cycle

the continuous cycle of the transfer of water through an ecosystem, which involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation

Atomic mass

the decimal below the symbol on the periodic table

conduction

the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching ex: earth returning heat to the atmosphere

Acculturation

the exchange or adoption of cultural features when two cultures combine or come in direct contact

Median

the middle number *THINK highway MEDIAN (middle)

mode

the number that occurs most often

Poem

the only requirement is rhythm.

Additive inverse property

the opposite of a real number is the same, but negative

Skewness

the opposite of a symmetrical distribution. (in symmetrical mean=mode=median)

Thesis in poetry

the part that does not bear the stress

How does the federal executive branch check the power of the federal judicial branch?

the president appoints the supreme court justices

vaporization

the process of becoming a vapor

parasitism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

symbiosis

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent

asexual reproduction

the reproduction reults in identical offspring or CLONING; a cell is divided and reproduces without any outside involvement

anthropology

the scientific study of the origins, cultural development, and customs of human beings

political science

the study of government of states and other political units

Economics

the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources

semantics

the study of meaning in language

Linguistic Approach

the theory that language is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level

convection

the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment

Style

the way you write as opposed to what you write about

metacognitive

think and talk about thinking

sexual reproduction

this reproduction results in genetically different offspring and involves a male and female

neap tides

tides with minimum daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of the moon

Legend

traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, that started as facts, but have fiction added

cliches

trite or overused expressions

tall tale

type of folklore that has exaggerated and unbelievable elements

Oligarchy

type of modern govt. where a small group of people control the govt. EX: a republic, an aristocracy, and some dictatorships (esp. those based on wealth or military authority)

Short Story

typically a terse narrative, with less developmental background about characters. Poe emphasized that successful short story should create one focused impact. (EX: Hemmingway, Faulkner, Twain, Poe, and Pushkin)

Factorials

used in permutations written: n! ex: 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120tg

centrally planned economy

used to be called Communism and is the opposite of a market economy

Metonymy

using a word instead of the whole exact word such as Washington instead of governement; more of a general or loosley used term ex: lend me your ears means to listen

Sociocognitive approach

using/learning language in certain social settings is just as important as learning the rules and the grammar associated with it; applying the cognitive skills in a social setting *tone/content/inflection are equally important. The teacher is a faciliator in this setting

independent variable

variable that is changed in an experiment

plant with retrograde rotation

venus

Discourse

verbal expression and exchange; conversation

high frequency irregular words

was, a, are, the have you, says, too, this, said, of, oh, away, what, does, do.

seismic waves

waves of energy that travel through the earth's layers and is affected by desity, incompressibility, and rigidity

hydrogen bond

weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms

French Colonies

west of the Appalachian mountains

Chemical bond

when atoms bond chemically, they stop having their own individual property ex: H2O

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

Apostrophe

when talking to or addressing something non human but expecting or acting as if it would respond ex: Death where are thou sting?

maximum point

where y is the largest of all y values

minimum point

where y is the smallest of all y values

Alkali Metals

with the exception of Hydrogen, all elements in group 1 are alkali metals -shiny -softer, less dense -most chemically reactive

Irony

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

morphology

word formation in a language including inflection, derivation, and compounding

Power =

work/time

Quadratic Formula

x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a

Function

x values are not repeated

Graph w/ Vertical Line

x= any number, meaning it only has an x intercept. Slope is undefined

slope formula

y2-y1/x2-x1 THIS IS HOW TO FIND "M"

Graph w/ Horizontal Line

y= any number, meaning it only has a y intercept. Slope is 0.

Slope intercept form

y=mx + b (m is the lines slope, b is the y intercept)