Theories Final Exam Review

One of the contributions of Gestalt therapy is the vast empirical research that has been done to validate the specific techniques used. True False

False

People prefer no strokes over negative ones. True False

False

Gestalt therapy is lively and promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations. True False

True

The situation in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them is: classical conditioning. operant conditioning. modeling. flooding.

operant conditioning

Which of the following is not a factor that oftentimes limits our freedom of choice? Social Environmental Cultural Internal

Internal

In regards to third-generation behavior therapies, one of the core themes is creating a life worth living. True False

True

In solution-focused brief therapy, the role of the client is to create, explore, and co-author his or her evolving story. True False

True

In solution-focused therapy, behavior change is viewed as the most effective approach to assisting people in enhancing their lives. True False

True

In solution-focused therapy, exceptions represent instances when a particular problem in a client's life was not prominent. True False

True

In the Gestaltist view, unfinished business is best explored in the present. True False

True

In the existential framework, inaction is a decision. True False

True

Interventions used by the structural-strategic approaches include joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, and reframing. True False

True

It is essential for the therapist to establish a satisfying relationship with clients as a prerequisite for effective therapy. Once this relationship is developed, the skill of the therapist as listener and teacher assumes a central role. True False

True

It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system. True False

True

It is possible to incorporate the principle of feminist therapy with a multicultural perspective. True False

True

It is the job of the reality therapist to convey the idea that no matter how bad things are there is hope. True False

True

Like cognitive therapy, strengths-based CBT is empirically based. True False

True

Magnification and minimization consist of perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves. True False

True

Making oppression transparent is the first step in feminist therapy, but the ultimate goal is to replace sexism and other forms of discrimination and oppression with empowerment for all marginalized groups. True False

True

Many therapeutic approaches are incorporating mindfulness and meditation, as well as other contemplative practices, in the counseling process. True False

True

Martin Buber stressed the importance of presence, which allows for the creation of I/Thou relationships in therapy. True False

True

Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs. True False

True

Meichenbaum's self-instructional training focuses on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. True False

True

Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. True False

True

Mindfulness shows promise across a broad range of clinical problems, including the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, relationship problems, substance abuse, and psychophysiological disorders. True False

True

Minuchin's structuralstrategic therapy is based on the notion that an individual's symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns within a family, and that structural changes must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be resolved. True False

True

Modeling methods have been used in treating people with anger management issues and in teaching new behaviors to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. True False

True

Modernists believe in the ability to describe objective reality accurately and assume that it can be observed and systematically known through the scientific method. True False

True

Most of the Gestalt techniques are designed to intensify one's experiencing. True False

True

Most recently, reality therapy has been applied to management and supervision, coaching, family therapy, and parenting. It is now taught and embedded in every continent except Antarctica. True False

True

Narrative therapy has been effectively applied in school settings. True False

True

Narrative therapy is a strengths-based approach that emphasizes collaboration between client and therapist to help clients view themselves as empowered and living the way they want. True False

True

One Adlerian concept is that everything we do is influenced by our style of life. True False

True

People seek to produce unpleasant feelings (rackets), in part, because they feel familiar. True False

True

People who rely on retroflection tend to inhibit themselves from taking action out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment. True False

True

Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts. True False

True

Progressive muscle relaxation has become increasingly popular as a method of teaching people to cope with stresses produced by daily living. True False

True

The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client. True False

True

The solution-focused approach was originally designed as a brief model of psychotherapy. True False

True

The third generation (or "third wave") of behavior therapy emphasizes considerations that were considered off limits for behavior therapists until recently. True False

True

The typical second child behaves as if she was in a race and is generally under full steam at all times.​ True False

True

Redecisional TA incorporates psychodrama. is used primarily in group settings. involves revisiting life decisions. all of the above

all of the above

Strokes can be positive or negative. unconditional or conditional. verbal or nonverbal. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not true regarding behavior therapy? The client must be an active participant. The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques. If clients are not involved or motivated, the chances are slim that therapy will be successful. Both therapist and client need to work together for common goals.

The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques.

When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? Making the rounds The reversal technique The internal dialogue exercise The rehearsal exercise

The internal dialogue exercise

Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision? The id The ego The superego The unconscious

The superego

Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilty feelings? The id The ego The superego The consciousness

The superego

Which of the following is not one of the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress inoculation program? The application and follow-through phase The conceptual-educational phase The skills acquisition and consolidation phase The therapeutic role modeling phase

The therapeutic role modeling phase

Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches? Use of interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship Targeting a specific interpersonal problem during the first session The therapist functioning as a blank slate Developing a strong working alliance

The therapist functioning as a blank slate

What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling? There is growing evidence that spiritual practice is therapeutically relevant, ethically appropriate, and potentially significant topics for practice of counseling in secular settings. Counselors are encouraged to be cautious and engage in peripheral discussions about spirituality only. There is little interest in integrating spiritual issues in counseling. Counselors should take a directive approach in helping clients meet their spiritual needs.

There is growing evidence that spiritual practice is therapeutically relevant, ethically appropriate, and potentially significant topics for practice of counseling in secular settings.

Which is not an essential aim of existential-humanistic therapy? To help clients become more present to both themselves and others To assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence To dispute clients' irrational beliefs To challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives

To dispute clients' irrational beliefs

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways? To refer to the death instincts To refer to the energy of all the life instincts To refer to sexual abuse To account for the aggressive drive

To refer to the energy of all the life instincts

Which of the following themes would clients in feminist therapy be least likely to explore? Identify their internalized messages of oppression and replace them with more self-enhancing beliefs Understand how sexist and oppressive societal beliefs and practices influence them in negative ways Recognize the power of relationships and connectedness Transference reactions toward their therapist

Transference reactions toward their therapist

A Gestalt therapist pays attention to ways the client uses language. True False

True

A behavior therapist makes use of the technique of open-ended questioning for the purpose of obtaining important information related to the client's problem. True False

True

A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client. True False

True

A central existential concept is that although we long for freedom we often try to escape from our freedom by defining ourselves as a fixed or static entity. True False

True

A criticism of behavior therapy is that it treats symptoms rather than causes problems. True False

True

A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client. True False

True

A distinctive feature of feminist therapy is the assumption that direct action for social change is one of the responsibilities of therapists. True False

