The Immigrant Era - Great Depression

What is the Salad Bowl concept?

everyone goes into the bowl, mix, and remain their original cultures

What is the Melting Pot concept?

everyone goes into the pot, mix, and comes out as (proper) Americans

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

outlawed child labor in the manufacturer of products that would go across state lines

What was the 18th Amendment?

prohibition of manufacturing, transport, and selling intoxicating liquors (1919)

Explain Underwood Tariff (1913)

regular press conferences used to shape public opinion on the imposed large tariff income tax on the wealth

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

regulate and prevent business mergers to prevent large monopoly and safe guard consumers

What was the 19th Amendment?

women's suffrage and right to vote (1920)

Warehouse Act (1916)

farmers can get low interest federal loans if they store their crops in federal licence warehouses

Who was Lincoln Steffens and what was his significance?

he exposed the party bosses on all sides (political corruptions) he wrote "The Shame in Cities"

What was the 16th Amendment?

income tax graduated

Worldwide migration was set in motion by...

industrialization and agriculture: push and pull factors

What was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act?

instilled a 10yr limit of excluding Chinese Immigrants. It was renewed in 1892 and finally an unlimited exclusion in 1902

Adamsan Act (1916)

8 hr work day with overtime pay for federal workers and railroad workers.

What was the Emergency Immigration Act in 1921?

After WWI, the average migrant could not accept more than 3% of people from that particular country based on the country's population on the 1890 census.

How were those against the war treated?

All those who criticized the war were suppressed by the CPI. 1) Advocates for peace were seen as cowards or traitors 2) Films were pro war melo-dramas

What counties were known to be industrial empires? In the US, what cities?

America, Great Britain, and a mass area of Europe. In the U.S.A., cities include Chicago, New York, Philidelphia.

What was the name of the organization that wanted to stop illiterate immigrate from entering america?

Immigration Restriction League formed in 1894

How did imperialism play in the advancement in alliances?

In Europe, alliances were key to prevent war through balance of power, however alliances obligated members to come to aid of another if attacked.

What is "The Stranger at our Gate"?

It is a poem written by Frank beard who wrote it to advocate to reduce immigration. because they brought anarchy, disease, poverty, etc. Wanted to ban all who couldn't read/write english = literacy test.

Who is Lady Liberty?

It is a statue given to the United States from France as a gift of appreciation and admiration for independence. At the time, she became a symbol of immigration as immigrant ships would pass under the torch immigration.

What occurred during the presidential race in 1916?

It was Woodrow Wilson (dem) vs Charles Evans Hughes (rep). Wilson won because "he kept america out of the great war"

Who were the Four Minute men?

It was a squad of 75,000 male volunteers who gave 4 min pep-talks that promoted Wilson's image of a safe america and success in battle. They would encourage men to enlist in public events or buy war-bonds speaking to over 300,000,000 people.

What was the Progressive Movement?

It was the reform from the bottom (local government) up (state and national government) First comprehensive reform movement to address the consequences of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration with government regulatory powers.

Theodore Roosevelt supported the Monroe Doctrine what was the it (1820's)?

It was used to establish the northern and southern Americas (plus the Caribbeans) were under US protection. Any European powers were to be kept out. Roosevelt especially supported the Doctrine because he wanted to find a waterway to connect the eastern part of america with its western which was later to be found as the Panama Canal.

What were the key progressive legislation sued for?

It's used to prove to use government to address the new corporate order

Who developed the Hull House?

Jane Addams gained inspiration from her trip to England to help solve the problem of massive immigration issues and their lack of care in adjusting to America.

Who were considered to be a part of the "Old Immigrants"?

People who were from England, British Isles, Germany, France, Scandinavian North/West Europe which made up 85% of newcomers

What did Woodrow Wilson represent?

The democrat believed that democracy needed to be reinvigorated by restoring market competition and free government from the control of big business

Who were the progressives?

