The Republic - Book 1

Stanley Milgram

****ed up test where you act violence on strangers while they scream and see how far people will go

Socrates view on unjust people?

-unjust people are "outdoers" -ignorant people are "outdoers" so, Unjust people are ignorant (awful argument)

Five Forms of government and their ranks in Socrates eyes

1. Aristocracy 2. Timocracy 3. Oligarchy 4. Democracy 5. Tyranny

The Tripartite Soul

1. Reason - part of soul that wonders why 2. spirit - will power 3. appetite - drives associated w/ bodily functions

Four levels of Knowledge

1. Understanding (knowledge) 2. Thought (knowledge) 3. Belief (opinion) 4. Imagination (opinion)

Curriculum of Philosopher

1. Until age 18: Play 2. age 18-20: physical education 3. age 20-30: math 4. age 30-35: dialectic 5. age 35-50: Public administration

Socrates opinion on art in the kanapollis

1. art makes us stupid and overcome by emotion 2. art suspends rational disbelief 3. art puts us in brain dead state and then pours in immoral messages 4. art must be banished no poetry either

Two key points in justice at a social level?

1. get everyone into positions suited to their talents and inclinations 2. this makes justice a matter of degree

Monism

Existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance

Ring of Gyges

Guy gets ring that makes him invisible and he can do whatever he wants without getting caught. will he be just willingly?

Socrates response to Cephalus definition of justice

How about if you owe a mad man a weapon? Or you break a lunch date? Lying and truth telling cant be the basis for justice bc there are just and unjust lies

Individual Justice

Individual to be just

What are the three types of good?

Instrumentally Good (like exercise) Intrinsically Good (like joy) Or both (like health)

Thrasymachus second definition of JUSTICE

Justice is stupid, only idiots practice it - strong don't practice justice bc they dont sacrifice - only the weak sacrifice Injustice practiced well is the wisest course to pursue

Thrasymachus first definition of JUSTICE

Justice routed from the interests of the strong - the advantage of the strongest. And good is not a real thing, we made it up

what writers liked democracy?

Mill and Marx

what writers like art?

Mill and Nietzsche

Socrates opinion on censorship in the kanapollis

Must portray Gods and heroes as always truthful and good no tales of evils in hell - people can't be afraid of dying in battle Nothing really funny or really sad

Who will be king of kanapollis?

Philosopher

Epistemology

Philosophy concerned w/ knowledge

Metaphysics

Philosophy of the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. 1. what is ultimately there? 2. what is it like?

what writers are anti-art?

Plato and Nietzsche

what writers were anti-democracy?

Plato and Nietzsche

Hedonism

Pleasure is the most important intrinsic good. people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure, w/out infringing on the equal rights of others.

Who is Cephalus son?

Polemarchus

Timocracy

Ruler: Auxillaries (military) State Goal: strong military

Aristocracy

Ruler: Philosopher King State Goal: justice

Tyranny

Ruler: dictator State Goal: advantage of the strongest

Democracy

Ruler: the masses State Goal: "Freedom and Liberty"

Oligarchy

Ruler: the rich State Goal: wealth and appetite for money

Social Injustice

Society to be just

What stage of happiness is justice?

Third (the greatest) - both intrinsically and instrumentally

Glaucon thinks we are all criminals but are smart enough to know we cant have significant power so we cut deals?

True

Thrasymachus thinks the world is ran by criminals?

True

Socrates response to Thrasymachus definition of justicce

What if the ruler (strong) make a mistake? No craft can have self-interest (Dr doesnt heal people for his own good - that is why they get paid)

Does Plato believe nobody is willingly unjust?

YES

Communism

absence of social classes, money, and state

Private Sector

all other citizens

Plato's Moral Concern

art is an essential part of moral education, shielding people from emotions art causes them

Why does plato think we create societies?

because we lack the ability to be self-sufficient

Utilitarianism

belief that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility and total benefit. greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people.

Psychological Egoism

everyone is selfish all the time (endorsed by Glaucon)

Ethical Egoism

everyone out to be selfish all the time (endorsed by Glaucon)

The Cave Analogy

great analogy of the divided line of knowledge 1. only shadows - imagination 2. fire and objects creating shadows - belief 3. Look outside cave briefly - thought 4. See sun creates light and see all stuff outside cave - understanding

kanapollis

healthy city

Main problem w/ Organic Conception of the State

interests of individuals and state are tied together similar to organs and organisms, but interests of the state are morally important

Cephalus definition of JUSTICE

keeping of promises and repayment of debts

How should men love boys in the kanapollis?

like a father to a son - no sexual actions

Philosophy

love of wisdom (or truth)

Polemarchus definition of JUSTICE

matter of benefiting friends and harming others (returning good for good and bad for bad)

Mensheviks (Russian Socialists Groups)

members of the minority believed an intermediary bourgeoisie regime must be developed

Bolsheviks (Russian Socialists Groups)

members of the the majority based off marxism led by Lenin, wanted Proletariats to over throw bourgeoisie and establish dictatorship of the proletariats and peasants

Aristotle view on art

morality entails the ability to have emotion w/out acting on it

Socrates opinion of education in the kanapollis

no conception of public education doesnt believe education is job training - believes it is character formation

Glaucon view on JUSTICE

only appearance of justice is important and only instrumentally valuable

Plato's Intellectual Concern

only the dumbest fools are made violent by violent film. most use art as a reflection

Guardians

political leaders

catharsis

purification of emotions

Auxilaries

regular army

The Organic Conception of the State

relationship between the individual and the state is like the relationship, respectively, between an organ and the organism it is part of

Camille Paglim

sex, violence, rock n roll talked about rape

Socrates response to Polemarchus definition of justice

this makes justice a useless craft and we can be wrong about who our friends and enemies are. Also, justice can't require the harming of anyone.

No private property among guardians and auxillaries

true

Plato supports Utilitarianism?

true

What does Game Theory show?

we are not naturally good, only at the point of a gun (plato disagrees)

What happens if you have too much physical training, not enough poetry or music?

you become a savage

What happens if you have too much poetry and music, not enough physical training?

you become soft