The Senses
Umami (Definition) (Taste Sensation)
-A Japanese word meaning "delicious flavor." -It is a taste related to amino acids, such as glutamate and aspartate, to produce a *meaty flavor.* *(Definition) (Taste Sensation)*
Sensation (Definition)
-A stimulus that we are consciously aware of is called a ... -A ... occurs when we recognize a child's face or realize that the room is too warm. *(Definition)*
Baroreceptors (Definition) (Subtype of Mechanoreceptors)
-A type of mechanoreceptors, which are stimulated by changes in stretch or distension within the wall of body structures. -Located within blood vessel walls monitor stretch of these structures, as part of the blood.
Pharyngotympanic Tube (Parts of the Ear)
-Allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure. -Connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear. *(Parts of the Ear)*
Vallate Papillae (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Also called *circumvallate papillae* -Least numerous but the largest papillae on the tongue. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Olfactory Receptor Cells (Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)
-Also called *olfactory neurons*. -Detect odors *(Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)*
Supporting Cells (Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)
-Also called *sustentacular cells* -Helps the olfactory receptor cells. *(Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)*
Fovea Centralis (Part of the Eye)
-Area of acute of discriminatory vision. -Has greatest concentration of rods and cones. -It has more cones and contains almost no rods. -Area of sharpest vision. *(Part of the Eye)*
Optic Disk (Part of the Eye)
-Area of retina that lacks photoreceptors. -The "blind spot". *(Part of the Eye)*
Olfactory Nerves (CN I) (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Axons of olfactory receptor cells form bundles (fascicles) of ... -These fascicles project through foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter an olfactory bulb. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Fungiform Papillae (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Clocklike projections primarily located on the tip and sides of the tongue. -Each only contains a few taste buds. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Free Nerve Endings (Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Closest to the surface of the skin. -Detects temperature and pain; some detect light touch and pressure. -Rate of Adaptation: Phasic or Tonic *(Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Lens (Part of the Eye)
-Composed precisely of layered cells that have lost their organelles and are filled completely by a protein called *crystalin*. -The ... focuses incoming light onto the retina and its shape determines the degree of light refraction.
Peripheral Retina (Part of the Eye)
-Contains more rods than cones. -Functions in low light. *(Part of the Eye)*
Ciliary Body (Part of the Eye)
-Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens. -Secrete aqueous humor. *(Part of the Eye)*
Tonic Receptors (Definition) (One of the Differences of Adaptation)
-Demonstrate limited adaptation. -To put it simply, this type of sensory receptor adapts slowly to a stimulus. *(Definition) (One of the Differences of Adaptation)*
Tactile Corpuscle (Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Dermal papillae; especially in lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, genitals. -Discriminative touch for distinguishing texture and shape of an object; light touch. -Rate of Adaptation: Phasic *(Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Bulbous Corpuscle (Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Dermis and subcutaneous layer. -Detects continuous deep pressure and skin distortion. -Rate of Adaptation: Tonic *(Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Proprioceptors (Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)
-Detect body and limb movements and include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles, and tendons. *(Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)*
Somatic Nociceptors (Definition) (Subtype of Nociceptors)
-Detect chemical, heat, or mechanical damage to the body surface or skeletal muscles. -For example, our touching a hot pan or suffering a sprained ankle stimulates ... *(Definition) (Subtype of Nociceptors)*
Chemoreceptors (Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)
-Detect chemicals, either molecules or ions dissolved in fluid. -Taste receptors, receptors in blood vessels that monitor hydrogen ions (H+). *(Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)*
Visceral Nociceptors (Definition) (Subtype of Nociceptors)
-Detect internal body damage within the viscera. *(Definition) (Subtype of Nociceptors)*
Exteroceptors (Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)
-Detect stimuli from the external environment. -Receptors within skin or mucous membranes. -Receptors for smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. *(Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)*
Interoceptors (Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)
-Detect stimuli within our internal environment. -Include the visceral sensory receptors within the wall of internal organs and blood vessels. -Keeps our CNS informed about the changes that are occurring within our bodies. *(Definition) (Stimulus Origin-Location of Stimulus)*
Gustatory Cells (Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)
-Detect tastants (taste producing molecules and ions) in our food. *(Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)*
Canal of Schlemm (Part of the Eye)
-Drains the aqueous humor of the eye. *(Part of the Eye)*
Semicircular Canals and Vestibule (Parts of the Ear)
-Ear structures NOT involved with hearing. -Contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium. *(Parts of the Ear)*-Name the 2
Phasic Receptors (Definition) (One of the Differences of Adaptation)
-Exhibit rapid adaptation to a constant stimulus. -To put is simply, this type of sensory receptor adapts quickly to a stimulus. *(Definition) (One of the Differences of Adaptation)*
Aqueous Humor (Part of the Eye)
-Fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea. -Provides the right pressure. -Shapes the eye. -Continuously produced by the ciliary processes. *(Part of the Eye)*
Basal Cells (Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)
-Function as neural stem cells to continually replace olfactory receptor cells. *(Definition) (Type of Cells Composed in the Olfactory Epithelium)*
Vitreous Humor (Part of the Eye)