The majority includes White, Highly educated, professional, middle-upper middle class, reformers = focus on multiple ideals

Explain Sedition Act (1918)

U.S. postmasters were blocked from any publications that spoke against the war From this, over 1000 people were charged with sedation even if the government just found works concerning. There were also the prohibit spying and interfering with draft and anyone who gave false statements that could impend military success on the battle field.

Who was Theodore Roosevelt's Successor?

William Howard Taft

When WWI erupted, what was America's stance?

Wilson kept america neutral at all cost if we were to be dragged in. He presided over a peace treaty into accepting American values. This was all out of fear of conflict within the mixed population (safety) and world economy.

Who began running for presidency after Taft?

Woodrow Wilson

Workmen's Compensation Act (1916)

any federal employee that is injured on the job

Federal Trade Commission (1913)

business must issue regular annual reports to the government so they can investigate for violations

What was the 17th Amendment?

direct election of state senators

What is the CPI, who led it, and what did they do?

(CPI) The Committee on Public Information (1917) was headed by George Creel, a domesticated Muckracker turned politician (Dem), led the propaganda agency to sustain moral, develop propaganda (local and worldwide) and administer voluntary press censorship. The CPI hires artist to develop art and promote patriotism/shift public opinion/ promote anti-german sentiments in the form of posters, film, and sculptures

What was Theodore Roosevelt's identity?

1) "New Nationalism" -> powerfully engage the federal gov. in reform reform put in place by republicans (vice pres.) and led the Roughriders in Cuban war 2) Believed the president/government should use their power in the boullypulpin style 3) Lazier Fair ends here: big business (robber barons) fears him due to his call to power 4) He encouraged free and fair competition and filed 44 anti-trust lawsuits to break up monopolies

What were the roles Blacks worked during the war?

1) Army: mess boys and laborers 2) Navy: cargo handlers 3) Marines: refused them

What stance did Wilson uphold?

1) First target small government such as lower, local power 2) Second, aim at small businesses to encourage them and promote competition 3) Finally, add the right to unionize so that government and business wouldn't fight

How did Theodore Roosevelt obtain the Panama Canal?

1) First, he offered $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000 to Columbia for the construction of the canal. 2) After the rejection, he turned to Panamanians who wanted to rebel and establish their own country. America supported them in exchange for building the canal. Important to note Roosevelt engaged the building and dealing without Congress aproval 3) Panama no longer receives the rent and now charges ships to sail through.

How did Progressives believe social problems could be resolve?

1) First, studying/researching a problem 2) Second, publish to highlight the problem to the public 3) Third, lobbying government for regulatory reforms

Taft supported Roosevelt's policies. What did those include?

1) He adopts aggressive antitrust policy with businesses that stifle competition 2) adopted a progressive platform, but hated giving speeches

What was W.E.B. Dubois's role for WWI?

1) He advocated for black men to volunteer for the army. He believed it was an opportunity for blacks to leave a loyal impression. (We are here to do our part in exchange for respect) 2) Down sides include: blacks still facing racism in the military and when they return to america. Returning soldiers continued to fight this time for respect. Linching increased in the south

Pull Factors

1) Immigrant views of america 2) American west was heavily idolized and contained lots of cheep land 3) Industrial Cities were booming and always hiring

In what ways did industrial America develop to become overcrowded, unhealthy, and unsafe?

1) Pollution = air, water 2) Dirty water = lacking sewers into 1880's & 1890's 3) Animals roam the streets 4) Electricity was introduced and applied in dangerous methods 5) Wild City Fires

What does the term "Muckrakers" mean?

1) Reform-minded investigative journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders and whose work resulted in litigation and legislation

How did progressiveness worked?

1) Start at the local level: enact political, economic, and social reform 2) Next, state level: progressive governors and state officials 3) Lastly, national level: congress and president

What new acts were implemented after the release of the best seller "The Jungle"?

1) The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) = ensure cleanliness for packing and process 2) Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) = required labels and health inspectors

What was the upheaval in Mexico?

