1402 Oceans Final - Baylor
Greeks conducted the first scientific studies of the ocean
350 BC- 150 AD
Average depth of ocean
3800 m
Fresh water has its maximum density at
4 degrees C
Fridtjof Nansen
Developed a bottle for deep water sampling
Which of the following are found along subduction zones
- Oceanic trenches - Island arc systems - Active earthquake zones
The water in the oceans likely came from what source(s)?
- The water from comets and meteorites that accumulated through Earth history - Water from the rocks in the mantle, released by volcanic eruptions
Why are meteorites used to establish an age for the Earth?
- They are believed to be the same material from which Earth formed - Rocks on Earth have been recycled since the Earth was formed and are not believed to be as old as the Earth itself
Heat energy gained at low latitudes is redistributed to higher latitudes by
- atmospheric circulation - ocean currents - low pressure systems
Earthquakes occur at all types of the following
- continental rift valleys - convergent boundaries between two oceanic plates - convergent boundaries between two continental plates - mid ocean ridges
Large scale sea studies require that governments, universities, and national and international programs
- have common priorities - set common goals - share program results
Earth's surface is protected from extreme temp change and water loss by
- its orbital distance from the sun - its period of rotation - its atmosphere
The crust and mantle are divided into the following layers in order of increasing depth:
- lithosphere - asthenosphere - mesosphere
Arrange the following reservoirs in order from greatest to least volume of water.
- oceans - ice and glaciers - groundwater - freshwater lakes - atmosphere - rivers
Changes in water density in the oceans create
- sound shadows - the sofar channel - light refraction
Air becomes less dense and rises when
- the water vapor content increases - the atmospheric pressure decreases - the air warms
Seafloor spreading is continuing at a rate of approximately
1 to 10 cm/year
What percent of a parent radioactive element would remain after three half-lives of decay to its daughter isotope?
12.5
Phoenicians traded and explored in the Mediterranean Sea
1200 - 146 BC
The Big Bang occurred roughly
14 billion years ago
Chinese explored and trades in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
1405 - 1433 AD
Polynesians navigated throughout the wets Pacific islands
1500 BC - 800 AD
Water covers what percent of the Earth's surface?
71%
Europeans explored across the Atlantic Ocean
800- 1500 AD
Approximately what percentage of water on Earth is contained within oceans?
97%
James Cook
Accurately measured longitude at sea
The Earth's exterior envelopes includes all of the following except
Biosphere
The _____ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean
Blue
Heat is measured in
Calories
Which gas has the highest concentration throughout the entire ocean?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is least likely to be a major component of marine sediments?
Cosmogenous materials
The south pole is tilted toward the sun on what day?
December Solstice
Sources of the oceans salts are believed to include
Earth's crust, Earth's early atmosphere, and volcanic eruptions
An ebb tide occurs when rising water moves into a region
False
Antarctic Bottom Water is formed from low density water at the sea surface along the coast of Antarctica
False
Breakers occur when the wave crest slows more than the wave trough near the shore
False
Calcareous sediments are well-preserved in cold, deep water below the CCD
False
In an area where surface currents converge, the water upwells
False
La Nina indicates warmer than normal surface temps in the equatorial Pacific
False
Nutrients and dissolved gases in seawater are considered conservative substances.
False
Oil and gas represents 50% of the mineral value presently taken from the seafloor.
False
Phytoplankton do not repair
False
Primary coasts are coasts that have features created by marine processes
False
The sun plays a greater role in producing tides than the moon
False
When water is evaporated from a surface exposed to air, the surface is warmed; when condensation of evaporated water occurs, the air is cooled.
False
The low pressure area near the equator is known as the
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Which ion has the shortest residence time in the oceans?
Iron
Which statement is true about continental crust?
It is composed of granitic-type rock and has a lower density than oceanic crust.
When talking about plate tectonics, which of the Earth's layers comprises the plates?