True

A key theme of SFBT is, when you know what is working, do more of it. If something is not working, try something different. True False

True

A main function of the reality therapist is to encourage clients to assess their behavior to determine how well it is working for them. True False

True

A major criticism of the existential approach is that it lacks a systematic statement of the principles and practices of psychotherapy. True False

True

A trend in contemporary behavior therapy is the increased emphasis on the role of thinking in behavior. True False

True

Acceptance and commitment therapy is an example of a mindfulness based approach. True False

True

According to Ellis, events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather it is our evaluation of these events that causes the problem. True False

True

According to Freudians, greediness and hoarding may develop as a result of not getting oral needs properly met. True False

True

According to existential thinking, effective therapy does not stop with awareness, for clients are challenged to take action based on their insights. True False

True

According to feminist therapists, an intrapsychic orientation tends to result in blaming the victim. True False

True

Adler and Freud created very different theories, even though both men grew up in the same city in the same era and were educated as physicians at the same university. True False

True

Adler maintained that individuals attempt to overcome feelings of basic inferiority by developing a lifestyle in which success is possible.​ True False

True

Adlerian counseling focuses on the family constellation and the influence of the family on the individual. True False

True

Adlerian psychology is a phenomenological, holistic, optimistic, and socially embedded theory based on basic assumptions that have been woven into various theories of counseling.​ True False

True

Adlerian therapists strive to establish and maintain an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients.​ True False

True

Adlerian therapists use a psychoeducational approach.​ True False

True

Adlerians emphasize reeducating people and reshaping society. True False

True

Adlerians have a teleological view of human nature. True False

True

Alfred Adler believed that genetics and heredity are not as important as what we choose to do with the abilities and limitations we possess. True False

True

All of the cognitive behavioral approaches share the same basic characteristics and assumptions as traditional behavior therapy. True False

True

All social constructionist theories emphasize listening to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them. True False

True

Although Perls used a highly confrontational approach in dealing with client avoidance and resistance, the confrontational model is not representative of contemporary Gestalt therapy. True False

True

An experiential approach is Gestalt therapy, which offers a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now. True False

True

An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion. True False

True

An undisciplined mixture of approaches can be an excuse for failing to develop a sound rationale for systematically adhering to certain concepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them. True False

True

Analytically oriented therapists typically interpret free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences. True False

True

Beck's therapeutic approach originally focused on specific symptoms of depressed clients and the reasons they give for these symptoms. True False

True

Becoming an ethical practitioner is not a final destination but a journey that will continue throughout your career. True False

True

Behavior therapists believe that insight is not a necessary condition for behavior change to occur. True False

True

Behavior therapy has undergone important changes and has expanded considerably. True False

True

Behavior therapy practitioners focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, and rigorous assessment and evaluation. True False

True

Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior. True False

True

Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning. True False

True

Brief psychodynamic therapies target specific interpersonal problems during the initial session. True False

True

Brief psychodynamic therapists tend to assume an active role in the therapy process. True False

True

By considering contextual variables, symptoms are reframed as survival strategies. True False

True

Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use a nonconfrontational manner with their clients. True False

True

Carl Rogers is often called the "father of psychotherapy research." True False

True

Carl Rogers's approach is based on the assumptions that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire to grow. True False

True

Carl Rogers's original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client. True False

True

Cognitive therapy can be effectively employed in crisis intervention. True False

True

Commitment puts the responsibility directly on clients for changing. True False

True

Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists. True False

True

Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on a core set of values, which are neither value-neutral nor applicable to all cultures. True False

True

Contracting allows for more equal footing between counselors and clients. True False

True

Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse True False

True

Currently, there is wide-ranging international interest in the existential approach to psychotherapy. True False

True

Existential therapy is especially appropriate for clients who are struggling with developmental crises. True False

True

Existentially, humans both long for and wish to escape from their freedom. True False

True

Family systems therapy represents a paradigm shift that is sometimes called "the fourth force." True False

True

Feminist, multicultural, and postmodern therapists are extremely aware of the power they have entering into already established systems, and they work to promote understanding through curiosity and interest rather than through formal assessments. True False

True

Much of effective therapy is the product of artistry. True False

True

One of Beck's early contributions was to recognize that regardless of the cause of depression, once people became depressed, their thinking reflected what Beck referred to as the negative cognitive triad: negative views of the self, the world, and the future. True False

True

One of the key contributions of most systemic approaches is that neither the individual nor the family is blamed for a particular dysfunction. True False

True

Part of Ellis's motivation for developing REBT was to deal with his own problems. True False

True

Part of success in using Gestalt techniques is contingent upon preparing clients for these techniques. True False

True

Reality therapy sees transference as a way for the therapist to avoid getting personally involved in the clients' lives. True False

True

Research supporting the effectiveness of the Adlerian approach is limited.​ True False

True

Robert Wubbolding stresses the importance of a supportive and challenging therapeutic environment. True False

True

SFBT is an optimistic, antideterministic, future-oriented approach based on the assumption that clients have the ability to change quickly and can create a problem-free language as they strive for a new reality. True False

True

Satir's human validation model focuses on functional versus dysfunctional communication in families. True False

True

Since Gestalt therapists believe that questions have a tendency to keep the questioner hidden, safe, and unknown, they often ask clients to change their questions into statements. True False

True

The Adlerian approach has a wide variety of applications including group and family therapy.​ True False

True

The Adlerian approach to family counseling focuses on the family atmosphere.​ True False

True

The Freudian view of human nature is deterministic. True False

True

The adapted child may be overly compliant. True False

True

The analysis of transference is a central technique in psychoanalysis. True False

True

The beginnings of feminism can be traced to the late 1800s, but it is the women's movement of the 1960s that laid the foundation for the development of feminist therapy. True False

True

The child ego state is subdivided into natural and adapted states. True False

True

The concept of lifestyle refers to an individual's core beliefs and assumptions through which the person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events.​ True False

True

The cornerstone of Bowen's theory is differentiation of self. True False

True

The existential view is not designed to "cure" people of illness in the tradition of the medical model because people are not sick but are "sick of life or clumsy at living." True False

True

The goal of Bowen's multigenerational family therapy is to understand one's family of origin issues and to differentiate self within a system. True False

True

The role of the family therapist involves being in charge of the session. True False

True

The term "presence" refers to the counselor's ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic relationship with the client. True False

True

Therapists who have little respect for their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic work will not be fruitful. True False

True

Third-generation behavior therapies center around five interrelated core themes. True False

True

This approach puts emphasis on the human quality of the therapeutic relationship. True False

True

Ursula lived in New York City on 9/11. Ever since experiencing the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, she has felt anxiety about going to the upper level floors of tall buildings. As an existentially oriented therapist, you might conclude that: Ursula is highly neurotic. Ursula's fears are completely unfounded. Ursula's anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11. Ursula is on the verge of becoming psychotic.