1) There was a divide between the impoverished people and the land owning elites who had military power on their side. 2) About $2 billion was invested in Mexico so American sent 20,000 troops to intervene once the old democratic leader was killed and replaced for democratic reform

What were the goals and worries when america entered the great war?

1) They accused the Germans and their warfare against mankind 2) America adopted the war without hate fighting style 3) Americans fought to vindicate the principles of peace as war could lead to forgetfulness of tolerance`

How did Immigrants become accustomed or Americanized to American life?

1) They clustered for familiarity and safety as they struggled with customs and English language 2) They gave us new customs some originating from their homeland (St. Patrick's Day) and some adjusted to the american lifestyle (pizza) 3) The second and third generations are welcomed well into american society and eventually leave their family which begins killing their parent's culture 4) American schools focus on beating Americanization into the children

What was the purpose of Dispatching American troops so frequently?

1) Us citizens required protection 2) Business interest and investments must be protected. 3) Raw goods and materials (especially bananas and sugar) needed protection

Explain progressiveness: Next, State level

1) build on working of local officials 2) turning towards structural reform 3) big picture problems

President Roosevelt acknowledged corporate order was there to stay. What regulations did he advocate for?

1) but big business must be regulated in the public interest by federal government. 2) heavy taxes levies on personal and corporate fortunes 3) 8hr work day; living wage; access to medical care for every american worker; retirement benefits; (worker safeguard) 4) endorced meat and food acts (consumer safeguard) 5) Environmentalism - protection and conservation 6) Supports women's sufferage

Explain progressiveness: Lastly, National level

1) enact national legislative reforms 2) influence and support Theodore Roosevelt - the Trust Buster (1901)

What were the Progressive Articles of Faith? Explain.

1) government can be good -> seek to change society and not steal liberties 2) Industry is good -> helped build wealth and strength; reform practices 3) Humanity is good and can change things = anti- Social Darwinism; thought "What Would Jesus Do" style

How has the Hull House affected immigrants?

1) helped to integrate them and cope with the problems of urban industrialization 2) Educated Women to teach cooking, work, English language, manual art spills, and thought the first kindergarten 3) Held union and organized meetings such as social events for introductions.

Push Factors

1) overcrowding in the "Old World" 2) failing agriculture ex: The Potato Famine 3) economic deficiency: industry provided many market fluctuation; home country could have increasing poverty and illiteracy 4) politics and war: high taxation, anarcy 5) religion: forced removal due to religious practice (russian jews)

Explain progressiveness: Start at local level

1) political = private voting 2) economic = child labor laws, saver working conditions 3) social reforms= sewage, water, parks, gardens

Selective Service Act

1) required american males to register in the draft (first at 21) at 18 yrs old + 2) Men must take an IQ test which was quickly shown to be culturally biased with a 31% fail rate 3) Next were physical exams with a 30% fail rate due to poor eyesight, industrial based accident, malnourished, and lack of medical care 4) Training camps where men were transformed into soldier

Why did Americans want to cut off immigration?

1) the new races represented the worst failures in the struggle 2) Nativism/Anglo-Saxonism -> ethic group can't run a government. 3) Eugenics -> they are not the superior race. Darwinism 4) Political Radicalism -> socialism & Communism 5) Union Opposition -> willing to work longer hrs. & dangerous areas for lower pay Americans are beginning to protest, but Immigrants are more ideal for higher and continue to work despite these protest 6) Cultural War -> cities are dangerous and south is becoming behind in industry

Explain Federal Reserve Act (1913)

12 regional federal reserve banks empowered to issue currency aid to failing banks and push off the depression as well as set interest rates that can be raised or lowered.

What was the Immigration Act of 1891?

Anyone with contagious disease, mental disorders, etc. will be immediately excluded. At Ellis Island (New York gateway to the US) accept 9 out of 10 immigrant from the Atlantic side. Angle Island (Ellis Island of the West) accepted people from the pacific meaning mostly Asians with a 75% success rate.

