The Brain & Cranial Nevres
Subdural space
-A hematoma is found in the potential space of the meninges is known as
Primary motor cortex
-aka precentral gyrus -control specific muscle -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscl
Corpus callosum
-anterior commissure -bundles of axons that connect the two hemispheres -together corpus callosum & anterior commissure are considered commissual fibers
Prefrontal cortex
-area where personality & judgement happens -thinking, trouble solving, behavior, & concentration
Diaphragma sellae
-attaches to crista galli -seals pituitary gland -infundibulum (connects pituitary gland & hypothalamus)
Transverse Cerebral Fissure
-between cerebrum & cerebellum
Central sulcus
-between frontal lobe & parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-between parietal and occipital lobes
Longitudinal fissure
-center of brain & divides right/left sides (hemispheres)
Major regions of the brain
-cerebrum -Diencephalon -Cerebellum -Mesencephalon (midbrain) -Pons -Medulla oblongata (medulla)
Cortex
-collection of cell bodies -the neuronal cell bodies are found in the gray matter
White matter
-composed of myelinated axons (fat w/ whitish appearance)
Projection fibers
-connect cerebrum with other parts of the brain
Cerebellar peduncles
-connect the cerebellum to the brainstem & cerebrum -superior: communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, & cerebrum -middle: pons communication -inferior: communicates with medulla
Association fibers
-connects different area within the same hemisphere
Frontal lobe
-conscious control of skeletal muscles -trouble solving, reasoning, & planning
Cerebrum
-conscious though process, intellectual functions -memory storage & processing -conscious & subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
Diencephalon
-contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus -coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones -relay sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex -regulating circadian rhythms
Cerebellum
-coordinates complex somatic motor patterns -adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain & spinal cord
The Cerebellum
-coordinates repetitive body movement -has 2 hemispheres (separated by vermis) -contains anterior & posterior lobe -separated by primary fissure -contains folds (folia of cerebellum)
Intermediate layer
-find cell bodies -finds cell bodies
Subarachnoid space
-find cerebralspinal fluid (liquid cushion)
Gyri
-folds in the brain
Receptive layer
-granular layer -axons of cells, tightly packed neurons
Dura mater
-has 2 layers -periosteal layer (closer to the skull) -meningeal layer (closer to arachnoid mater)
Diecephalon
-hypothalamus serves as the main visceral control center of the body
Meningitis
-inflammation of the meninges
Ventricles of the brain flow
-lateral ventricle -Interventricular foramen -Third ventricular -Aqueduct of midbrain -Forth ventricle
Brain ventricles
-lateral ventricles (1,2 separated by septum telucidum) -3rd ventricle (located in diencephalon) -4th ventricle (between pons & cerebellum)
Vagus nerve (X)
-longest of all the nerves -goes to thoracic & abdominal cavities -sensory & motor functions: innervates respiratory, cardiovascular, & digestive organs
Blood brain barrier
-made out of capillary endothelial cells that are attached by tight junctions that only allow lipid-soluble compounds through the barrier -astrocytes surround the capillaries and provide nutrients such as glucose and oxygen -allows co2 and waste to get out of the brain tissue
Synaptic layer
-molecular layer -finds dendrites of purkinje cells
Trochlear nerve (IV)
-motor function; controls the superior oblique eye muscle -mesencephalon (origin)
Accessory nerve (XI)
-motor function; supplies & controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, & larynx muscles
Oculomotor nerves (III)
-motor functions, controls extra-ocular eye -mesencephalon (origin) -superior orbital fissure -extra ocular eye muscles
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
-motor functions; controls the tongue
Hydrocephalus
-over production of cerebrospinal fluid or reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid
Premotor cortex
-planning of motor movement (anterior to primary motor cortex)
Abducens nerve (VI)
-pons (origin) -deals with the eye movement -innervates the lateral rectus eye muscles
Parietal lobe
-postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -feel sensations, skin, muscle, & joints -somatosensory association area -allows for understanding of texture, size, & shape of an object
Mesencephalon
-processing of visual & auditory data -generating reflexive somatic motor responses -maintaining consciousness
Temporal lobe
-related to hearing & olfactory (smell) -contains gustatory cortex -gives perception of taste
Occipitolobe
-related to vision -visual association area (allows you to match faces)
Pons
-relays sensory information to cerebellum & thalamus -subconscious somatic & visceral motor centers
Medulla oblongata
-relays sensory information to thalamus & other portions of the brainstem -autonomic centers regulate visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, & digestive system)
Purkinje cells
-responsible for coordinated movement -contains 3 layers
Layers of the skull
-scalp -epicranial aponeurosis -tissue & periosteum of cranium -cranium -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater
Corpus callosum
-seizures can affect both sides of the body. What part of the brain can be cut to avoid spreading seizures?
Trigeminal nerve (V)
-sensory & motor function; associated with facial sensation -most complex of the cranial nerves
Optic nerves (II)
-sensory function; vision -located in retina -optic canal (foramen) -diencephalon, then to occipital lobe
Facial nerve (VII)
-sensory plus motor functions; taste from anterior two-thirds of the tongue, controls muscles of the face, lacrimal gland, submandibular & sublingual glands -sensory: taste buds, motor: pons
Vestibulorcochlear nerve (VIII)
-sensory: balance & hearing -receptors od the vestibule & cochlea - internal acoustic meatus -pons & medulla oblongata -consists of the vestibular nerve & cochlear nerve
Lateral sulcus
-separates temporal lobe from other lobes
Olfactory nerve (I)
-shortest cranial nerve -sensory function: smell -in olfactory epithelium -olfactory foramina w/in the cribriform plate -olfactory bulbs -DOES NOT got to thalamus
Arachnoid mater
-spiderweb-like appearance because of arachnoid trabeculae -made of collagen fibers (anchors cerebral blood vessels)
Choroid plexus
-surrounded by ependymal cells -type of glial cells, produced by cerebrospinal fluid at a constant rate
Glassopharyngeal nerve (IX)
-taste from posterior 3rd of the tongue -baroceptors & chemoreceptors (sensory) -swallowing (motor) -jugular foramen -salivary glands -parotid salivary gland (visceral motor); pharyngeal muscles (somatic motor)
Thalamus
-the relay & processing center for sensory information -connected interthalamic adhesion -group of neuronal cell bodies (largest nuclei)
Hypothalamus
-this center controls emotions, autonomic functions, & hormone production -involved with stimulation of the thirst center -the main visceral control center -has the pituitary gland, connected by infudibulum
Dural venous sinus
-when the 2 layers separate, it creates a blood filled space