The phonatory system
vocal mechanism
-laryngeal skeleton -laryngeal joints -three pairs of soft tissue folds -extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
laryngeal skeleton
1 bone, 9 cartilages (3 paired, 6 unpaired) hyoid bone hyothyroid membrane thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottis arytenoid cartilages
epithelium
1st part of true vocal folds -- outmost layer nearest to airway, middle of trachea
lamina propria
2nd part of true vocal folds multilayered mucous membrane -SUPERFICIAL later -INTERMEDIATE layer -DEEP layer
thyroarytenoid muscle
3rd part of true vocal folds main mass of vocal folds
CT
Cricothyroid cricoid up thyroid down increase vibration and pitch
d
QUESTION 10 Whisper is characterized best as a. turbulence b. no vocal fold vibration c. overly smooth vocal fold vibration d. a & b
true
QUESTION 11 The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx and has a protrusion known as the "Adam's apple". True False
true
QUESTION 12 The larynx is composed of three sets of valves that open and close to perform various functions: aryepiglottic folds, false vocal folds, true vocal folds. True False
true
QUESTION 13 The vocal folds consist of five layers, including the thyroarytenoid muscle, three layers of mucous membrane, and a layer of epithelium. True False
false
QUESTION 14 For quiet breathing, the glottis is completely closed. True False
true
QUESTION 15 The cricothyroid muscle thins and tenses the vocal folds. True False
true
QUESTION 16 The Bernoulli principle works because of the high speed of air rushing through the glottis, sucking the vocal folds together. True False
false
QUESTION 17 The vocal folds do not vibrate in a complex fashion, with few undulations. True False
true
QUESTION 18 The higher a speaker's F0, the higher their pitch, the wider the harmonic spacing. True False
false
QUESTION 19 Multiphasic closure is a phenomenon seen in falsetto register. True False
c
QUESTION 2 What is the primary function of the cricothyroid joint? a. Causes adduction of the vocal folds. b. Causes abduction of the vocal folds. c. Increases fundamental frequency by elongating and thinning the vocal folds. d. A & B
false
QUESTION 20 Amplitude is controlled by regulating subglottal pressure, primarily through increasing and decreasing medial compression. True False
b
QUESTION 6 What would the harmonics be for an individual who has a F0 of 100 Hz? a. 150, 200, 250 Hz b. 200, 300, 400 Hz c. 300, 500, 700 Hz d. 500, 1000, 1500 Hz
b
QUESTION 7 Shimmer results from a. Differences in the tension of the vocal folds in each cycle of vibration. b. Differences in the amplitude of each cycle of vocal fold vibration. c. Differences in the frequency of each cycle of vocal fold vibration. d. Differences in the noise-to-harmonics ratio over time.
c
QUESTION 8 Identify the type of a vocal quality or vocal register described by the following statements: - creaky popping sound - low end of fundamental frequency range - vibration of vocal folds is unusual - may occur naturally at end of phrases a. Rough Voice b. Breathy Voice c. Pulse Register d. Falsetto register
a
QUESTION 9 Harsh voice is caused by a. aperiodic vibration of vocal folds b. not bringing folds together tightly enough c. eating too many French fries (or other fatty foods) d. slack vocal folds
a
The muscle that abducts the vocal folds is the... a. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) b. Transverse interarytenoid c. Cricothyroid d. Lateral cricoarytenoid
b
What are the two things that you do to increase the intensity of your voice? a. Tense the cricothyroid muscle and increase increasing medial compression. b. Increase subglottal (respiratory) pressure and increase medial compression. c. All of the above statements are true. d. Decrease respiratory oomph and increase vocal fold closure
d
Which of the following statements best describes the mucosal wave? a. Front to back opening and closing of the vocal folds. b. The four phases of vocal fold movement: opening, open, closing, and closed. c. Vocal folds recoil to midline due to their natural elasticity. d. Vertical and longitudinal (horizontal) phase differences of the vocal fold opening and closing
a
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the arytenoid cartilages? a. They are located on the inferior surface of the cricoid cartilage. b. They play a crucial role in phonation. c. The vocal and muscular processes extend from the base of the arytenoid cartilages. d. Several muscles attach to the arytenoids, allowing them a wide range of movements.