What brought forth World War I?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated in June 28, 1914. The Allied and Axis powers going one by one as their allies were dragged into war.

Name the places that fire and circumstance

Chicago 1871 -> cow kicks lantern and fire burns all surrounding buildings for 4 days Boston 1872 -> massive burning Knoxville 1897 -> massive burning required help from neighboring cities Triangle Shirtwaist Fire NYC 1911-> poor working conditions, cigarette lighter thrown into a waste basket burning a sewing mill. Women couldn't get out trapped without fire escape and locked the door

How did Roosevelt respond to Taft and the Republican's methods?

He created his own party called the Bull Moose Party to uphold his values and government control over businesses.

Who is Eugene Debs?

He is a socialist that previously ran for president. He was convicted to 10yrs in prison for delivering an anti=war speech stating things like this was a capitalist war were men are sacrificed for another's selfish means. He received 3.4% of votes and was released later by President Warren G. Harding (not by pardon.)

Who is Lewis Hine and what was his significance?

He is the leader of child labor law reform as his photos drew the nation's attention to child labor. His methods included sneaking his way into factories and mines to take photos to expose what owners were doing to child labors he put the photos together and asked small store front business men to put, photos in their windows. Additionally, he used museum expositions to get the message out. These movements led to new laws to improve conditions and enable restrictions.

Who was Francisco "Pancho" Villa and why is he important?

He led the rebellion against american control. He and a team of bandits killed 17 U.S. engineers on a train, and in Columbus New Mexico killing 19 Americans.

How did Wilson retaliate Villa's rebellion?

He sent General John J Pershing and 12,000 men to put Villa down. However, Pershing's failure turned Villa into a symbol (Mexican hero). Later, Villa was mysteriously assassinate by the government (1923) Overall, this was seen as a warning to the U.S that it would be difficult to change the world to live by the American image.

What was Wodrow Wilson's position the Monroe Doctrine and how has he influenced the southern americas?

He supported the Monroe Doctrine. He believed in Liberal Internationalism to promote liberty, democracy and the free flow of the U.S. trade, investments, ideas, and culture rather than making the world safe, he supported economic interest. This ultimately tries to convert people to American ideals and train them to elect good leaders which suppressed the power of choice.

What did President Grover Cleveland say to the ban of immigrants?

He vetoed the bill because it was hypocritical for 2nd and 3rd generations to ban new potential incomers

Who is Josiah Strong and what was his contribution?

He was a minister from Ohio wrote "The Dangers of Cities" in 1886 which detailed his perspective of how immigrants were dangerous to American citizens for they brought disease, Socialism, and saloons.

Who was Jacob Riis and what was his significance?

He was a progressive photographer who developed a series called "How the other half lives" (1890). As a police reported from Denmark, he took it upon himself to to keep written and photograph record of the conditions of the poor urban families in teminent housing. His goal was to open the eyes of the wealthy and middle class and seek change.

Who is George Bellows and what was his contribution?

He was known for the painting "Cliff Dwelers" in 1913. The painting was of a urban city that looked crowded of people who also looked miserable. The title refers to Native Americans that would reside in cliff sides.

What was the problem with teminent housings?

Land lord would build reasoning sized units only to cram from 5 to 12 families in the singular unit and force high rent. If there was ever a fire or alternative form of destruction to the building, the insurance company will give the landlord more money than he gets from the tenets which allows them to continue the process over and over again.

Who was the first Jewish progressive appointed in the supreme court?

Louis Brandeis who was appointed by Wilson to increase progressive influence

What did J.P. Morgan try to do with Theo. Roosevelt? What was the response?

Morgan tried to play as the middle man for tycoons and spoke to the president. Roosevelt didn't want to fixed but stop them, He then began to alienate the businessmen which gains popularity, but looses business.

How were Asian Immigrants perceived in 1880's?

Most lived primarily in the West since they arrived from the Pacific. They were thought to be dangerous and revolting despite being essential for industry like tobacco.

