The Brain & Cranial Nevres

Subdural space

-A hematoma is found in the potential space of the meninges is known as

Primary motor cortex

-aka precentral gyrus -control specific muscle -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscl

Corpus callosum

-anterior commissure -bundles of axons that connect the two hemispheres -together corpus callosum & anterior commissure are considered commissual fibers

Prefrontal cortex

-area where personality & judgement happens -thinking, trouble solving, behavior, & concentration

Diaphragma sellae

-attaches to crista galli -seals pituitary gland -infundibulum (connects pituitary gland & hypothalamus)

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

-between cerebrum & cerebellum

Central sulcus

-between frontal lobe & parietal lobe

Parieto-occipital sulcus

-between parietal and occipital lobes

Longitudinal fissure

-center of brain & divides right/left sides (hemispheres)

Major regions of the brain

-cerebrum -Diencephalon -Cerebellum -Mesencephalon (midbrain) -Pons -Medulla oblongata (medulla)

Cortex

-collection of cell bodies -the neuronal cell bodies are found in the gray matter

White matter

-composed of myelinated axons (fat w/ whitish appearance)

Projection fibers

-connect cerebrum with other parts of the brain

Cerebellar peduncles

-connect the cerebellum to the brainstem & cerebrum -superior: communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, & cerebrum -middle: pons communication -inferior: communicates with medulla

Association fibers

-connects different area within the same hemisphere

Frontal lobe

-conscious control of skeletal muscles -trouble solving, reasoning, & planning

Cerebrum

-conscious though process, intellectual functions -memory storage & processing -conscious & subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

Diencephalon

-contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus -coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones -relay sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex -regulating circadian rhythms

Cerebellum

-coordinates complex somatic motor patterns -adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain & spinal cord

The Cerebellum

-coordinates repetitive body movement -has 2 hemispheres (separated by vermis) -contains anterior & posterior lobe -separated by primary fissure -contains folds (folia of cerebellum)

Intermediate layer

-find cell bodies -finds cell bodies

Subarachnoid space

-find cerebralspinal fluid (liquid cushion)

Gyri

-folds in the brain

Receptive layer

-granular layer -axons of cells, tightly packed neurons

Dura mater

-has 2 layers -periosteal layer (closer to the skull) -meningeal layer (closer to arachnoid mater)

Diecephalon

-hypothalamus serves as the main visceral control center of the body

Meningitis

-inflammation of the meninges

Ventricles of the brain flow

-lateral ventricle -Interventricular foramen -Third ventricular -Aqueduct of midbrain -Forth ventricle

Brain ventricles

-lateral ventricles (1,2 separated by septum telucidum) -3rd ventricle (located in diencephalon) -4th ventricle (between pons & cerebellum)

Vagus nerve (X)

-longest of all the nerves -goes to thoracic & abdominal cavities -sensory & motor functions: innervates respiratory, cardiovascular, & digestive organs

Blood brain barrier

-made out of capillary endothelial cells that are attached by tight junctions that only allow lipid-soluble compounds through the barrier -astrocytes surround the capillaries and provide nutrients such as glucose and oxygen -allows co2 and waste to get out of the brain tissue

Synaptic layer

-molecular layer -finds dendrites of purkinje cells

Trochlear nerve (IV)

-motor function; controls the superior oblique eye muscle -mesencephalon (origin)

Accessory nerve (XI)

-motor function; supplies & controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, & larynx muscles

Oculomotor nerves (III)

-motor functions, controls extra-ocular eye -mesencephalon (origin) -superior orbital fissure -extra ocular eye muscles

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

-motor functions; controls the tongue

Hydrocephalus

-over production of cerebrospinal fluid or reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid

Premotor cortex

-planning of motor movement (anterior to primary motor cortex)

Abducens nerve (VI)

-pons (origin) -deals with the eye movement -innervates the lateral rectus eye muscles

Parietal lobe

-postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -feel sensations, skin, muscle, & joints -somatosensory association area -allows for understanding of texture, size, & shape of an object

Mesencephalon

-processing of visual & auditory data -generating reflexive somatic motor responses -maintaining consciousness

Temporal lobe

-related to hearing & olfactory (smell) -contains gustatory cortex -gives perception of taste

Occipitolobe

-related to vision -visual association area (allows you to match faces)

Pons

-relays sensory information to cerebellum & thalamus -subconscious somatic & visceral motor centers

Medulla oblongata

-relays sensory information to thalamus & other portions of the brainstem -autonomic centers regulate visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, & digestive system)

Purkinje cells

-responsible for coordinated movement -contains 3 layers

Layers of the skull

-scalp -epicranial aponeurosis -tissue & periosteum of cranium -cranium -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater

Corpus callosum

-seizures can affect both sides of the body. What part of the brain can be cut to avoid spreading seizures?

Trigeminal nerve (V)

-sensory & motor function; associated with facial sensation -most complex of the cranial nerves

Optic nerves (II)

-sensory function; vision -located in retina -optic canal (foramen) -diencephalon, then to occipital lobe

Facial nerve (VII)

-sensory plus motor functions; taste from anterior two-thirds of the tongue, controls muscles of the face, lacrimal gland, submandibular & sublingual glands -sensory: taste buds, motor: pons

Vestibulorcochlear nerve (VIII)

-sensory: balance & hearing -receptors od the vestibule & cochlea - internal acoustic meatus -pons & medulla oblongata -consists of the vestibular nerve & cochlear nerve

Lateral sulcus

-separates temporal lobe from other lobes

Olfactory nerve (I)

-shortest cranial nerve -sensory function: smell -in olfactory epithelium -olfactory foramina w/in the cribriform plate -olfactory bulbs -DOES NOT got to thalamus

Arachnoid mater

-spiderweb-like appearance because of arachnoid trabeculae -made of collagen fibers (anchors cerebral blood vessels)

Choroid plexus

-surrounded by ependymal cells -type of glial cells, produced by cerebrospinal fluid at a constant rate

Glassopharyngeal nerve (IX)

-taste from posterior 3rd of the tongue -baroceptors & chemoreceptors (sensory) -swallowing (motor) -jugular foramen -salivary glands -parotid salivary gland (visceral motor); pharyngeal muscles (somatic motor)

Thalamus

-the relay & processing center for sensory information -connected interthalamic adhesion -group of neuronal cell bodies (largest nuclei)

Hypothalamus

-this center controls emotions, autonomic functions, & hormone production -involved with stimulation of the thirst center -the main visceral control center -has the pituitary gland, connected by infudibulum

Dural venous sinus

-when the 2 layers separate, it creates a blood filled space