Theo quiz 9

college of cardinals

"cardinal" is an honorific office, not an ordained office such as the deacon, priest, or bishop

Bartolome de Las Casas

(1474-1566) the spanish dominican frair and bishop whose advocacy and writing on behalf of indigenous peoples in the americas became a landmark in the history of human rights

Mateo Ricci

(1552-1610) an Italian jesuit known for his successful missionary work in China, especially his efforts to make catholic christianity intelligible in Chinese cultural terms

Rene Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, known for his skepticism about the value of tradition. He began his philosophical method by doubting everything he had been taught - all tradition - and by believing only what could be shown by reason to be absolutely certain.

John Locke

(1632-1704) Modern English philosopher and religious thinker known for his claim that christianity, when its objectionable components are eliminated, can be understood as a reasonable religion

Immanuel Kant

(1724-1804) modern philosopher known for insisting that human beings should rely on themselves for knowledge, and not external authorities. In epistemology, Kant effected the turn to the subject, according to which all knowledge is conditioned by the structures of the human mind.

G.E. Lessing

(1729-1781) modern german philosopher known for Lessing's ditch", which claimed that the contingent events of history could not serve as a foundation for claims about the eternal truths of God.

Johann Gottfried Herder

(1744-1803) modern German historian often credited with giving the historical-critical method important tools. Herder held that the words of the Bible did not come directly from God, and he emphasized that human cultures played an important role in forming the biblical text.

Friedrich Schleiermacher

(1768-1834) Liberal protestant german theologian often called the father of modern theology. Schleiermacher is known for reformulating Christian theology dramatically, using experience as his guide for doing so.

G.W.F. Hegel

(1770-1832) highly influential modern german philosopher known for his creative rethinking of the relationship between God and the world, and also for Hegelian dialectic, according to which thesis and antithesis are resolved in synthesis

John Henry Newman

(1801-1890) one of the leaders of theOxford movement, which fostered a revival of the Catholic elements of English christianity. He later converted to Roman Catholicism and eventually was named a cardinal. Known especially for his work on the historical development of christian doctrine.

Ludwig Feuerbach

(1804-1872) modern German philosopher known for his claim that ideas about God are simply projections generated by human beings, not descriptions of objective reality.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) modern German philosopher and economist, who advocated the socialist economist, who advocated the socialist economic system, and on whose ideas Communism is built. Marx was an outspoke critic of religion, calling it the opium of the people, since he believed that it was like a drug which kept the lower classes passive and resigned in their economic oppression.

Albrecht Ritschl

(1822-1889) Liberal protestant German theologian influenced by Friedrich Schleiermacher, but who found Schleiermacher too individualistic and not sufficiently historical. Ritschl emphasized the need for historical investigation of the Christian tradition, and the communal dimension of its teachings, especially concerning reconciliation and forgiveness.

Friedrich Nietzsche

(1844-1900) modern German philosopher known for his relentless critiques of Christianity and for heralding the beginning of post-modern thought.

Adolf von harnack

(1851-1930) Liberal protestant german theologian and historian who claimed that traditional church teachings concerning Jesus Christ and the Trinity are late developments under the influence of Greek philosophy that deviated from the view of the original church

sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) founder of psychoanalysis, a branch of psychiatry, known especially for his investigations into the unconscious aspects of the human mind. Freud was a critic of religion, believing that religious ideas were fictitious projections of child like wishes. The scientific value of his theories has met severe criticism.

Ernst Troeltsch

(1865-1923) german modern historian who held that historical inquiry should be conducted according to the principle of analogy, which holds that the past is analogous to the present, and that present experience can therefore serve as a guide for determining which reports about past events are credible, and which are not credible

Karl Barth

(1886-1968) leading twentieth century Protestant theologian who criticized Liberal Protestants and placed modern theology o a new footing by claiming that it should begin with divine revelation, not human experience.

Karl Rahner

(1904-1984) a roman catholic theologian and Jesuit priest, he authored numerous books and articles on topics of systematic theology. Although he believed that the fullness of grace was available only within Christianity, he argued that the Holy Spirit carries grace to all people in every time, including those in non-christian religions.

