The Progressives
17. During the progressive era, significant voting rights for women were first won in A. the mid-Atlantic states. B. the South. C. New England. D. the Midwest. E. the Far West.
Answer: E
7. The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of A. charitable foundations. B. community service. C. psychological therapy. D. social work. E. comparative sociology.
Answer: D
66. The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating A. child labor. B. industrial safety. C. tenant agriculture. D. the garment industry. E. information about contraceptives.
Answer: A
47. The first director of the National Forest Service was A. Gifford Pinchot. B. William Howard Taft. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis.
Answer: A
43. In the 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers, President Theodore Roosevelt A. sided with the miners. B. sided with the mine owners. C. ordered in federal troops to keep the peace. D. ordered federal arbitration. E. ordered in federal troops to break the strike.
Answer: D
45. Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle, encouraged the federal government to regulate the A. railroad industry. B. steel industry. C. housing industry. D. meatpacking industry. E. oil industry.
Answer: D
59. During President Woodrow Wilson's first term, Colonel Edward House A. was secretary of state. B. was one of Wilson's closest advisors. C. became the locus of opposition to Wilson in the cabinet. D. was both secretary of state and one of Wilson's closest advisors. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: B
1. While progressivism has many meanings, it tended in this period to be based on the central assumption that A. American society was capable of improvement. B. Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C. urbanization was harmful to the United States. D. the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. E. individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible.
Answer: A
14. During the progressive era, the women's club movement A. had a national organization to coordinate club activities. B. consistently avoided controversial social reforms. C. became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. D. both had a national organization to coordinate club activities, and became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: A
19. Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by A. the political parties. B. the federal government. C. private contractors. D. state governments. E. philanthropic organizations.
Answer: A
21. During the progressive era, opponents of political reform generally included many members of all of the following EXCEPT A. the urban middle class. B. the business community. C. the urban working class. D. saloon owners. E. recent immigrants.
Answer: A
26. During the progressive era, political "interest groups" A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. B. were attacked by progressive reformers. C. gradually became less powerful as time went on. D. were attacked by progressive reformers, and gradually became less powerful as time went on. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: A
33. The Women's Christian Temperance Union A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history. B. called for an end to saloons, not for a full prohibition on alcoholic beverages. C. was later replaced by the Anti-Saloon League. D. was headed by a male president. E. was founded during the progressive era.
Answer: A
34. The temperance movement between 1914 and 1919 A. gained momentum as a result of World War I. B. was opposed by most conservative Christians. C. saw the Women's Christian Temperance Union peak at 125,000 members. D. resulted in the unanimous passage by states of the Eighteenth Amendment. E. gained the support of most Catholic immigrants.
Answer: A
38. During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World A. advocated a single union for all workers. B. was dominated by anarchists. C. emphasized education for the working class. D. rejected the economic principles of both capitalism and Marxism. E. was a more violent organization than the public recognized at the time.
Answer: A
4. In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study on A. the Carnegie Steel Company. B. child industrial labor. C. urban "boss rule." D. the Standard Oil trust. E. Congress.
Answer: D
39. World War I hurt the socialist movement in the United States A. because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country. B. because the Socialist Party supported Germany. C. because the Socialist Party had dynamited key railroad lines to prevent troop movement. D. both because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country, and because the Socialist Party supported Germany. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: A
51. In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him. B. narrowly defeated his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. C. was opposed by progressives and conservatives. D. had a public image very much like that of Theodore Roosevelt. E. decisively defeated his Republican opponent in the general election.
Answer: A
54. In 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, Theodore Roosevelt announced a set of political principles that called for A. greater activism by the federal government. B. limiting the authority of President William H. Taft. C. an end to legal racial discrimination. D. equal pay for male and female workers who performed the same jobs. E. a return to the laissez-faire policies of his two administrations.
Answer: A
56. The 1912 Republican convention was an ideological contest between A. the Old Guard and what was to become the "Bull Moose." B. La Follette and Taft. C. the "New Freedom" and the "New Nationalism." D. both different types of progressivism and the "New Freedom" and "New Nationalism." E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: A
61. In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress A. passed a graduated income tax. B. decided to inflate the currency. C. increased business regulatory fees. D. raised the tariff on agricultural goods. E. passed heavy excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
Answer: A
62. The Federal Reserve Act A. created a new type of paper currency. B. helped to reduce loans to private banks. C. was designed to push troubled banks out of business. D. was regulated by a board whose members were elected by Congress. E. created sixteen regional banks.
Answer: A
13. Regarding divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 A. the majority of divorces were initiated by men. B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce. C. divorce rates declined. D. few states allowed divorce. E. women began gaining the right to divorce in many states.
Answer: B
15. During the progressive era, clubs for African American women A. differed sharply from white women's clubs in their structure. B. often took anti-lynching and anti-segregation positions. C. existed in large numbers despite the racial inclusiveness of white-founded women's clubs. D. tried to ignore overtly racial issues such as segregation. E. did not exist.
