The idk what to title it test😁
What is a limitation of a field experiment? a) it has weak external validity b) it has minimal internal validity c) it does not require random assignment d) it procedures very similar findings to laboratory studies
b) it has minimal internal validity
When conducting a 2 X 2 between subjects design, which of the following is true?
You need more subjects than if you were conducting a within-subject design
If you were interested in having 20 individuals participate in all conditions and you were using a 2 X 2 within-subjects design, how many participants would you need to recruit? a) 20 b) 40 c) 60 d) 80
a) 20
In an ABA reversal design, the baseline period is represented by ________________. a) A b) B c) AB d) all of these
a) A
If a research conducts a study of the leadership styles of higher executives, what could be a potential threat to external validity from randomly sampling from a representative sample of US companies? a) a disproportionate number of male leaders b) the location of the companies c)the office culture of these different companies
a) a disproportionate number of male leaders
What is a researcher doing when he or she randomly assigns certain groups in a repeated measures design to receive certain treatments in one order and others to receive treatments in another order? a) counterbalancing b) reordering the treatments c) eliminating selection bias d) random assignment
a) counterbalancing
The institutional review board (IRB) requires that Veronica meet with her research participants and their participation is complete to discuss the purpose of the study and to answer any questions they have. This process is called __________________. a) debriefing b) disclosure c) closing d) a professional meeting
a) debriefing
Robin is conducting a study on attitudes toward LGBT individuals. During her study, numerous public figures, including the pope, voice their support for the variations in human sexuality that include the LGBT population. Robin's posttest measures show marked increase in tolerance for the gay community. Robin might need to consider that some measured changes could be due to which type of effects? a) history b) maturation c) instrumental decay d) all of these
a) history
____________ refers to any event that occurs between the first and second measurements but is not part of the manipulation. a) history b) maturation c) testing d) instrument decay
a) history
The Terman life cycle study is a famous ________________ study of highly intelligent individuals. a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) sequential d) cohort
a) longitudinal
In which of the following situations would a researcher utilize a matched subjects-design? a) only a few participants are available b) funds are available to conduct a large study c) a researcher wants to save time recruiting participants d) all of these
a) only a few participants are available
In a repeated measures design, which of the following may explain a researchers choice to mix-and-match the presentation of tasks in a particular study? a) order effect b) practice effect c) fatigue effect d) carryover effect
a) order effect
In a repeated measures design, which of the following may explain a participants' decreased performance in a later treatment?
a) order effect b) practice effect c) fatigue effect d) carryover effect
Chris wants to study participants' attitudes about corporal punishment. His dependent variable is most likely going to involve _______________________. a) self report measures b) behavioral measures c) physiological measures
a) self report measures
_________________ manipulate variables with instructions and stimulus presentations. a) straightforward manipulations b) staged manipulations c) single-blind experiments d) double-blind experiments
a) straightforward manipulations
How many independent variables are included in a 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design? a) 2 b) 3 c) 7 d) 12
b) 3
If you were interested in including 20 participants in each treatment and using a mixed factorial design, how many participants would you need to recruit? a)20 b)40 c)60 d)80
b) 40
If a task is too easy, the researcher will find _________________ on the dependent measure. a) a floor effect b) a ceiling effect c) no effects d) sensitivity
b) a ceiling effect
Which statistical procedure should be used to evaluate interactions and simple main effects? a) a t-test analysis b) analysis of variance c) analysis of means d) a chi-square test
b) analysis of variance
Claudio is conducting a study on mindfulness meditation. One group in this study is instructed to practice meditating for 30 minutes per day and the other group is asked to take a 30-minute walk each day while listening to their favorite music. He decides to give a mindfulness inventory questionnaire to his participants to check if the meditation group actually demonstrated mindfulness. This practice is known as a __________________. a) variable check b) manipulation check c) validity check d) debriefing
b) manipulation check
If participants in the treatments group and the control group of an experiment are systematically different before the intervention, this is considered a _______________. a) fake control design b) nonequivalent control group design c) cross-sectional method d) longitudinal method
b) nonequivalent control group design
In a repeated measures design, which of the following may explain improved performance on a later task? a) order effect b) practice effect c) fatigue effect d) carryover effect
b) practice effect
What is the most common statistic presented in a meta-analysis ? a) sample size b) reliability estimates c) effect size d) correlation coefficient.
