The phonatory system

vocal mechanism

-laryngeal skeleton -laryngeal joints -three pairs of soft tissue folds -extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

laryngeal skeleton

1 bone, 9 cartilages (3 paired, 6 unpaired) hyoid bone hyothyroid membrane thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottis arytenoid cartilages

epithelium

1st part of true vocal folds -- outmost layer nearest to airway, middle of trachea

lamina propria

2nd part of true vocal folds multilayered mucous membrane -SUPERFICIAL later -INTERMEDIATE layer -DEEP layer

thyroarytenoid muscle

3rd part of true vocal folds main mass of vocal folds

CT

Cricothyroid cricoid up thyroid down increase vibration and pitch

d

QUESTION 10 Whisper is characterized best as a. turbulence b. no vocal fold vibration c. overly smooth vocal fold vibration d. a & b

true

QUESTION 11 The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx and has a protrusion known as the "Adam's apple". True False

true

QUESTION 12 The larynx is composed of three sets of valves that open and close to perform various functions: aryepiglottic folds, false vocal folds, true vocal folds. True False

true

QUESTION 13 The vocal folds consist of five layers, including the thyroarytenoid muscle, three layers of mucous membrane, and a layer of epithelium. True False

false

QUESTION 14 For quiet breathing, the glottis is completely closed. True False

true

QUESTION 15 The cricothyroid muscle thins and tenses the vocal folds. True False

true

QUESTION 16 The Bernoulli principle works because of the high speed of air rushing through the glottis, sucking the vocal folds together. True False

false

QUESTION 17 The vocal folds do not vibrate in a complex fashion, with few undulations. True False

true

QUESTION 18 The higher a speaker's F0, the higher their pitch, the wider the harmonic spacing. True False

false

QUESTION 19 Multiphasic closure is a phenomenon seen in falsetto register. True False

c

QUESTION 2 What is the primary function of the cricothyroid joint? a. Causes adduction of the vocal folds. b. Causes abduction of the vocal folds. c. Increases fundamental frequency by elongating and thinning the vocal folds. d. A & B

false

QUESTION 20 Amplitude is controlled by regulating subglottal pressure, primarily through increasing and decreasing medial compression. True False

b

QUESTION 6 What would the harmonics be for an individual who has a F0 of 100 Hz? a. 150, 200, 250 Hz b. 200, 300, 400 Hz c. 300, 500, 700 Hz d. 500, 1000, 1500 Hz

b

QUESTION 7 Shimmer results from a. Differences in the tension of the vocal folds in each cycle of vibration. b. Differences in the amplitude of each cycle of vocal fold vibration. c. Differences in the frequency of each cycle of vocal fold vibration. d. Differences in the noise-to-harmonics ratio over time.

c

QUESTION 8 Identify the type of a vocal quality or vocal register described by the following statements: - creaky popping sound - low end of fundamental frequency range - vibration of vocal folds is unusual - may occur naturally at end of phrases a. Rough Voice b. Breathy Voice c. Pulse Register d. Falsetto register

a

QUESTION 9 Harsh voice is caused by a. aperiodic vibration of vocal folds b. not bringing folds together tightly enough c. eating too many French fries (or other fatty foods) d. slack vocal folds

a

The muscle that abducts the vocal folds is the... a. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) b. Transverse interarytenoid c. Cricothyroid d. Lateral cricoarytenoid

b

What are the two things that you do to increase the intensity of your voice? a. Tense the cricothyroid muscle and increase increasing medial compression. b. Increase subglottal (respiratory) pressure and increase medial compression. c. All of the above statements are true. d. Decrease respiratory oomph and increase vocal fold closure

d

Which of the following statements best describes the mucosal wave? a. Front to back opening and closing of the vocal folds. b. The four phases of vocal fold movement: opening, open, closing, and closed. c. Vocal folds recoil to midline due to their natural elasticity. d. Vertical and longitudinal (horizontal) phase differences of the vocal fold opening and closing

a

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the arytenoid cartilages? a. They are located on the inferior surface of the cricoid cartilage. b. They play a crucial role in phonation. c. The vocal and muscular processes extend from the base of the arytenoid cartilages. d. Several muscles attach to the arytenoids, allowing them a wide range of movements.

