The study of human anatomy
histology
1. the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. 2. The study of such structure
Modern Anatomy
16th Century.
Cadaver
Chapter Definition: Deceased Body
Functional Morphology
Chapter Definition: Not just the structure of organs, but the functional reasons behind it.
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish physician (1514-64) questioned the accuracy of the earlier authorities and commissioned the first accurate anatomical illustrations for his book, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body, 1543) The tradition begun by Vesalius has been handed down to us through such famous contemporary works as Gray's Anatomy, Frank Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, and many others, to the richly illustrated textbooks used by college students today.
a radiopaque
Hollow organs can be visualized by filling them with
lower limbs, upper limbs, cervical region
Identify the appendicular region components
crural, femoral, pedal
Identify the areas included in the lower limb
standing upright, feet flat on floor, palms directed forward
Identify the statements that describe a person in anatomical position
abdominal Region,thoracic Region
Identify the subdivisions of the trunk
Present Anatomy
New techniques of study continually produce exciting new insights into human structure, and anatomists have discovered far more about the human body in the last century than in the 2,500 years before. Anatomy now embraces several subdisciplines that study human structure from different perspectives.
History of Anatomy
Older than any written language, earliest books written by 1)Aristotle, 2)Galen, 3)Avicenna
Ultrastructure
Structure at or near the molecular level, made visible by the transmission electron microscope. refers to fine detail
organ system
a group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an ______ ________.
organelle
a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions
right and left
a saggital plane divides the body into____ __ _____ portions
organ
a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with discrete function.
radiopaque
a substance that absorbs X-rays and can visualize hallow organs by filling them.
tissue
an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform discrete function, is known as a/an _______ ?
in performing a physical examination;the act known as listening
auscultation
a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions
define organelle
Radiography is commonly used for
dentistry, mammography, diagnosis of fractures, and examination of the chest.
the directional term that indicates being farther away from the point of attachment
distal
MRI scans
entails examination of a two-dimensional image of a thin "slice" through the body.
plasma membrane
The structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of a cell is the ______ ______.
Palpation chapter definition
feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse
Radiography facts
first performed in 1895. Until the 1960s, this was the only widely available imaging method; even today, it accounts for more than 50% of all clinical imaging. X-rays pass through the soft tissues of the body to a photographic film or detector on the other side, where they produce relatively dark images. They are absorbed, however, by dense tissues such as bones, teeth, tumors, and tuberculosis nodules, which leave the image lighter in these areas. The term X-ray also applies to a photograph (radiograph) made by this method.
the field that focuses on bodily structures that can be observed without magnification
gross anatomy
Radiologic methods
high-energy ionizing radiation such as X-rays or particles called positrons. These penetrate the tissues and can be used to produce images on X-ray film or through electronic detectors. The benefits of ionizing radiation must always be weighed against its risks. It is called ionizing because it ejects electrons from the atoms and molecules it strikes. This effect can cause mutation and trigger cancer. Thus, ionizing radiation cannot be used indiscriminately. Used judiciously, however, the benefits of a mammogram or dental X-ray substantially outweigh the small risk.These are:
Disadvantages of Radiography
images of overlapping organs can be confusing and slight differences in tissue density are not easily detected. In addition, X-rays present the aforementioned risks of ionizing radiation.
auscultation
in performing a physical examination the act known as listening is known as ______ ?
Barium sulfate
is given orally for examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, or by enema for examination of the large intestine
Histopathology
is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
the directional term that indicates farther away from the midline of the body
lateral
auscult-
listen
Auscultation chapter definition
listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds
Invasive imaging techniques
may entail inserting ultrasound probes into the esophagus, vagina, or rectum to get closer to the organ to be imaged, or injecting substances into the bloodstream or body passages to enhance image formation
the region between the lungs
mediastinum
two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
molecule
Inspection
observing the condition of skin and nails by sight is an example of which method of study?
exploratory surgery
opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques
a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with discrete function.
organ
taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery
palpation
the double-layered serous membrane found in the abdominopelvic region
peritoneum
The scientific study of the functions of living organisms
physiology
The structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of a cell
plasma membrane
-ation
process
inspection study method chapter definition
simply looking at the body's appearance in careful detail, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Observations of the skin and nails, for example, can provide clues to such underlying problems as vitamin deficiencies, anemia, heart disease, and liver disease. Physical examinations involve not only looking at the body for signs of normalcy or disease, but also touching and listening to it
the directional term that indicates "above"
superior
Gross Anatomy Methods
surface observation, dissection, X-Rays, and MRI scans
palpation
taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is known as
"percussion" study method
tapping on a body surface then listening to the echo to diagnose health
1)Aristotle
the Greek Philosopher (384-322 BCE)
2)Galen
the Greek physician (129-c.199CE)
3)Avicenna
the Persian physician (Ibn Sina, 980-1037CE
superior to
the abdominal cavity is ________ ___ the pelvic cavity
prone
the anatomical term that describes a person laying face down is:
cell
the basic structural and functional unit of life is the ____.
cranial cavity
the brain is contained within the ______ _____?
dissection chapter definition
the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. The very words anatomy and dissection both mean "cutting apart"; until the nineteenth century, dissection was called "anatomizing."
distal
the directional term that indicates being farther away from the point of attachment is:
lateral
the directional term that indicates farther away from the midline of the body is _______ ?
superior
the directional term that means "above" is _____ ?
peritoneum
the double-layered serous membrane found in the abdominopelvic region is
angiography
the examination of blood vessels. Substance given by injection for this.
Surface Anatomy Chapter Definition
the external surface of the body. especially important in conducting a physical examination of a patient.
gross anatomy
the field that focuses on bodily structures that can be observed without magnification is called _____ ______.
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body, 1543)
the first accurate anatomical illustrations
x-rays
the imaging technique known as radiography involve the use of ________.
axial region
the major body region that includes the head, neck, and trunk is the ______ ______.
Radiography
the process of photographing internal structures with X-rays
mediastinum
the region between the lungs is known as the
pleura
the serous membrane around each lung is the ______ ?
atom
the smallest particle of matter with unique chemical properties
Radiologic anatomy
the study of internal structure, using X-rays and other medical imaging techniques
comparative anatomy chapter definition
the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
comparative anatomy
the study of more than one species in order to observe the structural similarities and differences is known as ________ ________.
Regional anatomy
the study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body, such as the head or chest
Systemic anatomy
the study of one organ system at a time and is the approach taken by most introductory textbooks such as this one
Gross Anatomy Chapter Definition
the study of structure visible to the naked eye
anatomy
the study of the makeup and organization of the body structures is called
Cytology
the study of the structure and function of individual cells
-logy
the suffix "-____" means "the study of"
organism
the term that indicates a single complete individual is ______.
axial appendicular
the two major body regions are the _____ and _____ regions
appendicular region
the upper and lower limbs compose the ________ ______ of the body
noninvasive imaging techniques
they do not involve any penetration of the skin or body orifices
palp-
touch, feel
molecule
two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds would form a/an ______ ?
tapping on a body surface then listening to the echo to diagnose health
"percussion" study method
radiology
The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is
physiology
The scientific study of the functions of living organisms is called