b) reliability estimates
If you tell me to to replicate results of a an original study in a follow up study what should you conclude? a) the original study was flawed b) the measure used in the replication study may have been inaccurate c) you committed a type 2 error d).none of these
b) the measure used in the replication study may have been inaccurate
What is the main purpose of a meta-analysis? a) to summarize previous research findings b) to examine the effectiveness of previous research c) document inconsistencies in previous findings d) provide justification for future research
b) to examine the effectiveness of previous research
What is the purpose of constructing a Latin square? a) to counterbalance treatment effects b) to reduce order effects c) to minimize participant fatigue d) to recruit fewer participants
b) to reduce order effects
A researcher is interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a 6-week mindfulness-training program in alleviating anxiety. Which of the following designs would allow the researcher to examine the participants' changes in anxiety across time? a) between-subjects design b) within-subjects design c) independent groups design d) between-subjects design and independent groups design
b) within-subjects design
When conducting a 2 X 2 within-subjects design, which of the following is true? a) you need more subjects than if you were conducting a between subjects design b) you need fewer subjects than if you were conducting a between-subjects design c) random assignment is not necessary because of the number of conditions d) the variance associated with participant variable cannot be controlled
b) you need fewer subjects than if you were conducting a between-subjects design
If you were interested in consolidating previous research findings and presenting a discussion of future discussions for research, which approach would you use a) conduct a meta-analysis b)conduct a literature review c) conduct an exact replication study d)conduct a conceptual replication
b)conduct a literature review
If you were interested in learning more about treatments for anxiety, what would be the most advisable way to examine the effectiveness of other treatments? a) conduct a replication study b) conduct a literature review c) conduct a meta-analysis d) conduct practitioners treating individuals for anxiety
c) conduct a meta-analysis
Informing participants of the purpose of the study may introduce__________. a) ceiling effects b) floor effects c) demand characteristics d) expectancy effects
c) demand characteristics
Staged manipulations are also known as ________________. a) deception b) confederates c) event manipulations d) double-blind manipulations
c) event manipulations
If the reversal of an effective treatment is not ethical, a ________________ design may be utilized a) baseline b) reversal c) multiple baseline d) one-group posttest only
c) multiple baseline
A measure of brain activity or the electrical conductance of the skin are both ________________ measures. a) self-report b) behavioral c) physiological d) multiple measures
c) physiological
In a drug study, this group often is referred to as the "sugar pill" group because participants receive an inert substance rather than the drug being tested. a) treatment group b) experimental group c) placebo group d) wait-list control group
c) placebo group
A researcher is interested in studying where there is the effect of age (20 versus 50) and type of offense (alcohol or marijuana) on length of conviction ( in months). If the research finds a significant main effect for age and an interaction effect, which of the following sentences would NOT be an appropriate way to describe the findings? a) the length of the sentence depends on the age of the dependent b) there is no difference in months of sentencing based on the type of offense c) there is a difference in months of sentencing based on the type of crime d) marijuana possession crimes committed by younger individuals are punished by a different rate
c) there is a difference in months of sentencing based on the type of crime
What is the main purpose of a replication study? a) to improve reliability of the measures used to assess the variables of interest b) to establish a clear operational definition of a particular variable of interest c) to improve the generalizability of findings d) to include new variables and expand previous research
c) to improve the generalizability of findings
Which of the following is an example of a 2 X 3 factorial design? a) math ability assessed by exposure to in-person or online math curriculum b) depression among older versus younger adults after individual or group therapy c)anxiety levels assessed by gender and inclusion in placebo, 5 mg or 10 mg drug group d) differences in self esteem after 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of group therapy
c)anxiety levels assessed by gender and inclusion in placebo, 5 mg or 10 mg drug group
If you were interested in having 15 participants in each condition and you were using a 2 X 2 between-subjects design, how many participants would you need to recruit? a) 15 b) 30 c) 45 d) 60
d) 60
How does a Solomon four-group design help strengthen validity? a) it does not require all participants complete the pretest b) an interaction effect can be tested to evaluate the influence of the pretest c) attrition after the pretest can be examined d) all of these
d) all of these
What is a disadvantage of a study that includes multiple independent variables? a) it requires complex analysis b) it requires more participants c) it produces multiple interactions d) all of these
d) all of these
Which of the following could pose a threat to external validity? a) the area of the country where the study is conducted b) the cultural practices of the group studied c) the proportion of males and females in the study d) all of these
d) all of these
In which type of design would a researcher randomly assign different participants to each condition? a) between-subjects design b) within-subjects design c) independent groups design d) between-subjects design and independent groups design
d) between-subjects design and independent groups design
When studying people of different ages at one time, the difference between the two age groups may be attributable to ____________________. a) age b) randomization c) cohort effects d) both age and cohort effects
d) both age and cohort effects
In a repeated measures design, which of the following refers to how a previous treatment could influence an individual's responses in a later treatment? a) order effect b) practice effect c) fatigue effect d) carryover effect
d) carryover effect
A ______________ is a group of people born at about the same time, exposed to the same events in a society, and influenced by the same demographic trends such as divorce rates and family size. a) sample b) control group c) community d) cohort
d) cohort
In a double blind drug trial, the is unaware of the treatment condition (i.e. whether the drug is being given or not) a) experimenter b) participant c) confederate d) experimenter and participant
d) experimenter and participant
Which of the following is not an advantage of a repeated measures design? a) extreme sensitivity to treatment effects b) it requires fewer participants c) ability to control for individual differences d) participants may be sensitized to treatments because of the sequence in which they are presented
d) participants may be sensitized to treatments because of the sequence in which they are presented
Which of the following is a type of quasi-experimental design? a) one-group posttest-only design b) one-group pretest-posttest design c) nonequivalent control group design d) pretreatment control group design
d) pretreatment control group design
