The Industrial Revolution
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development.
What were two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution? Describe their impact.
Two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution were the steam engine and the factory system. These were important because the steam engine created new methods of work and travel, while the factory system provided those in need with a new way to work, and cities to live. (Answers will vary, pick any invention you think has an impact).
How did women fight for change during the Industrial Revolution?
Women fought for change during the Industrial Revolution by forming unions; they served as safety inspectors, rallied for abolition of slavery, and founded the International Council for Women
What did Britain do to keep industrial secrets from the United States
forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Political Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• Child labor laws to end abuses • Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth • Trade unions formed • Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism • Reform bills in Parliament and Congress
Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• Increase in population of cities • Lack of city planning • Loss of family stability • Expansion of middle class • Harsh conditions for laborers, including children • Workers' progress versus laissez-faire economic attitudes • Improved standard of living • Creation of new jobs • Encouragement of technological progress
Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• New inventions and development of factories • Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s • Increased production and higher demand for raw materials • Growth of worldwide trade • Population explosion and expanding labor force • Exploitation of mineral resources • Highly developed banking and investment system • Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Corporation
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
Stock
A certificate of ownership in a corporation
Factory
A large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
Enclosure
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
Entrepreneur
A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business
Communism
A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
Middle Class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Union
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Laissez Faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
How did industrialization affect Manchester's natural environment?
Industrialization affected Manchester's natural environment with dyes, wastes poisoned rivers; and coal polluted air
What were the three factors of production required for industrialization?
Land, labor, and capital
Factors of Production
Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services
What were the living conditions like in Britain during industrialization?
Living conditions in Britain during industrialization were poor; there were no sanitary codes; a lack of adequate housing, education, police protection, running water, indoor plumbing; and frequent epidemics
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
Strike
Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.
What was the benefit of being a stockholder
Not personally responsible for it debts
Why were other European countries slower to industrialize than Britain?
Other European countries were slower to industrialize than Britain because the French Revolution caused political turmoil that interrupted communica- tion, slowed trade, caused inflation throughout Europe.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Industrialization
The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
How did the enclosure movement change agriculture in England?
The enclosure movement changed agriculture in England by forcing small farmers to give up farming, move to cities, or become tenant farmers.
What were the four natural resources needed for British Industrialization?
The four natural resources needed for British industrialization were water power and coal; iron ore; rivers and good harbors. (Cotton from India also acceptable)
What were the two warring classes that Marx and Engels outlined in The Communist Manifesto?
The two warring classes that Marx and Engles outlined in The Communist Manifesto were the bourgeoisie ("haves," employers), and the proletariat ("have-nots," workers)
How did the new middle class transform the social structure of Great Britain during industrialization?
The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain during industrialization because some industrialists became wealthier than landowners, threatening their power and spurring greater class division into upper class, upper- middle class, lower-middle class, working class
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
What might explain the rise of global inequality during the Industrial Revolution?
The rise of global inequality during the Industrial Revolution could be explained by industrialized countries needed natural resources and customers from less-developed countries. These needs led to imperialism and colonization.