How were Native Americans treated during the war?

Native American soldiers were integrated into the army as many were either volunteers or drafted.

Did all immigrants who came to america stay? If not, what were they called?

No, not many stayed in america. Some ho can were simply looking for work to send money back to their families. They were well known as Birds (Seasonal Birds) of Passage. It's estimated to 18 million have arrived and returned home.

What occurred once Taft enters office?

Republicans wanted to make money and sell federal forestry which was against Roosevelt efforts.

What was Jane Addams role in the neutrality effort for US?

She along with settlement countesses organised a peace marches in Urban cities

Who is Emma Lazarus?

She is the author of New Colossus 1883. The poem was written to fund the pedestal for 'Lady Liberty'.

Who was Ida Tarbell?

She was a journalist whose mission was to bring down tyrants and tycoons; especially Rockefeller who ran her father out of business and she published essays of a history of Rockefeller's business tactics. He would go to railroad companies and ask for rebates. She exposed him as the robber baron he was.

Who were considered to be a part of the "New Immigrants?"

Southeast Europe which includes Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia (Jews and other), Turks, Armenians, Slavic people. They eventually made up 80% of immigrant incomers.

How did Roosevelt view american power?

The U.S. to him played an important role as the international police meaning we had the right to exercise our police power in the Western Hemisphere. This is especially shown as the U.S. Marines landed in the Caribbean and Central America 20 times to demonstrate they are always ready to protect investments, protect business interest, and suppress acts of rebellion.

Who was Upton Sinclair and what was his significance?

The author of "The Jungle" exposed the consequences of urban industrialization, He went undercover to research as a worker to intestate the meat packing industry studying the work conditions and ask how is the bid man getting. He tried to advocate for Socialistic ideals as he was anti-capitalism, but instead legislation to improve the quality of food.

What was the message that dragged america into the war?

The Arthur Zimmerman Telegram sent in 1917. This message was from Germany to Mexico intercepted by the Brits. When translated, germans called mexico to wage war on america with the promise of the return of land lost such as texas and new mexico.

What was the Lusitania incident in May 7, 1915?

The Lusitania was an American ship sank by the Germans killing thousands of people. Note: it was thought to be a war ship because it carried ammunition

Eventually, the US started to show favoritism to the UK. How so?

The U.S. offered financial relief to the UK especially as their resources were depleting while Germans suffered from blockaded. Because of this, the US was beginning to loose its neutrality standing in the war.

The Germans saw that america's aid to Britain as betrayal. How did they react?

They began an unrestricted submarine war shooting down any and all ships war and aid, american and brit

How did the Germans respond to the British blockade?

They created their own blockade in response and developed U-boats which were able to bring down British ships (Then France and US by accident).

After banning the Chinese, what did the US Government do to ensure no new immigrants would come in?

They instilled the first I.D. First to current Chinese-Americans, than to everyone else.

What was America's request during WWI?

They request safe, free trade with all nations of war. However, it is important to note the U.S. is sympathetic to the UK and France since they helped us with the revolution and share our language and more so non-sympathetic to Germans (no monarchy)

What methods did Progressive Reformers use during WWI?

They sought to build high moral and civics in the US. YMCA workers and settlement house volunteers led groups into games, singing, and college extension courses. Note: there was the advocation to soldiers to beware of AIDs and sexually transimitted diseases from prostitutes.

As a method to weaken the enemy (Germany), Britain formed a naval blockade to cut off the U.S. supplies to Germany. What was the US's response?

They were upset and protested demanding free trade as G.B. continued to take goods from american ships (and pay). However, because the U.S. economy continued to increase, the Us didn't put up much of a fight.

What was the National Origins Act in 1924?

This act banned all immigrants from East Asia and reduced the quota to 2% acceptance of 1890 census. This was later deemed unconstitutional and abolished in 1965.

Explain the Espionage Act (1917)

This act gave power to government to punish anyone who disagreed or seemed disloyal to US