Answer: B
22. During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to A. require city council members to run by district rather than at-large. B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers. C. make all city government positions appointive. D. strengthen the power of city councils at the expense of mayors. E. move city elections to presidential years in order to increase turnout.
Answer: B
24. The recall and the direct primary were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
Answer: B
27. During the progressive era, important vehicles for social reform included A. the American Federation of Labor. B. New York's Tammany Hall. C. the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. D. both New York's Tammany Hall and the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: B
30. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was A. state government agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management. B. the federal government, because it exerted great power in the western states. C. political parties. D. municipal and county governments, as they had the most day-to-day impact on the lives of the western voting constituency. E. the prison system.
Answer: B
32. The temperance crusade A. first began to take shape during the progressive era. B. was supported by business employers. C. sought to curb prostitution. D. found its greatest support among immigrants. E. was wholeheartedly supported by urban political machines.
Answer: B
36. During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America A. grew weaker. B. grew stronger. C. renamed itself the Progressive Party. D. virtually disappeared. E. continued as it had in the past.
Answer: B
41. When he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt A. had no previous political experience. B. was the youngest American ever to hold the office. C. had little faith in the power of public opinion. D. both was the youngest American ever to hold the office and had no previous political experience. E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: B
46. As an environmental conservationist, President Theodore Roosevelt A. opposed hunting on all federal lands. B. added extensive areas of land to the national forest system. C. opposed new dam construction on major rivers. D. opposed the growing preservationist movement as impractical. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: B
53. In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot saw A. President William H. Taft fire Ballinger, due to a conflict of interest. B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination. C. conservative Republicans turn against President Taft. D. progressives come to oppose Pinchot. E. former supporters of Roosevelt rally behind Taft.
Answer: B
55. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt was reluctant to become a candidate for president because A. the 1910 elections seemed to illustrate that progressivism was on the wane. B. Robert La Follette had been working to secure the nomination for himself. C. President William H. Taft announced he would seek reelection. D. many conservative Republicans asked him to seek the nomination of the party. E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: B
58. In his political program known as the "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts A. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. B. should be destroyed. C. should exist only if they benefited the middle class. D. should have the right to expand. E. should exist only if they recognized labor's right to organize.
Answer: B
8. Thorstein Veblen argued that A. only the wealthy leisure class had adequate time and money to help the needy. B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to govern the economy. C. true social reform would only occur if the nation's wealth were redistributed. D. the leaders of corporations were the natural choice to create social reform. E. the philanthropy of industrial tycoons had subverted the natural workings of society.
Answer: B
9. Regarding organizing the professions during the Progressive Era, A. most professions attempted to expand the ranks of Americans in their fields. B. by 1916, all states had established professional bar associations. C. the medical field remained largely unorganized. D. there was little organized activity in rural America. E. state and local governments generally impeded attempts to professionalize.
Answer: B
10. Regarding women and the professions during the Progressive Era, A. almost no women were able to have professional careers. B. the majority of professional women were nurses. C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women. D. educated black women were barred from all professional opportunities. E. women were forced out of nursing as the occupation gained distinction.
Answer: C
16. During the Progressive Era, some supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters A. would end future political scandals. B. would ensure fair elections. C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women. D. were unlikely ever to vote for a woman running for national office. E. would help to defeat the growing movement for temperance.
Answer: C
20. Many progressives, such as Lincoln Steffens, believed that the first target of reform should be A. Congress. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. the federal bureaucracy.
Answer: C
42. During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president, A. he was a champion of labor unions. B. he made the breaking-up of business combinations his highest priority. C. he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities. D. his primary accomplishment was to reform the meatpacking industry. E. he deeply antagonized the conservative Old Guard wing of his party.
Answer: C
48. The Sierra Club was founded by A. Gifford Pinchot. B. Theodore Roosevelt. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis.
Answer: C
5. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the "Social Gospel" was A. a reform movement guided by the American Catholic Church. B. first described by Andrew Carnegie. C. chiefly concerned with redeeming the nation's cities. D. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. E. a belief that God had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor.
Answer: C
50. Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president in 1908 because A. the Constitution prevented him from doing so. B. he had lost much of his public popularity. C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again. D. he was denied the nomination of his party. E. he felt he had accomplished everything he wanted to do as president.
Answer: C
60. The 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff A. represented a political setback for President Wilson. B. reduced foreign competition in the United States' domestic markets. C. was intended to weaken the power of business trusts. D. passed despite opposition from congressional Democrats. E. raised tariff rates to a new high.
Answer: C
64. By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. decided to expand his progressive reform efforts. B. concluded he could not achieve meaningful reform of the economy. C. believed his reform program had largely been accomplished. D. had succeeded in breaking up most business trusts. E. had created the mechanisms for a vigorous legal pursuit of monopoly.