Ursula's anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11.

Which is not a key concept of feminist therapy? The personal is political. The counseling relationship is egalitarian. Commitment to confronting oppression Women's problems are viewed from an intrapsychic perspective.

Women's problems are viewed from an intrapsychic perspective.

The statement "Only when I am perfect can I be secure" is an example of: a guiding self-ideal. something a personality disordered individual would say. a realistic goal. retroflection.

a guiding self-ideal.

Existential therapy is: a deterministic approach to therapy. an expansion of the Adlerian school of therapy. a phenomenological approach to therapy. a structured approach to therapy.

a phenomenological approach to therapy.

A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is: openness and self-disclosure. a deeply personal and sharing relationship. a sense of being anonymous. a focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of behavior.

a sense of being anonymous.

All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except: building friendships. establishing intimacy. contributing to society. achieving self-actualization.

achieving self-actualization.

The ________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self- determination. congruence tendency empathic understanding actualizing tendency actualizing understanding

actualizing tendency

A game is a series of complementary transactions. an ulterior or hidden transaction. a transaction that results in a negative payoff. all of the above

all of the above

Transactions can complementary. crossed. ulterior. all of the above

all of the above

The function of the reality therapist is to: assist clients in dealing with the present. encourage clients to make a value judgment concerning the quality of their behavior. confront clients about specific irrational thoughts and ideas and to teach them to think rationally. reindoctrinate clients with the acceptable standards for living.

assist clients in dealing with the present.

In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to: assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. help clients experience their feelings more intensely. assist individuals to dispel self-defeating cognitions and to teach people how to acquire a rational approach to living. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness.

assist individuals to dispel self-defeating cognitions and to teach people how to acquire a rational approach to living.

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: attaining awareness and contact with the environment. to understand why we feel as we do. to uncover repressed material. to help clients develop better social skills.

attaining awareness and contact with the environment.

The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: we change by setting future-oriented goals. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

herapists of relational-cultural theory emphasize the qualities ofthat contribute to the flow of the relationship; being empathically present with the suffering of the client is at the core of treatment. identity and self-concept authenticity and transparency growth and development strengths and relationships

authenticity and transparency

According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves: autonomy vs. shame and doubt. initiative vs. guilt. identity vs. role confusion. trust vs. mistrust.

autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to:teach and persuade clients to act the right way. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports. avoid challenging the values of clients. avoid imposing their values through a process of bracketing.

avoid imposing their values through a process of bracketing.

Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is: weak. welldeveloped. becoming stronger. unavailable.

becoming stronger.

Erving Polster believes that storytelling: is always a form of resistance. can be the heart of the therapeutic process. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar.

can be the heart of the therapeutic process.

Time-limited existential treatments: can serve as a catalyst for clients to become actively and fully involved in each therapy session. are by definition, lacking in depth and richness. lack structure and clear goals. are well studied and shown to be effective.

can serve as a catalyst for clients to become actively and fully involved in each therapy session.

Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which the: therapist solves problems for clients. therapist is merely a skilled technician. client and therapist collaborate in coconstructing solutions regarding life's tasks. client is in complete control of the direction of the therapy.

client and therapist collaborate in coconstructing solutions regarding life's tasks.

Choice theory emphasizes thinking and acting, which makes this a general form of: psychoanalytic therapy. non directive therapy. Gestalt therapy. cognitive behavior therapy.

cognitive behavior therapy.

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: sublimation. compensation. introjection. reaction formation.

compensation.

Which of the following is not a recognized school of transactional analysis? classical corrective parenting redecisional Schiffian

corrective parenting

According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings: are pathological. lead to depression. keep us from achieving our life goals. create motivation to achieve mastery.

create motivation to achieve mastery.

Narrative conversations do not follow the linear progression described here; it is better to think of these steps in terms ofprogression. lateral cyclical parallel perpendicular

cyclical

Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe is: what the counseling profession endorses at present.likely to be a reality by the year 2020 when the CACREP standards are revisited. dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients. illegal in the Northeastern region of the U.S., but not in other parts of the country.

dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.

A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using: introjection. sublimation. denial. compensation.

denial.

Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of: stress symptoms. anxiety reactions. phobias. depression.

depression.

One contribution of psychoanalytic therapy has been its: subjective approach. reliance on research for validation. detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning. emphasis on an I/Thou relationship.

detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning.

According to psychoanalytic therapy, human beings are: motivated by social interest. determined by psychic energy and early experiences. inclined toward becoming fully functioning. free to choose who they will become.

determined by psychic energy and early experiences.

When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to the unique way we: rewrite our own life script. deal with the crises of our development. confront our unfinished business. develop our own style of striving for competence.

develop our own style of striving for competence.

Finding the "courage to be" involves: confronting a specific phobia. learning to be alone. discarding old values. developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations.

developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations.

Adlerian therapy emphasizes the individual's: development of a unique lifestyle. quality world. irrational, crooked thinking. polarities.

development of a unique lifestyle.

________ is perhaps the deadliest injunction. "Don't be" "Don't be close" "Don't be you" "Don't belong"

"Don't be"

A teenage girl who is discouraged from expressing her sexuality has probably been subjected to the _________ injunction. "Don't be close" "Don't grow" "Don't be you" "Don't be well"

"Don't grow"

A major contribution of Bowen's theory is the notion of: birth order as a determinant of personality. differentiation of the self. family rules and communication patterns. spontaneity, creativity, and play as therapeutic factors in family therapy.

differentiation of the self.

Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy? It could be referred to as holistic therapy. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.

Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.

