The Rise of Absolute Monarchies

Janissaires

"New Troops", Ottoman soldiers that were conscripted from conquered lands.

Louis XIV

"Sun King", ruled France in late 1600s and early 1700s, greatest absolute monarch.

Decline of Spanish Power

1. Poor leaders. 2. Inflation from gold from Americas. 3. Destruction of Spanish Armada. 4. Protestant rebellions in Netherlands.

War of Spanish Succession

1701 - 1713, war fought to stop France and Spain from uniting.

Act of Union

1707, England and Scotland unite to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, it ended the War of Spanish Succession, France and Spain were not allowed to unite.

War of Austrian Succession

1740 -1747, Maria Theresa had to fight a combination of Central European states to keep her position as Queen.

Seven Years' War

1756-1763, Prussia (and their allies) fought a war against Austria (and their allies) for control of lands in Central Europe. Prussia gained the mineral rich land of Silesia.

Enlightened Monarch

A king or queen who looks out for the greater interests of their subjects and nation.

Maria Theresa

Austrian monarch

Oliver Cromwell

Became the head commander of Parliament's military forces during the English Civil War, he was a general who won many victories for Parliament with his "New Model Army".

Petition of Right

Document that Parliament made Charles I sign that restricted the king's power in 1625.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Charles V

Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, he united Spanish and Austrian lands, fought for Roman Catholic faith, created large Spanish empire in the Americas.

Toleration Act of 1689

Granted limited religious freedom to Puritans, Quakers, and other dissenters.

Louis XIII

Henry IV's young son who took over in 1610 when Henry was murdered.

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

Huguenot who became king of France in late 1500s in order to end Protestant vs. Catholic civil war. Started Bourbon dynasty, passed Edict of Nantes.

Jihad

Islamic holy war

William and Mary

James II heir to the throne (Mary) and her husband, William, who took the throne after running out James II. Glorious revolution (bloodless war).

Pragmatic Sanction

King Charles VI of Austria signed this document allowing his daughter, Maria Theresa to be queen of Austria upon his death. Many noble lords signed the document, but later violated it.

Edict of Nantes

Law passed by Henry IV which gave equal rights to Protestants with Catholics in France.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's financial adviser.

Philip of Anjou

Louis XIV's grandson that became king of Spain in 1701.

Versailles

Louis XIV's royal palace.

Sans Souci

Meaning "without worries", this was a huge royal palace built by Frederick the Great near his capital of Berlin. This was built in the style of Versailles.

Intendents

Middle class officials who collected taxes and enforced laws.

La Fronde

Peasant rebellion when Louis XIV was a boy.

Cavaliers

People who fought for the King.

Roundheads

People who fought for the side of Parliament.

Frederick the Great

Prussian monarch

Junkers

Prussian nobles (barons).

Portioning of poland

Prussian, Russian, and Austrian divide Poland into three parts; it came back together after 120 years in 1919

Absolute Monarchy

Queen or king with complete and total power over the people.

English Bill of Rights

Required monarch to summon Parliament each year, there could not be any Catholic monarch ever again.

Cardinal Mazarin

Royal church adviser to Louis XIV

Hohenzollerns

Royal family of Prussia.

Stuarts

Royal family started by King James I, ruled from 1603 to 1713.

Thirty Years' War

Started as a Protestant rebellion in Bohemia against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor became a war between Northern German Protestants and Southern German Catholics, the Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648.

Sulieman The Magnificent

The greatest Ottoman Monarch known as the "Lawgiver". Ruled from 1520 to 1526. Conquered lands as far as Vienna. `

Divine Right

The idea that a monarch's power comes from God.

The Commonwealth

The new government that ruled England from 1649 - 1660, it was a republic.

Restoration

The restoring of the monarchy and aspects of culture banned by the Puritans.

Spanish Armada

War fleet by Philip II used to invade England, was destroyed by English ships and storms.

English Civil War

War the broke out in 1642 when King Charles tried to arrest member of Parliament between the forces of the King and those of Parliament.

Tudors

a family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.

James II

brother of Charles II that took the throne when he died and was a very open Catholic and was forced to flee so that William and Mary could take the throne.

Charles I

created an English Civil War between Parliament supporters and King supporters that ultimately resulted in his execution.

Cardinal Richelieu

highest ranking Catholic leader in France who became Louis XIII's royal adviser in 1624, tried to strengthen France.

Philip II

intelligent, hardworking son of Charles V, inherited Spain and its American colonies, defender of Catholicism, defeated Ottoman Turks tried to invade English with his Spanish Armada.

Elizabeth I

last Tudor queen, started a Golden Age for England, Protestant.

Bourbons

last royal dynasty of France, started by Henry IV.

Romanovs

last royal family of Russia that ruled from 1613 to 1917.

Lepanto

off the coast of Greece where Philip II defeated the Ottoman Turks in 1571.

Hapsburgs

royal family of Austria

Catherine The Great

ruled from 1762 to 1796, codified Russian law, encouraged education (girls), heavy taxes on peasants, fought Turks for the Black Sea lands, partitioning of Poland.

Peter The Great

ruled from 189 to 1725 who encouraged Western style, built a new capital (St. Petersburg), modernized army, simplified Russian alphabet, supported mercantilism. fought Sweden for the Baltic Sea lands.

James I

son of Mary, Queen of Scots, became king of England (also King of Scotland), Protestant, translated the Bible into modern English (King James Version).

Ferdinand and Isabella

united Spain in 1471 by marriage. Drove out Muslims form Southern Spain, strengthened the Inquisition, sent Columbus west for Asia (found America).

Charles II

was brought back during the Restoration and became known as the "Merry Monarch" because of the changes he brought that pleased the English people.

Glorious Revolution

when the people ran Catholic James II out of England to keep from having a Catholic leader.