Hans Urs von Balthasar

(1905-1988) Swiss theologian and Jesuit priest, he is perhaps best know for his research on the topic of revelation and his theological reflections on beauty.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

(1906-1945) Lutheran theologian and pastor whose involvement in the conspiracy to overthrow Hitler ended in two years of imprisonment and execution on April 9,1945. His writings, especially his letters and papers from prison, have influenced and inspired believers and unbelievers alike with their reflections on following Christ in "a world come of age"

Wolfhart Pannenberg

(1928-2014) modern portestant German theologian known for both using and criticizing modern historical tools in his defense of the historicity of the resurrection of Christ.

speaking in tongues

-glossolalia

Historical criticism

1. a development of the Renaissance movement, the use of historical knowledge to evaluate ancient writings, as well as existing traditions and institutions. 2. a modern approach to the study of the Bible, whereby the Bible is subjected to scientific scrutiny and the critic attempts to discover the historical circumstances of the biblical text and the intended meaning of its author.

council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

breviary

A prayer book that contains the prayers for the Liturgy of the Hours.

Society of Jesus

Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe.

justification

Being made right (righteous) with God. It is a free and undeserved gift of God through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

absolute dependence

In Fredrich Schleiermacher's theology, the idea that human beings have an experiential awareness that they are not self-sufficient and that they instead are dependent on something else for their existence.

Vulgate

Latin translation of the Bible

three-self principle

Posited by missionary strategists in the Protestant mission movement in the late 1800s, this principle sets the goal that new churches should become "self-governing" self-supporting and self propagating as quickly as possible. protestant churches that are officially registered with the Chinese communist government are called three-self patriotic churches, but the three-self principle has an older and wider application that should not be assumed to justify nationalistic cooperation with authoritarian governments.

Seminary

School for training and educating priests and ministers

Teresa of Avila

Spanish mystic and reformer of Carmelite nuns who focused on poverty and prayer; fused mysticism and devotion to the Church

rationalism

The belief that reason alone can provide us with a knowledge of all reality. It is opposed to the belief that there are some dimensions of reality that are beyond reason and that can only be known through revelation.

baptism in the holy spirit

The ecstatic experience of God's presence that Pentecostals and Charismatics believe necessary to live a full and spiritually empowered Christian life, often with the expectation that the recipient will speak in an unknown language or receive some other gift of the Holy Spirit. These experiences are believed to replicate those of first-centruy Christians as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles, and to be a sign of the restoration of New Testament Christianity. Also known as Baptism of or with the Holy Spirit, as well as spirit baptism.

Spiritual Exercises

Written by Ignatius, a 4 week retreat

glossolalia

a Greek term meaning "speaking in tongues," one of the gifts of the Holy spirit

prosperity doctrine

a controversial teaching often associated with Neo-pentecostalism that equates God's blessing with material success and upward mobility.

pentecostalism

a family of protestant churches whose members demonstrate their christian faith through the gifts of the Holy Spirit, in particular, healing, wisdom to discern spirits, prophecy, and speaking in tongues. It includes the Assemblies of God, the Church of God, the Pentecostal Holiness Church, the Apostolic faith church, the church of God in christ and the full gospel fellowship

John of the Cross

a follower of Teresa of Avila, the cofounder of the Discalced Carmelites, a reform branch of the Carmelite order, and a Spanish mystic. His writings include the Ascent of Mount Carmel and the Dark Night of the Soul.

Foundationalism

a modern philosophy that holds that all claims for knowledge should rest on indubitable foundations, or beliefs that are either self-evident or evident to the senses. To foundationalists, any claims that do not meet these criteria should be seen as irrational.

charismatic movement

a movement for Christian renewal that took Pentecostal teachings and practices of prayer for healing, speaking in tongues, other gifts of the Holy Spirit and ecstatic worship into mainline Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, beginning in the late 1960s.

Fundamentalist Movement

a movement that began in America as a militant reaction to Liberal Protestantism and the developments in modern science and the historical study of the Bible. The name comes from a series of pamphlets called the fundamentals published in 1910-1915 by conservative protestants, which stressed that there were certain fundamental christian beliefs that could not be changed or watered down. The term has since been applied to anti-modernist movements in religions other than Christianity.