suprahyoids

anterior and posterior digastrics stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyiod hyoglossus

valves within larynx

aryepiglottic folds false vocal folds true vocal folds

false vocal folds

below aryepiglottic folds protective function: shutting for swallowing and effortful activities (heavy lifting,pooping,etc)

intrinsic muscles

bring arytenoids out and in

geniohyoid

chin to hyoid

true vocal folds

composed of many layers, some of which vibrate independently (harmonics!) FLESHY 3 parts: -epithelium -lamina propria thyroarytenoid muscle

cricothyroid joint

connects cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage always thyroid cartilage to rock downwards in front and cricoid cartilage to rock backward falsetto

joints of the larynx

cricoarytenoid joint cricothyroid joint

stylohyoid

ear to hyoid

cricoid cartilage

entryway to windpipe below thyroid cartilage attached to thyroid cartilage via inferior horns of thyroid

muscles of the larynx

extrinsic -infahyroids (stabilize laryngeal structure) - suprahyroids (pull up hyoid) intrinsic-bring arytenoids out and in

anterior and posterior digastrics

hooks around hyoid jaw to hyoid back to ear

hyoglossus

hyoid to tongue

IA

interarytenoid (traverse and oblique muscles) adduct

mylohyoid

jaw to hyoid

thyroid cartilage

large cartilage that surrounds larynx in front Thyroid notch on top of front. INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR horns attach to cricoid cartilage below and hyoid bone above

LCA

lateral cricoarytenoid adduct

epiglottis

leaf shaped cartilage attached to inner surface of thyroid cartilage folds down over entrance of larynx during swallowing

types of glottal openings

median abduction

-LCA AND IA close vocal folds -MEDIAL COMPRESSION holds folds closed air pressure builds -pressure strong enough, vocal folds blow apart -puff of air escapes, air in vocal tract set into vibration -elasticity and stiffness brings vocal folds back -BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE, negative pressure sucks folds back together -vocal folds close, cycle begins again

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

glottis

part between vocal folds made of membraneous part (3/5th)--> vocal ligaments 2/5th: cartilaginous part --> vocal processes males largest, then females. then kids

hyoid bone

part of laryngeal skeleton u-shaped, free floating bone anchors tongue (above) suspends larynx from a sheet of membrane (below)

vocal ligament

part of the lamina propria (part of the true vocal folds) made up of two of the lamina propria layers (intermediate and deep)

PCA

posterior cricoarytenoids ABDUCTS

hyothyroid membrane

sheet of membrane that suspends larynx from hyoid

omohyoid

shoulder to hyoid

laryngeal ventricle

space between false vocal folds and true vocal folds glands that secrete mucous to lubricate vocal folds housed here reactive to dairy products: secrete too much mucous, clear throats often, may damage vocal folds

infrahyoids

sternohyoid omohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid

sternohyoid

sternum to hyoid

sternothyroid

sternum to thyroid

TA

thyroarytenoid thyrovocalis -medial (carry burden) thyromuscularius -lateral (heart of vocal folds)

thyrohyoid

thyroid up hyoid down

arytenoid cartilages

two small cartilages, pyramidal in shape sits on upper surface of cricoid cartilage -vocal processes: attach to vocal folds -muscular process: where muscles that swing vocal folds attach

aryepiglottic folds

valve in larynx sides of the epiglottis to each arytenoid cartilage sheets of connective tissue and muscle fiber pull epiglottis backwards (close entrance to larynx during swallowing)

cover body model of vocal folds

vocal folds=multilayered structure of differing stiffness outside layer aka COVER (epithelium +superficial layer)=compliant transitional layer=vocal ligament inside layers=BODY (thyroarytenoid muscle) multilayer vibrations=harmonics ( Make voice rich)

laryngeal skeleton and joints, three pairs of soft tissue folds, extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

what is the vocal mechanism comprised of?

cricoarytenoid joint

where arytenoid cartilages sits on top of the cricoid cartilage arytenoids rock, glide, rotate can be brought together in the airway (adduction) or brought apart (adbuction)