When a client recognizes he or she has a choice describes which stage of Miriam Polster's threestage integration sequence? Discovery Accommodation Assimilation Retroflection

Accommodation

Which approach offers encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest? Adlerian therapy Behavior therapy Reality therapy Gestalt therapy

Adlerian therapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we create at an early age? Family systems therapy Reality therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Adlerian therapy

Adlerian therapy

Which of the following therapies is based on a growth model and is applicable to such varied spheres of life as child guidance, parent-child counseling, and marital and family therapy? Psychoanalytic therapy Behavioral therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Adlerian therapy

Adlerian therapy

Which of the following is not an issue that Stan struggles with? Fear of being alone Fear of intimate relationships with women Substance use Aggressive outbursts

Aggressive outbursts

The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is: William Glasser. Frederick Perls. Albert Ellis. Joseph Wolpe.

Albert Ellis.

________ ethics focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients. Mandatory Minimal Positive Aspirational

Aspirational

_______is based on the subjective descriptions that family members use to define themselves and the interactions that occur in everyday life. Problem solution Family directive Assessment Reframing

Assessment

When a client learns how to influence his or her environment describes which stage of Miriam Polster's threestage integration sequence? Discovery Accommodation Assimilation Retroflection

Assimilation

A limitation of reality therapy is that it: consists of simple concepts that are easily grasped. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams. does not appeal to resistant clients. has limited applicability.

discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.

The four-step model of strengths-based CBT to build resilience include all of the following, except: search. construct. apply. discover.

discover.

Which person is not associated with the existential movement? Rollo May Victor Frankl Irvin Yalom B. F. Skinner

B. F. Skinner

Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self-efficacy? Bandura Linehan Wolpe Jacobson

Bandura

In which of the following approaches to therapy does the therapist become active and directive, functioning as a teacher or mentor for the client? Existential therapy Person-centered therapy Behavior therapy Gestalt therapy

Behavior therapy

Which of the following approaches is credited with an emphasis on assessment and evaluation? Behavior therapy Existential therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Reality therapy

Behavior therapy

Which of the following approaches most emphasizes principles of learning? Gestalt therapy Behavior therapy Narrative therapy Family systems therapy

Behavior therapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on eliminating maladaptive behaviors? Person-centered therapy Gestalt therapy Behavior therapy Reality therapy

Behavior therapy

Which of the following therapies is a pragmatic approach based on empirical validation of results? Behavior therapy Narrative therapy Existential therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy

Behavior therapy

Behavior therapy has been criticized for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is one listed in the book? Behavior therapy has an overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition. Behavior therapy has an overemphasis upon insight. Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings. Behavior therapy has a need for long-term treatment to effect change.

Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings.

According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance? Blame Resentment Rage Unfinished business

Blame

Which approach asserts that unresolved emotional reactivity to one's family must be addressed if one hopes to achieve a mature and unique personality? Bowenian family therapy Adlerian family therapy Social constructionism Strategic family therapy

Bowenian family therapy

Which approach assumes that a family can best be understood when it is analyzed from at least a three-generational perspective? Bowenian family therapy Human validation process model Social constructionism Strategic family therapy

Bowenian family therapy

_______is the theoretical basis for reality therapy. WDEP theory Choice theory Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy

Choice theory

_______involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. Confluence Deflection Retroflection Projection

Confluence

There are three kinds of solution-focused therapeutic relationships. The client and therapist jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward describes which relationship? Customer Complaint Visitor Shopper

Customer

Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning? A focus on experimental analysis A focus on evaluating therapeutic procedures Developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom The integration of mindfulness approaches as a basic part of any treatment procedure

Developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom

Who embraces a cognitive narrative perspective on CBT? Albert Ellis Donald Meichenbaum A. T. Beck Judith Beck

Donald Meichenbaum

Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls? He was the main originator and developer of Gestalt therapy. During his childhood, he was a model student. He was influenced by psychoanalytic concepts. He took issue with Freud's theory on a number of grounds.

During his childhood, he was a model student.

Which of these statements about interventions is true? It is helpful to use one type of intervention with most clients. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times. It is best to require clients to adapt to your approach to counseling and the interventions that you are skilled at using. You should only use counseling interventions when you are certified or licensed.

During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.

The British scholar working to develop training programs in existential therapy is: Roll May. Irvin Yalom. Emmy van Deurzen. J. Michael Russell.

Emmy van Deurzen.

Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as: sublimation. repression. introjection. displacement.

displacement.

Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles? Designing experiments for group members Evoking group catharsis Engaging in self-disclosure Facilitating contact in the group setting

Evoking group catharsis

_______emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Existential analysis Existential anxiety Self-awareness Existential guilt

Existential analysis

Which of the following approaches encourages therapists to accurately grasp the client's "being in the world"? Psychoanalytic therapy Adlerian therapy Behavior therapy Existential therapy

Existential therapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses understanding first and technique second? Gestalt therapy Existential therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Family systems therapy

Existential therapy

Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies? Existential therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Choice theory/relative therapy Behavior therapy

Existential therapy

What is not a part of the steps in a self-directed change program? Exploration of one's family constellation Selecting goals Selfmonitoring A self-reinforcement system

Exploration of one's family constellation

A feminist therapist generally does not expect the client to assume responsibility for making internal or external changes. True False

False

According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their personality problems. True False

False

According to Freud, consciousness constitutes the largest part of one's psychological functioning True False

False

According to Perls, awareness of and by itself is not sufficient to lead to change; clients must also put their experiences into some type of cognitive framework if change is to happen. True False

False

According to the existential view, death makes life meaningless. True False

False

According to the generic cognitive model, our beliefs do not play a major role in determining what type of psychological distress we will experience. True False

False

Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client. True False

False

Adler stressed that our desire to strive for perfection is learned from our parents. True False

False

Adlerian therapists pay careful focus to techniques and work in structured, set ways.​ True False

False

Albert Bandura is directly responsible for promoting the "third wave" of behavior therapy. True False

False

An androcentric theory uses female-oriented constructs to draw conclusions about human nature. True False

False

Analytic therapists view transference as a factor that results from ineffective intervention on the therapist's part. True False

False

Assessment and therapy techniques are more important than empathy to a social constructionist. True False