-Gel-like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball. -Nourishes -Helps eye stay round (if your eyeball is flat, you are farsighted; if your eyeball is overly round, you are nearsighted) -Support the retina to keep it flush against the back of the eye. *(Part of the Eye)*
Retina (Part of the Eye)
-Layer containing the rods and cones. -1) rods (allows you to see black and white) & 2) cones (allows you to see red, green, and blue) *(Part of the Eye)*
End Bulb (Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Located in the dermis, mucous membranes of oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and anal canal. -Detects light pressure and low-frequency vibration. -Rate of Adaptation: Tonic *(Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Visceral Sensory Receptors (Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)
-Located in the walls of the viscera (internal organs) and blood vessels. -Stretch receptors in stomach wall; chemoreceptors in blood vessels. *(Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)*
Special Senses (Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)
-Located only within the head and are specialized, complex sense organs. -Receptors for smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. *(Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)*
Tactile Receptors (Definition) (Type of Sensory Receptor)
-Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes. -The dendritic endings that compose these sensory receptors are either unencapsulated or encapsulated. *(Definition) (Type of Sensory Receptor)*
Cornea (Part of the Eye)
-Most anterior part of the sclera-your "window on the world". -protects the eye -Contains no blood vessels *(Part of the Eye)*
Foliate Papillae (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Not well developed on the human tongue. -House only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Choroid (Part of the Eye)
-Nutritive (vascular) layer of the body. -Heavily pigmented layer that prevents light scattering within the eye. -Absorbs spurious light waves. -Its vast network of blood vessels supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina, and melanin produced by its melanocytes absorbs extraneous light to prevent it from scattering within the eye. *(Part of the Eye)*
Iris (Part of the Eye)
-Pigmented "diaphragm" of the eye. -helps absorb lighter colors. -"attracts the opposite sex" *(Part of the Eye)*
Olfactory Hairs (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Projects from the dendrites and are numerous thin, nonmotile cilia -Contain chemoreceptors that detect one specific odorant molecule. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Thermoreceptors (Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)
-Respond to changes in temperature. -Present in both the skin and hypothalamus. *(Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)*
Mechanoreceptors (Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)
-Respond to distortion of the plasma membrane that occurs due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. -Subtypes: *baroreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and other specialized cells such as the hair cells in the cochlea of the ear.* -*(Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)*
Nociceptors (Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)
-Respond to painful stimuli. -Inform the body of injury or other damage so that an appropriate response may be made. *(Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)*
Root Hair Plexus (Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Reticular layer of the dermis. -Detects movement of the hair. -Rate of Adaptation: Phasic *(Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Lamellated Corpuscle (Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Reticular layer of the dermis; hypodermis of the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, breasts, and external genitalia; and walls of some organs. -Functions in coarse touch; detects continuous deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. -Rate of Adaptation: Phasic *(Definition) (Subtype of Encapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Modality of Stimulus (Definition)
-Sensory receptors may also be classified according to the stimulus they respond to, which is called the ..., or the *stimulating agent. -Some sensory receptors respond to only temperature changes while others respond to chemical changes. -There are five types: chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors. *(Definition)*
Filiform Papillae (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Short and spiked. -Do not have taste buds, therefore, they have no role in gustation. -Instead, the serve a mechanical function; they assist in detecting texture and manipulating food. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Odorant-Binding Proteins (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-Soluble proteins that display an affinity for a variety of odorants. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Tactile Disk (Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)
-Stratum basal of epidermis. -Detects light touch. -Rate of Adaptation: Tonic *(Definition) (Subtype of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors)*
Somatic Sensory Receptors (Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)
-Tactile receptors housed within both the skin and mucous membranes, which line the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal. -tactile (touch) receptors -joint receptors, muscle spindle, Golgi tendons organs *(Definition) (Subdivision of General Sense Receptors)*
Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors (Definition) (Type of Sensory Receptor)
-Terminal endings of sensory neurons with no protective covering. *(Definition) (Type of Sensory Receptor)*
Sclera (Part of the Eye)
-The "white" of the eye. -Protects the eye. -The outer layer of the eye. -Provides its shape. -Serves as attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles. *(Part of the Eye)*
Receptive Field (Definition)
-The area that the terminal endings of a single sensory neuron is distributed is called its... -The specific area monitored by each sensory neuron is its... *(Definition)*
Olfactory Epithelium (Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)
-The sensory receptor organ for smell is ... -Detects chemical stimuli in the air we breathe. *(Definition) (Olfactory and Gustation)*
Convex (A convex lens does what to an image?); Real (What is the name of that image called?)
A _________ lens, like that of the eye, produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right. Such an image is called a ________ image.