Capuchins

a reform branch of the Franciscan movement, this religious order was officially recognized in 1528 during the Catholic Reformation. Members got their name from the unique four-pointed hood that they wore with their brown habit

Discalced Carmelites

a reform branch of the carmelite order founded by teresa of avila and john of the cross

Polyglot Bible

a single Bible in which the text was presented in several languages

Transubstantiation

a teaching about how the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the body and blood of Jesus Christ: after consecration (blessing) by a validly ordained priest, the accidents (physical appearance) remain as bread and wine, but the substance (or essence) changes and becomes the body and blood of Jesus Christ

Catholic reformation

a term given to the efforts of those Roman Catholics who wanted to bring about the internal rebirth of Catholic sensibility - in theology, spirituality, religious piety, and morality - in the sixteenth century, during the time of the Protestant Reformation

Counter Reformation

a term given to the efforts of those who, during the Protestant Reformation, were loyal to the pope and supportive of the customary practices of the Roman Catholic Church in order to counter the teachings and practices of the Protestant reformers

inculturation

a term used to describe the process by which a religion "learns" to live and act within a culture different from the one in which it began, and which leads to reciprocal influence between religion and culture. In christian theology and missionary strategy, inculturation is sometimes spoken of as an imperative, in order for the Christian message to be accessible to people of every culture, and embodied in culturally authentic ways by the Christian communities made up by those who responds to that message

Conciliar

a theory of church authority advanced by certain theologians and bishops of the Roman Catholic Church intended to resolve the Great Schism of the papacy. According to this theory, the bishops, when they were gathered together in an official council in time of crisis, had the right to make binding decisions independent of the pope

Deism

a view popular during the Enlightenment that God created the world but does not thereafter intervene in its operation. According to this view, the world is like a watch or clock that runs on its own without the help of the watchmaker, God.

Quest for the Historical Jesus

an area of modern scholarly research that seeks to uncover what can be known about the actual historical person, Jesus of Nazareth, and to reconstruct his story based upon verifiable historical and scientific evidence.

enlightenment

an intellectual movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which emphasized reason, science, the goodness and rights of humanity, religious toleration, progress, and human freedom

baroque

an ornate style of art and architecture

African initiated churches

churches founded and led by Africans with little or no direct influence from Western missionaries. They share common features with Pentecostal churches, such as founders and leaders who have often been prophets, healers, and exorcists, while their worship styles incorporate African cultural practices

global south

countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia that were often subject to colonial rule by Western powers and that have continued to struggle for economic development since gaining independence in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This term has increasingly replaced earlier ones such as the developing world or the third world

Neo-pentecostalism

following upon classical pentecostalism and then the charismatic movement, this third wave of pentecostalism continues to emphasize God's power to do miraculous healing, deliver people from demonic forces at work in the world, and bring them prosperity, through their ministries in large, well organized megachurches that offer high-tech worship experiences

Secular

from latin saeculum, meaning world or age; the belief that religion has no place in the public or political realm; sometimes criticized as the religion of no religion at all, though its defenders argue that a neutral public space is the only alternative to some form of religious preference or establishment.

Ugandan Martyrs

group of 45 catholic and anglican christians killed between 1885 and 1887 in present day Uganda, among them Charles Lwang.

inter caetera

in 1493, Pope Alexander VI's bull inter caeera established a dividing line in the Atlantic, from the North pole to the south pole, that granted Portugal ownership of newly discovered lands to the east of the line and to Spain lands to the east

Eucharist

means to give thanks

reductions

name given to the planned communities set up by Jesuits in Paraguay and nearby areas, to protect the indigenous peoples from Spanish and Portuguese enslavement and exploitation

rites controversy

sometimes called the Chinese rites controversy because it involved adaptations made by Jesuit missionaries in China to certain Confucian rituals. the issue turned on whether the rituals were seen as truly religious or merely civil. After over a century of debate the papacy finally condemned the rituals in 1742, effectively ending Catholic missionary work in China. The decision was effectively overturned two centuries later by pope pius XII

syncretism

the fusion of formerly distinct religions or world views. While cultural anthropologists and other social scientists use the term as a value-neutral descriptor, christian theological discourse tends to use the term negatively to describe the merging of Christianity with some other religious world views in a way that threatens to undermine the essence of the Christian faith, in contrast to a more positive process of inculteration

epistemology

the study of knowledge, especially the ways in which things are known and the nature of knowledge itself. From the greek, episteme, meaning knowledge

encomienda

the system of granting the indigenous peoples of the Americas to Spanish conquerors and settlers as forced labor, in return for their care and education in the Catholic faith. Opposed by critics like the Dominican frair Bartolome de Las Casas and others