Answer: C
65. After the elections of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. held steady to his existing course of action. B. moved away from progressivism. C. began another round of progressive legislation. D. encouraged the United States to enter the war in Europe. E. refused to nominate any progressives to the Supreme Court.
Answer: C
67. The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating-Owen Act, A. demonstrated its support for President Wilson's political agenda. B. validated an expansion of congressional authority. C. struck down reform legislation. D. displayed support for using federal authority to create social change. E. illustrated how quickly Justice Louis Brandeis had changed the Court.
Answer: C
2. At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists A. believed that organizations stunted individual growth and stifled creativity. B. asserted that it was the right of individuals to act as they chose. C. held a strong commitment to improving racial justice. D. believed in the importance of social cohesion. E. believed that people's character was hardwired at birth.
Answer: D
23. The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms primarily designed to weaken the power of A. the federal government. B. municipal governments C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
Answer: D
28. In the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City, A. New York State barred factories from employing women under the age of sixteen. B. factories taller than ten stories could only use the upper floors for storage of materials. C. few true reforms of industry were made. D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners. E. Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York State commission examining the fire.
Answer: D
29. All of the following were progressive reformers from western states EXCEPT A. William Borah. B. George Norris. C. Hiram Johnson. D. Alfred E. Smith. E. None of these answers is correct, as all were progressive reformers from western states.
Answer: D
31. During the progressive era, W. E. B. Du Bois asserted all of the following EXCEPT that A. Booker T. Washington's ideas were unnecessarily limiting to blacks. B. talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. C. blacks should fight for immediate civil rights. D. seeking legal challenges to civil injustice through white-dominated courts was a pointless exercise. E. blacks should aspire to the professions.
Answer: D
37. During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was A. Lincoln Steffens. B. William Haywood. C. Florence Kelley. D. Eugene V. Debs. E. A. Mitchell Palmer.
Answer: D
11. A distinctive characteristic of women in professional work during the progressive era was that A. women did not dominate any single profession. B. women could not attain advanced degrees from American universities. C. women did not generally create their own professional organizations. D. "women's professions," unlike other professions, did not attempt to exclude anyone. E. women were concentrated in the "helping" professions.
Answer: E
12. During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of A. a lower birth rate. B. the movement to work outside the home. C. increased schooling for children. D. higher levels of education. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: E
18. In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, A. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women. B. many states gave full voting rights to women. C. New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California all granted women the right to vote. D. a majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California. E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: E
25. As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for A. campaign finance reform. B. mandatory health insurance. C. a repeal of the income tax. D. employee profit sharing in large corporations. E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.
Answer: E
3. The term "muckrakers" referred to A. western progressives. B. Social Darwinists. C. socialists. D. critics of imperialism. E. journalists.
Answer: E
35. In the early twentieth century, eugenics A. contended that inequalities between humans were rooted in education. B. aimed to subvert and oppose the rising tide of nativism. C. was exposed by a federal commission as a fraudulent science. D. asserted that the root of many urban problems was overcrowded cities. E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.
Answer: E
40. The brilliant lawyer Louis D. Brandies, who later became a Supreme Court justice, argued that the federal government should work to break up the largest corporations because the "curse of bigness" A. limited competition. B. was inefficient. C. was a threat to freedom. D. encouraged abuses of power E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: E
44. All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration EXCEPT the A. Meat Inspection Act. B. Pure Food and Drug Act. C. Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act. D. National Reclamation Act. E. Interstate Commerce Act.
Answer: E
49. Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? A. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. B. The fight against the dam helped mobilize a new coalition of preservationists. C. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. D. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy. E. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy.
Answer: E
52. As president, William Howard Taft A. angered many conservatives with his activism. B. generally pleased progressives. C. managed to match Roosevelt's personal dynamism. D. angered many conservatives with his activism, but generally pleased progressives. E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: E
57. In the 1912 presidential election results, A. President William H. Taft came in last of the four major candidates. B. Theodore Roosevelt won the popular vote but lost the electoral college. C. Eugene Debs offered his electoral votes to Theodore Roosevelt. D. Theodore Roosevelt finished third in the popular vote. E. Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote.
Answer: E
6. At the turn of the twentieth century, the leaders of the settlement house movement A. eventually saw their ideas and institutions take hold in England. B. generally expressed moral disapproval of the behavior of immigrants. C. thought assimilation robbed immigrants of the best parts of their culture. D. were generally first-generation immigrants who helped second-generation immigrants. E. directed their attention to improving urban living conditions.
Answer: E
63. The Federal Trade Commission Act A. defined the standard for "unfair trade practices." B. helped businesses increase their trade markets. C. failed to give the government new powers to investigate corporate behavior. D. encouraged industries to write basic "codes" governing prices, hours, and wages across the board. E. created an agency to determine whether business practices were acceptable to the government.
Answer: E