The Vertebrates and The Invertebrates, Genetic of Bacteria and Viruses

colony

A clone of genetically identical cells on a petri dish is called a bacterial

Nucleic , Protein

A virus is a small infectious particle that consists of ____acid enclosed in a ____ Coat

nonliving particle with a nucleic acid genome

A virus is a:

a backbone

An invertebrate animal is one that does not have:

Invertebrates

Animals without backbones are known as

inhibit viral proliferation inside host cells

Antiviral drugs:

Nucleoid region

Bacterial chromosomes are usually tightly packed in an area of the cell known as which of the following?

aquatic; two

Cnidarians are found in ______ environments and possess ______ embryonic germ layers.

Cnidocytes

Cnidarians have stinging cells called _____ which contain powerful capsules called nematocysts. These are used in prey capture and defense.

Gene Transfer

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are mechanisms of____ _____ in bacteria

Antiviral

Drugs that inhibit viral proliferation are called ____ drugs

Conjugation

During the type of gene transfer called_____ , DNA is transferred from a living donor bacterial cell to a recipient cell.

chromosome loops supercoiling

Features that lead to bacterial chromosome compaction include:

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms are members of the phylum

AIDS

HIV is the virus that causes

Spicules

In a sponge, what are the skeletal structures composed of protein, silica, or calcium carbonate called?

bacteriophages

In a type of gene transfer called transduction, ____ transfer bacterial genes from one bacterium to another.

Spicules

In sponges, some amoebocyte cells can form a tough skeletal fibers that support the body. This skeleton consists of sharp structures formed of protein, calcium carbonate, or silica, called

attach

In the first step of a viral reproductive cycle, the virus must _____ to the surface of a host cell.

Transformation

In the process of gene transfer called___ bacteria take up DNA from the environment

Host cells

In the viral reproductive cycle, viruses use ______ for the production of new viruses.

Pairs, chains, and clumps

Individual bacterial cells may exist as single units or remain associated with each other after cell division to form higher arrangements. These include which of the following?

hermaphrodites

Individuals that can form both sperm and eggs are known as:

Prions

Infectious proteins that can cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals are called

Plasmids

Many bacteria possess small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the chromosomal DNA. These are called

Which of the following are characteristics of ctenophores?

Many species are bioluminescent. They secrete a sticky substance for prey capture. They move by coordinated beating of cilia.

transduction conjugation transformation

Mechanisms of gene transfer between bacteria include:

Polyp Medusa

Most cnidarians exist as two different body forms: the___ and the ____

Lophotrochozoa

Organisms that undergo protostome development and possess either a lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage are members of what major animal clade?

microorganisms that cause disease.

Pathogens are

Plasmids

Small, circular pieces of DNA that exist separate from the bacterial chromosome are known as

Porifera

Sponges are members of the phylum

Pathogens

The Vertebrates and The Invertebrates, Genetic of Bacteria and Viruses

immunodeficiency

The causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a virus called human___ virus

Loop , Supercoiling

The compaction of a bacterial chromosome occurs by two processes: the formation of ____ domains and by DNA ____.

spongocoel; choanocytes

The feeding mechanism of a sponge can be summarized as such: Water is drawn into the ______ by the beating action of ________. Small particulate matter and tiny plankton are trapped and eaten, while the water then flows out through the large opening at the top.

transformation

The process by which bacteria take up DNA from the environment is called

Nucleoid

The region of a bacterial cell where the chromosome is tightly packed is known as the _____ region.

conjugation

The transfer of DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium following physical contact is characteristic of:

Platyhelminthes

To which phylum do flatworms belong?

Plant

Viroids infect this type of cell

Pathogens

Viruses and bacteria that cause disease symptoms in their hosts are called

Genome

Viruses are nonliving particles with a(n) ____ made of nucleic acids.

A host cell

Viruses are unable to reproduce without which of the following?

Ctenophora

What animal phylum includes members that are hermaphroditic, often bioluminescent, live in marine environments, and use cilia for movement?

Stinging cells that can be used in defense or prey capture

What are cnidocytes?

Protein molecules that infect animal cells

What are prions?

RNA molecules that infect plant cells

What are viroids?

Attachment

What occurs in step 1 of the viral reproductive cycle?

Sponges

What organisms make up the Porifera phylum?

Tiny food particles are trapped by flagellated cells as water is drawn through pores in the body of the sponge and exits via the osculum.

What sentence best describes the feeding mechanism of a sponge?

bacterial colony

When placed on a solid growth medium in a petri dish, an E. coli cell and its daughter cells undergo repeated cellular divisions and form a clone of genetically identical cells called a:

two

Which of the following accurately describes the number of body forms exhibited by most cnidarians?

Possess a mesoglea Found in marine or freshwater habitats

Which of the following are characteristics of members of the Cnidaria phylum?

Protostome development A lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage

Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of the Lophotrochozoa clade?

A small infectious particle comprised of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat

Which of the following describes a virus?

Transduction

Which of the following processes involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria with the help of viruses?

Viroids are composed solely of RNA, and prions are composed solely of protein

Which of the following statements about prions and viroids is TRUE?

Unicellular and widespread on Earth

Which of the following statements best describes bacteria?

Plasmids

_____are small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the bacterial chromosome.

Plasmids

____are small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of chromosomal DNA.