suprahyoids
anterior and posterior digastrics stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyiod hyoglossus
valves within larynx
aryepiglottic folds false vocal folds true vocal folds
false vocal folds
below aryepiglottic folds protective function: shutting for swallowing and effortful activities (heavy lifting,pooping,etc)
intrinsic muscles
bring arytenoids out and in
geniohyoid
chin to hyoid
true vocal folds
composed of many layers, some of which vibrate independently (harmonics!) FLESHY 3 parts: -epithelium -lamina propria thyroarytenoid muscle
cricothyroid joint
connects cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage always thyroid cartilage to rock downwards in front and cricoid cartilage to rock backward falsetto
joints of the larynx
cricoarytenoid joint cricothyroid joint
stylohyoid
ear to hyoid
cricoid cartilage
entryway to windpipe below thyroid cartilage attached to thyroid cartilage via inferior horns of thyroid
muscles of the larynx
extrinsic -infahyroids (stabilize laryngeal structure) - suprahyroids (pull up hyoid) intrinsic-bring arytenoids out and in
anterior and posterior digastrics
hooks around hyoid jaw to hyoid back to ear
hyoglossus
hyoid to tongue
IA
interarytenoid (traverse and oblique muscles) adduct
mylohyoid
jaw to hyoid
thyroid cartilage
large cartilage that surrounds larynx in front Thyroid notch on top of front. INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR horns attach to cricoid cartilage below and hyoid bone above
LCA
lateral cricoarytenoid adduct
epiglottis
leaf shaped cartilage attached to inner surface of thyroid cartilage folds down over entrance of larynx during swallowing
types of glottal openings
median abduction
-LCA AND IA close vocal folds -MEDIAL COMPRESSION holds folds closed air pressure builds -pressure strong enough, vocal folds blow apart -puff of air escapes, air in vocal tract set into vibration -elasticity and stiffness brings vocal folds back -BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE, negative pressure sucks folds back together -vocal folds close, cycle begins again
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation
glottis
part between vocal folds made of membraneous part (3/5th)--> vocal ligaments 2/5th: cartilaginous part --> vocal processes males largest, then females. then kids
hyoid bone
part of laryngeal skeleton u-shaped, free floating bone anchors tongue (above) suspends larynx from a sheet of membrane (below)
vocal ligament
part of the lamina propria (part of the true vocal folds) made up of two of the lamina propria layers (intermediate and deep)
PCA
posterior cricoarytenoids ABDUCTS
hyothyroid membrane
sheet of membrane that suspends larynx from hyoid
omohyoid
shoulder to hyoid
laryngeal ventricle
space between false vocal folds and true vocal folds glands that secrete mucous to lubricate vocal folds housed here reactive to dairy products: secrete too much mucous, clear throats often, may damage vocal folds
infrahyoids
sternohyoid omohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid
sternohyoid
sternum to hyoid
sternothyroid
sternum to thyroid
TA
thyroarytenoid thyrovocalis -medial (carry burden) thyromuscularius -lateral (heart of vocal folds)
thyrohyoid
thyroid up hyoid down
arytenoid cartilages
two small cartilages, pyramidal in shape sits on upper surface of cricoid cartilage -vocal processes: attach to vocal folds -muscular process: where muscles that swing vocal folds attach
aryepiglottic folds
valve in larynx sides of the epiglottis to each arytenoid cartilage sheets of connective tissue and muscle fiber pull epiglottis backwards (close entrance to larynx during swallowing)
cover body model of vocal folds
vocal folds=multilayered structure of differing stiffness outside layer aka COVER (epithelium +superficial layer)=compliant transitional layer=vocal ligament inside layers=BODY (thyroarytenoid muscle) multilayer vibrations=harmonics ( Make voice rich)
laryngeal skeleton and joints, three pairs of soft tissue folds, extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
what is the vocal mechanism comprised of?
cricoarytenoid joint
where arytenoid cartilages sits on top of the cricoid cartilage arytenoids rock, glide, rotate can be brought together in the airway (adduction) or brought apart (adbuction)