Accommodation (Vision)
Ability to focus for close vision (under 20 feet). *(Vision)*
Photoreceptors (Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)
Are located in the eye, where they detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement. *(Definition) (Modality of Stimulus-Stimulating Agent)*
Sweet (Definition) (Taste Sensation)
Are produced by organic compounds such as sugar and other molecules. *(Definition) (Taste Sensation)*
Sour (Definition) (Taste Sensation)
Associated with acids in the ingested material, such as Hydrogen ions (H+) in vinegar. *(Definition) (Taste Sensation)*
Ciliary Zonule (Part of the Eye)
Attaches the lens to the ciliary body. *(Part of the Eye)*
Astigmatism (Vision)
Blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea. *(Vision)*
Cataract (Vision)
Clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight. *(Vision)*
Anvil (Incus), Hammer (Malleus), and Stirrup (Stapes) (Parts of the Ear)
Collectively called the ossicles. *(Parts of the Ear)*
Glaucoma (Vision)
Condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous humor. *(Vision)*
Cochlea (Parts of the Ear)
Contains the organ of Corti. *(Parts of the Ear)*
General Sense Receptors (Definition)
Distributed throughout the body and are simple in structure. *(Definition)*
Diplopia (Vision)
Double vision. *(Vision)*
Perilymph (Parts of the Ear)
Fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, which bathes the membraneous labyrinth. *(Part of the Ear)*
Endolymph (Parts of the Ear)
Fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear. *(Parts of the Ear)*
Basal Cells (Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)
Function as neural stem cells to continually replace the relatively short-lived gustatory cells. *(Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)*
Close Vision
In ________ vision the ciliary muscle is contracted, the lens convexity is increased, and the degree of light refraction is increased.
Distant Vision
In _________ vision the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the lens convexity is decreased, and the degree of light refraction is decreased.
Behind (What is the light focused on in farsightedness?)
In farsightedness, the light is focused ______ the retina.
In Front Of (What is the light focused on in nearsightedness?); Concave (Diverging)
In nearsightedness, the light is focused ___ _______ ___ the retina; it is connected with a ______ (________) lens.
Hyperopia (Vision)
Inability to focus well on close objects; farsightedness. *(Vision)*
Night Blindness (Vision)
Inability to see well in the dark; often a result of vitamin A deficiency. *(Vision)*
Refraction (Vision)
Light bending. *(Vision)*
Convergence (Vision)
Medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects. *(Vision)*
Referred Pain (Definition)
Misinterpretation of a pain source. *(Definition)*
Myopia (Vision)
Nearsightedness *(Vision)*
Emmetropia (Vision)
Normal Vision *(Vision)*
Salt (Definition) (Taste Sensation)
Produced by metal ions such as sodium and potassium *(Definition) (Taste Sensation)*
Bitter (Definition) (Taste Sensation)
Produced primarily by alkaloids such as quinine, unsweetened chocolate, nicotine, and caffeine. *(Definition) (Taste Sensation)*
Photo pupillary Reflex (Vision)
Reflex constriction of pupils when they are exposed to bright light. *(Vision)*
Accommodation Pupillary Reflex (Vision)
Reflex constriction of the pupils when viewing close objects. *(Vision)*
Aqueous, Cornea, Lens, and Vitreous Humor (Part of the Eye)
Refractory media of the eye. (There are four of them) *(Part of the Eye)*
Tarsal Glands (Contribution to the Formation of Tears)
Secrete oil *(Contribution to the Formation of Tears)*
Lacrimal Glands (Contribution to the Formation of Tears)
Secrete salt, water, and lysozyme. *(Contribution to the Formation of Tears)*
Conjunctiva (Contribution to the Formation of Tears)
Secretes mucus. *(Contribution to the Formation of Tears)*
Ciliary Body and Iris (Part of the Eye)
Smooth muscle structures (intrinsic eye muscles). *(Part of the Eye)*-Name the two
Cochlea, Semicircular Canals, and Vestibule (Parts of the Ear)
Structures composing the bony or osseous labyrinth. *(Parts of the Ear)*-Name the 3
External Acoustic Meatus, Pinna, and Tympanic Membrane (Parts of the Ear)
Structures composing the outer ear. *(Parts of the Ear)*-There are 3 structures.
Supporting Cells (Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)
Sustain the gustatory cells. *(Definition) (Type of Taste Bud)*
Modality (Definition)
The ... is provided by a given type of sensory receptor relaying sensory input along designated sensory neurons to specific regions of the CNS. *(Definition)*
Adaptation (Definition)
The decrease in sensitivity to a continuous stimulus (the time it takes to be comfortable in one's environment) *(Definition)*
Convex (Convergence)
The lens used to treat farsightedness is a ______ (_______) lens.
Conjunctival Formix (Definition) (Visual Receptors)
This junction is what prevents a contact lens from moving behind the eye. *(Definition) (Visual Receptors)*
Oval Window (Parts of the Ear)
Transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear. *(Parts of the Ear)*
Tympanic Membrane (Parts of the Ear)
Vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles. *(Parts of the Ear)*