False

Assessment is not considered useful in the family systems perspective. True False

False

Bowen's multigenerational approach stresses techniques more than it does theory. True False

False

Bowenian therapists function in ways to bring about change through action-oriented directives and paradoxical interventions. True False

False

By discussing a client's earliest recollections, an Adlerian counselor hopes to bring unconscious conflicts to the surface. True False

False

Choice theory/reality therapy applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral True False

False

Clients are expected to focus on their feelings and attitudes, and then their behavior will change. True False

False

Clients are viewed by Adlerian therapists as "sick" and in need of a cure.​ True False

False

Clinicians who work in community mental health agencies, private practice, and other human service settings are generally expected to assess client problems within the framework of the National Association of Social Workers' Diagnostic and Assessment Protocol Manual (3rd ed.). True False

False

Collaborative empiricism involves a cognitive therapist's collaboration with colleagues on a client's case. True False

False

During strengths-based CBT therapy, clients often discover that they use less resilient strategies when they encounter obstacles in areas of positive interest than they do in problem areas of their life. True False

False

Existential therapy can best be considered as a system of highly developed techniques designed to foster authenticity. True False

False

Existential therapy is rarely used for group treatment. True False

False

Existentialists claim that the use of specific techniques is the cornerstone of the approach. True False

False

Family therapists are wise to consider Western models of family functioning universal. True False

False

From the Adlerian perspective, objective reality is more important than how we interpret reality and the meanings we attach to what we experience. ​True False

False

Gestalt therapy focuses on the cognitive aspects of therapy. True False

False

Glasser recommends that therapists look back for the causes of a client's present failures. True False

False

In feminist therapy, adjustment rather than transcendence is a primary goal of therapy. True False

False

In transactional analysis, therapeutic contracts are followed strictly. True False

False

Modeling is a form of systematic desensitization. True False

False

Multiple relationship issues can be resolved with ethics codes alone. True False

False

Narrative therapists pay significant attention to a client's past as it helps them understand the origins of client's stories. True False

False

One of the procedures of reality therapy is to work through unfinished business from the past. True False

False

Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context. True False

False

Person-centered therapy groups emphasize the unique role of the group counselor as a leader. True False

False

Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them. True False

False

Psychodynamic group leaders do not interpret their client's transferences. True False

False

Rational emotive imagery involves behavior change only. True False

False

Reality therapists use punishment as a way to help clients follow through with their plans and commitments. True False

False

Reality therapy cautions against the therapist mentoring the client. True False

False

Reality therapy is not well-suited to group counseling. True False

False

Reality therapy tends to be a long-term approach. True False

False

Resistance, in the analytic view, results from either a conscious unwillingness on the part of the client to cooperate, or from the ineptness of the therapist in developing a sound therapeutic program. True False

False

Retroflection involves doing to others what we would like them to do to us. True False

False

Since Gestalt therapy focuses on the here-and-now, the past is neither explored nor given emphasis. True False

False

Since humor shows the absurdity of certain ideas that clients steadfastly maintain, it is always inappropriate to use in sessions as it might be perceived as offensive. True False

False

Strategic therapists do not rely on therapy techniques to bring about change but instead give more stress to the therapist's relationship with a family. True False

False

Strengthsbased CBT is a variant of Albert Ellis' REBT. True False

False

Structural-strategic family therapists do not generally deal with the presenting problem; rather, they focus on the underlying symptom of a dysfunctional system. True False

False

Techniques can counteract a client-therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects. True False

False

The Gestalt approach to dream work consists of the therapist interpreting the meaning of the symbols in the dream. True False

False

The SAMIC3 plan is an essential part of the evaluation phase of the WDEP system. True False

False

The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients. True False

False

The ego is the original structure of personality. True False

False

The ethics codes mandate avoidance of all dual or multiple relationships. True False

False

The existential vacuum represents a place of reflection and solace. True False

False

The first step in the process of reality therapy consists of a comprehensive assessment leading to a specific diagnosis. True False

False

The focus of structural-strategic family therapy is on growth and resolving historical conflicts in a family rather than on dealing with present problems of a family. True False

False

The major developmental task of the anal stage is acquiring a sense of trust. True False

False

The outcomes of existential therapy have been submitted to rigorous empirical testing. True False

False

The phallic stage typically occurs during the ages of 1 to 3. True False

False

The relational model of psychoanalysis downplays the role of countertransference. True False

False

The use of techniques is fundamental in narrative therapy. True False

False

Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior. True False

False

Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel True False

False

Therapy is based upon the successful resolution of the transference relationship. True False

False

There is a trend in the field of family therapy toward rejecting an integrative model of practice. True False

False

There is little empirical support for acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). True False

False

There is no concept in REBT that in any way agrees with Rogers's idea of unconditional positive regard. True False

False

There is no place for the role of thinking process and attitudes in contemporary behavior therapy. True False

False

Those practicing brief therapy are in business to change clients, to give them quick advice, and to solve their problems for them. True False

False

Today's feminists believe that gender can be considered separately from other identity areas such as race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation. True False

False

Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours. True False

False

Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy? Gestalt therapy Family systems therapy Existential approach Person-centered approach

Family systems therapy

One narrative technique for consolidating the gains a client makes involves a therapist writing letters to the person. This is: externalization and deconstruction. search for unique outcomes. alternative stories and reauthoring. documenting the evidence.

documenting the evidence.

_________ involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it. Informed consent Confidentiality Privileged communication Breach of confidentiality

Informed consent

In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance? Using emotive techniques Collaborative empiricism Automatic thoughts Inner speech

Inner speech

In the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death (2008),_______ develops the idea that confronting death enables us to live in a more compassionate way. Martin Buber Justin Bieber Irvin Yalom Stephen King

Irvin Yalom

Which of the following is not true about the Adlerian concept of "private logic"? It is a result of the feelings and emotions we experience in our daily lives. It provides a central psychological unity for us. It is the philosophy upon which we base our lifestyle. It often does not conform to the reality of social living.

It is a result of the feelings and emotions we experience in our daily lives.

Which of the following is not true about role playing in REBT? It is a way of surfacing unfinished business. It involves emotional components. It involves behavioral components. It helps reveal irrational beliefs.

It is a way of surfacing unfinished business.

Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation? Perls Satir Rogers Mahler

Mahler

Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value? Interpretation of dreams Confronting the ways the client is living dependently since early childhood Modeling of communication and acting in good faith Helping the client to work through the transference neurosis

Modeling of communication and acting in good faith

________ involves the escape from or the avoidance of unpleasant stimuli. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Punishment Systematic desensitization

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling? Client-centered to person-centered to nondirective Client-centered to nondirective to person-centered Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered Nondirective to person-centered to client-centered

Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered

The __________ assesses the client's therapeutic progress through ratings of a client's personal experience of well-being in his or her individual, interpersonal, and social functioning. Session Rating Scale Outcome Rating Scale Income Rating Scale Termination Rating Scale

Outcome Rating Scale

Of the following, which is one of the major contributions that feminists have made to the field of counseling and psychotherapy? A focus on dealing with family dynamics A focus on exploring the unconscious factors contributing to current problems Paving the way for gender-sensitive practice Placing the therapeutic relationship at the core of the therapy process

Paving the way for gender-sensitive practice

Which humanistic approach places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist? Psychoanalytic therapy Adlerian therapy Person-centered therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Person-centered therapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy most attempts to provide a growth-promoting climate that is conducive to a client's selfexploration? Psychoanalytic therapy Gestalt therapy Reality therapy Person-centered therapy

Person-centered therapy

Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis? Personcentered therapy Family systems therapy Adlerian therapy Reality therapy

Personcentered therapy

The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development? Anal stage Genital stage Oral stage Phallic stage

Phallic stage

Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until: Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront his fear. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move to one of the top floors of a skyscraper. Phil acknowledges his fear.

Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront his fear.

Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence? Physical and safety needs Belonging and love Esteem from self and others Selfactualization

Physical and safety needs

Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths? Behavior therapy Postmodern approaches Rational emotive behavior therapy Gestalt therapy

Postmodern approaches

Which of the following orientations avoids exploring problems, and instead, focuses on creating solutions in the present and the future? Freud's psychoanalytic approach Family therapy Person-centered therapy Postmodern approaches

Postmodern approaches

______refers to the range of methods aimed at helping clients understand how unequal access to power and resources can influence personal realities. Gender-role intervention Power analysis Assertiveness training Bibliotherapy

Power analysis

Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy? Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines. Therapists ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose. Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life.

Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose.

Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change? Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action

Precontemplation

________ is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission. Informed consent Privacy Confidentiality Privileged communication

Privileged communication

Which of the following approaches is least likely to be applied to short-term crisis intervention? Existential therapy Person-centered therapy Reality therapy Psychoanalytic therapy

Psychoanalytic therapy

Which of the following approaches would contend that normal personality development depends on the successful resolution of specific stages of development? Narrative therapy Family systems therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Solution-focused therapy

Psychoanalytic therapy

______is an efficacious approach to helping people who experience psychological distress improve their functioning. Psychotherapy Treatment Intervention Techniques

Psychotherapy

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? Displacement Reaction formation Introjection Projection

Reaction formation

Which of the following approaches consists of simple and clear concepts and emphasizes the role of choice? Psychoanalytic therapy Reality therapy Narrative therapy Gestalt therapy

Reality therapy

_______provides a delivery system for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives. Group counseling The WDEP system Assessment theory Reality therapy

Reality therapy

Which of the following interventions is not associated with the third wave of behavior therapy? Dialectical behavior therapy Relaxation training Acceptance and commitment therapy Mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Relaxation training

What do reality therapists believe about the use of questions? They should rarely be used. Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions. There is no such thing as excessive questioning; the more the better! Closed questions are more helpful than open-ended questions.

Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions.

Which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ? Skillful questioning Encouraging clients to look at what they are doing Making action plans Reliving an early childhood event

Reliving an early childhood event

_______tend to result in women giving away their power in relationships, often without being aware of it. Diversity competencies Cognitive theories Socialization patterns Political contexts

Socialization patterns

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to: learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice.

exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.

Gestalt therapy is a form of: Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. neo-Freudian analytic therapy. behavior therapy. existential therapy.

existential therapy.

According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except: discarding old values. meaninglessness. creating our own value system. exploring unfinished business.

exploring unfinished business.

In vivo flooding consists of: brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events. exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation. guided use of mindfulness techniques.

exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations.

During the reorientation and reeducation phase the most important intervention is: change. encouragement. making a difference. the pushbutton technique.

e​ncouragement.

The person-centered therapist is best described as a: facilitator. teacher. human engineer. friend.

facilitator.

A primary goal of contemporary reality therapy is to: help clients become more voluntarily acceptable. supply the basic human needs. help clients get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world. create goals.

help clients get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world.

Which of the following is not a TA gaming position? initiator persecutor rescuer victim

initiator

Which are stronger? injunctions counterinjunctions

injunctions

The five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances include all of the following, except: retroflection. projection. introjection. introflection.

introflection.

The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of: displacement. reaction formation. sublimation. introjection.

introjection.

The empty chair technique: assists clients in deciding what chair they like. is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal. allows clients to internalize a role and not share. does not help resolve unfinished business.

is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal.

Existential therapy groups are particularly helpful for clients working on: self-actualization. issues of responsibility. reducing problematic behaviors. exploring family dynamics.

issues of responsibility.

A limitation of Gestalt therapy is that it: does not allow for full expression of feelings. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams. completely ignores the past. may neglect cognitive factors.

may neglect cognitive factors.

Focusing on the"protects" clients from facing the reality of unsatisfying present relationships, and focusing on symptoms does the same thing. past present future therapist

past

Games are designed to _______ intimacy. enhance initiate prevent reduce

prevent

A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is its: use of the A-B-C theory in analyzing the client. use of behavioral techniques. applicability to group work. process to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that have been acquired and self-constructed and are now maintained by self-indoctrination.

process to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that have been acquired and self-constructed and are now maintained by self-indoctrination.

Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as: displacement. introjection. reaction formation. projection.

projection.

Adlerian psychology is a ________, holistic, optimistic, and socially embedded theory based on basic assumptions that have woven into various theories of counselinrational phenomenological specific constructive

p​henomenological

In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to: reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts. replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk. make use of programs such as Weight Watchers or the Atkins diet plan. increase their support networks and develop social interest.

reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.

Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except: learn to tolerate feelings of isolation. develop strength and self-reliance. develop a deep understanding of ourselves. reject the social overtures of others.

reject the social overtures of others.

According to traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist: must establish an authentic encounter with the client. should display genuineness and warmth. remains anonymous. is a teacher.

remains anonymous.

Wubbolding emphasizes that reality therapy is a mental health system rather than a: remediating system. theoretical system. medical system. behavioral system.

remediating system.

All of the following are goals of feminist therapy except for: striving for change rather than adjustment. social change. resolving intrapsychic conflicts from early childhood. balancing independence and interdependence.

resolving intrapsychic conflicts from early childhood.

A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in: introjection. projection. retroflection. confluence.

retroflection.

The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is: labeling and mislabeling. overgeneralization. arbitrary inferences. selective abstraction.

selective abstraction.

Michael believes that he will be able to improve his public speaking skills after completing a speech course at school. Based on social-cognitive theory, one might observe that Michael is not lacking in: arrogance and grandiosity. intelligence. selfefficacy. cognitive functioning.

selfefficacy.

In the strengths-based CBT four step model to build resilience, a key to the fourth stage of therapy is that the client: sets a goal to "be resilient in the face of challenges." avoids exploring possible high-risk stressful situations. learns that a lapse in willpower will have catastrophic results. will undergo hypnosis.

sets a goal to "be resilient in the face of challenges."

One contribution of Adlerian therapy has been an emphasis on: unconscious motivations. empirical validation. unleashing buried feelings. social and psychological factors.

social and psychological factors.

The four steps of the strengths-based CBT application of the NEW paradigm for chronic issues and personality disorders include all of the following, except: conceptualize the OLD system of operating and help clients understand they do things "for good reasons." construct NEW systems of how clients would like to be. strengthen the NEW using behavioral experiments to try on NEW ways of being and edit them as needed. strength training.

strength training.

The main idea of ________ is that active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed. cognitive therapy strengthsbased CBT Gestalt therapy existential therapy

strengthsbased CBT

According to the text, the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent is to: tell clients about the nature of confidentiality. strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little. convince clients that counselors know what they are doing. teach clients about state laws that pertain to counseling.

strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little.

The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a: cotherapist. passive observer. student or learner. partner.

student or learner.

In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of: organizational management seminars. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists. student-centered teaching and encounter groups. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.

student-centered teaching and encounter groups.

The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as: displacement. denial. compensation. sublimation.

sublimation.

All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except: individuation. the shadow. symbiosis. collective unconscious.

symbiosis.

Family therapy perspectives call for a conceptual shift from evaluating individuals to focusing on: system dynamics. individual symptoms. the identified client only. an individual's reactions.

system dynamics.

One of the techniques used by behavior therapists in dealing with a client's anxiety is: the miracle question. encouragement. externalizing the problem. systematic desensitization.

systematic desensitization.

According to Ellis, emotional disturbances often result from: taking oneself too seriously. living by the values our parents gave us. refusing to deal with unfinished business. having learned maladaptive behaviors.

taking oneself too seriously.

A potential limitation of the person-centered approach is: their view of assessment and diagnosis. that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging. shortcomings of the studies of the approach. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.

that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging.

Feminist therapists have been sharply critical of the DSM. This critique is based on research indicating all of the following may influence assessment of clients' symptoms, except: gender. the DSM. culture. race.

the DSM.

The one central principle agreed upon by family therapy practitioners, regardless of their particular approach, is that: the client is connected to living systems. family dysfunction is typically caused by the most dominant family member. lack of differentiation is the primary cause of all family dysfunction. the empty chair technique is the most effective technique.

the client is connected to living systems.

Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world from: an objective frame of reference. his or her own subjective frame of reference. the client's frame of reference. the frame of reference of a particular theory.

the client's frame of reference.

The core of choice theory/reality therapy consists of: teaching clients how to acquire rational beliefs instead of irrational beliefs. helping clients to understand their unconscious dynamics. giving clients opportunities to express unresolved feelings. the client's selfevaluation, plan of action, and commitment to follow through.

the client's selfevaluation, plan of action, and commitment to follow through.

A contribution of this therapeutic approach is: it enables intense experiencing to occur over a long period of time. it can be a relatively long therapy. it stresses talking about problems, as opposed to doing and experiencing. the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.

the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.

Feminism, multiculturalism, and postmodern social constructionism have all entered the family therapy field. These models are more collaborative, treating clients as: passive participants in their journey. the experts in their own lives. needing an expert. an individual without the ability to make decisions.

the experts in their own lives.

The solution-focused brief therapy therapeutic process rests on the foundation that clients are: in need of an expert. unable to make decisions. the experts on their own lives. passive participants in their journey.

the experts on their own lives.

In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as: the heart of therapy. a place for the therapist to work on personal issues. not being an I/Thou interaction. technique bound.

the heart of therapy.

One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves: a respect for the client's subjective experience. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices. an emphasis on freedom. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

A limitation of psychoanalytic therapy is that: it requires a short period of training for therapists. it is inexpensive for clients. the model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones. many clients have the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy.

the model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones.

The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with: solution-oriented therapy. the linguistic approach. the narrative approach. the reflecting team.

the narrative approach.

Field theory asserts that: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate. the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change.

the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.

A limitation of person-centered therapy is: the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts. the lack of research to support the theory. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship.

the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.

The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is: that freedom is a myth. the will to meaning. selfdisclosure as the key to mental health. the notion of selfactualization.

the will to meaning.

A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the: therapist's role as facilitator. length of treatment. focus on creating a collaborative spirit. focus on building genuine relationships among members.

therapist's role as facilitator.

A limitation of the family systems model is: therapists all too often get lost in their consideration of the "system." the systemic perspective can be overwhelming for the therapist. family therapy is not well-suited to working with diverse clients. an emphasis on family systems precludes a focus on emotions.

therapists all too often get lost in their consideration of the "system."

Transactional analysis originally emphasized behaviors. feelings. physiology. thoughts.

thoughts.

Glasser contends that _______ is a way that both therapist and client avoid being who they are and owning what they are doing right now. responsibility questioning transference choice

transference

A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing with their own conflicts. This is an example of: enmeshment. normal love. displacement. triangulation.

triangulation.