Lithosphere
Benjamin Franklin
Mapped the Gulf Stream
The first oceanography textbook was published by
Matthew F. Maury
The earliest recorded explorations of the sea took place in the
Mediterranean Sea
Alfred Wegener
Proposed the continental drift theory in the 1900s
Harry Hess
Proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading
The first world atlas was produced by
Ptolemy
The Coriolis effect arises primarily from the
Rotation of the earth around its axis
Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?
Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
Which of the following evidence most directly supported the theory of seafloor spreading?
Seafloor magnetic anomalies
Which scientific field investigates the structure of the mantle?
Seismology
Which of the following is NOT true about passive continental margins?
They are commonly at subduction zones
A low pressure system develops over India during the wet phase of the south Asian monsoon
True
Carbon dioxide concentrations in seawater increase with depth
True
Constructive interference between waves increases the height of the resulting wave
True
In general, sedimentation rates decrease the further offshore
True
Pressure increases by about 1 atm for every 10 m of depth in the ocean
True
The most common generating force for water waves is wind
True
Usually temperature, salinity, and pressure distributions cause ocean water density to increase with depth
True
Waves that approach the shore at an angle produce a longshore current that flows parallel to the beach.
True
the process if reverse osmosis uses pressure to separate fresh water from salt water through a semipermeable membrane
True
Which phase change reaction requires the most energy?
Vaporization
Throughout time, continents break apart and collide and ocean basis open and close. This cyclical process is known as the
Wilson Cycle
The mechanism causing lithospheric plates to move is thought to be
a combination of convection in the mantle and "slab pull" caused by subjecting lithosphere
Surface coral formations growing around completely submerged seamounts are called
atolls
The dissolving ability of water is related to
attraction between the water molecule's positive and negative charges and charges on other atoms, its ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules, and its ability to transmit energy from water molecule to water molecule.
The hydrosphere includes all of the following except
carbon dioxide
The pH of seawater is regulated by
carbon dioxide
Ozone destruction appears to be related to increasing levels of _________ in the atmosphere.
chlorine
Salinity may be measured by checking the water's
conductivity
Water heated from below distributes the added heat by _____, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by ______
convection; diffusion and conduction
The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following except
covalent bonding
The particle size of terrigenous sediments generally ______ with distance from shore
decreases
lithogenous sediment is
derived from rocks
The silica rich oozes of the Pacific Oceans are due to _______ at high latitudes and ______ at low latitudes
diatoms, radiolarians
Earth's surface winds are caused by air moving from a region of _____ to a region of _________
high pressure; low pressure
The density of Earth materials _______ as the core is approached.
increases
A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of
light
Hurricanes derive their energy from _______ pressure zones in the ______ latitudes.
low; tropical
Keeping accurate time at sea is necessary to make
measurements of longitude and accurate maps
Gas hydrates are rich in
methane
Higher seafloor heat flow values are found
near ocean ridge systems
The solar system began forming about 4.6 billion years ago as a ______ that began rotating
nebula
The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is
nitrogen
Electrodialysis produces ________ from low-salinity seawater.
oxygen and carbon dioxide
The residence time for water in any of Earth's principle reservoirs can be calculated by dividing
reservoir volume by rate of water supply
Carbon dioxide is added to seawater by
respiration, decomposition and transfer from the atmosphere
The continental rise is a product of
sedimentation
A fixed volcanic hot spot on Earth tends to produce a _____ on a moving plate.
series of volcanic peaks
If a chemical is not very abundant in the ocean but has a high rate of delivery to the ocean from land sources, it will have a _________ residence time in the ocean and will _____ become part of the seafloor sediments
short, quickly
Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at
spreading centers
Historians believe that seagoing ships of all kinds were probably derived from vessels built by
the Egyptians
Sources of oxygen in the open sea include
the atmosphere and photosynthesis
Fridtjof Nansen froze the vessel, Fram, into the ice to explore
the current system of the Arctic
The drilling ships Glomar Challenger and Joides Resolution have been used
to study Earth's crust beneath the sea
Plates move horizontally past each other along
transform faults