According to the text, positive ethics is an approach taken by practitioners: who do what is mandated by professional standards. who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble. who strive for the highest level of ethical practice. who strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client's best interest.

who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

Which of these statements is not true about Alfred Adler? Along with Freud and Jung, Alfred Adler was a major contributor to the initial development of the psychodynamic approach to therapy. After resigning as president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology. Alfred Adler has been criticized by intellectuals for failing to give his brother Edmund due credit for helping him develop his theory. Adler stresses the unity of personality, contending that people can only be understood as integrated and complete beings

​Alfred Adler has been criticized by intellectuals for failing to give his brother Edmund due credit for helping him develop his theory.

A teenage girl who is discouraged from dating other girls has probably been subjected to the _________ injunction. "Don't be close" "Don't grow" "Don't be you" "Don't be well"

"Don't be you"

Which of the following statements does not reflect one of Ellis's three basic musts? "I must do well and be loved and approved by others." "Other people must treat me fairly, kindly, and well." "I must be kind to others or else I won't be a good person." "The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me with all that I want in life."

"I must be kind to others or else I won't be a good person."

Adler pioneered the practice of teaching professionals through live demonstrations with parents and children before large audiences. This is now called: "openforum" family counseling. spectator therapy. "on stage" family therapy. "hot seat" family counseling.

"openforum" family counseling.

Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to: "making the ego conscious." "where there was id, let there be ego." "get rid of the id, kid!" "may the force be within you."

"where there was id, let there be ego."

Gestaltists typically ask why questions in the attempt to get clients to think about the source of their problems. True False

False

Glasser believes the need to love and to belong are secondary needs. True False

False

If the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will not occur. True False

False

If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it. True False

False

Injunctions are usually established between birth and ____ years old. 3 5 7 15

7

Which of the following statements best describes the author's view of the medical model? Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what's wrong with clients. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths. The medical model emphasizes strengths and competencies rather than psychopathology. The medical model is especially relevant for culturally diverse client populations.

A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths.

Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy? An improvement in Adrianne's ability to block negative thoughts about her career options A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction Progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment A willingness on Adrianne's part to examine her family constellation in order to deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction

A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction

__________ is not one of Berne's ego states. Adolescent Adult Child Parent

Adolescent

Who has done most of the work in the area of modeling? Joseph Wolpe Hans Eysenck E. Jacobson Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura

Which of the following techniques is not used in Adlerian family counseling? Immediacy Paradoxical intention Analyzing resistances between members of the family The push-button technique

Analyzing resistances between members of the family

________ is a key pioneer of clinical behavior therapy because of his broadening of its conceptual bases and development of multimodal therapy. Albert Bandura Joseph Wolpe B.F. Skinner Arnold Lazarus

Arnold Lazarus

After having a bad therapeutic experience with a mental health professional who pathologized her anxiety over financial issues, Lillian decided to consult with a feminist therapist. How is her new therapist likely to view her anxiety symptoms? As a sign of distress rather than psychopathology As an indication of deficits in her personality As irrational beliefs As a sign of unconscious conflicts that must be worked through

As a sign of distress rather than psychopathology

________ is described as teaching and promoting assertive behavior; women become aware of their interpersonal rights, transcend stereotypical gender roles, change negative beliefs, and implement changes in their daily life. Bibliotherapy Power analysis Assertiveness training Gender-role intervention

Assertiveness training

Which of the following approaches places emphasis on challenging clients to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them? Psychoanalytic therapy Existential therapy Behavior therapy Adlerian therapy

Existential therapy

Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor? Being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences Being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly reexperience early childhood events Being willing to seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to enhance their ability to work with culturally diverse client populations

Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly reexperience early childhood events

Gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in groups. True False

False

Which approach to family therapy contends that one's current family problems will not significantly change until relationship patterns in one's family of origin are understood and directly challenged? Bowenian family therapy Human validation process model Structural family therapy Strategic family therapy

Bowenian family therapy

_______posits that we are not born blank slates waiting to be externally motivated by forces in the world around us. WDEP theory Behavior therapy Choice theory Motivational therapy

Choice theory

In which of the following approaches does the therapist ask the client what they are choosing to do? Choice theory/reality therapy Gestalt therapy Family systems therapy Psychoanalytic therapy

Choice theory/reality therapy

Which of the following therapies emphasizes that a person's belief system is the cause of emotional problems? Solution-focused brief therapy Existential therapy Gestalt therapy Cognitive behavior therapy

Cognitive behavior therapy

Which of the following principles of feminist psychology is most aimed at advancing a transformation in society? The person is political. Commitment to social change Women's ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress

Commitment to social change

There are three kinds of solution-focused therapeutic relationships. The client describes a problem but is not able or willing to assume a role in constructing a solution, believing that a solution is dependent on someone else's actions describes which relationship? Customer Complaint Visitor Shopper

Complaint

Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? Introjection Projection Retroflection Confluence

Confluence

Which statement most closely reflects the philosophy of feminist therapy? Feminist therapy depicts an accurate assessment of the psychosexual stages of development. Androcentricism, gendercentricism, and ethnocentricism are important bias-free concepts of feminist therapy. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span oriented. Feminist therapy encourages the use of the DSM to assess psychopathology.

Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span oriented.

Which statement is not true? Because cognitive factors have a place in the practice of behavior therapy, techniques from this approach can be used to attain humanistic ends. Contemporary behavior therapy is grounded on a scientific view of human behavior. Behavioral methods can be applied to a diverse client population. Contemporary behavior therapy is increasingly concerned with therapists' behavioral control.

Contemporary behavior therapy is increasingly concerned with therapists' behavioral control.

Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference? Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased. Countertransference reactions are inevitable because all therapists have unresolved conflicts and personal vulnerabilities that are activated through their professional work. Most research on countertransference has dealt with its deleterious effects and how to manage these reactions. It is critical that therapists monitor their own feelings during therapy sessions and use their responses as a source for increased self-awareness and understanding of their clients.

Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased.

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? Unconditional positive regard Creative expression Accurate empathetic understanding Congruence

Creative expression

Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition includes self-awareness, freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic elements? Gestalt therapy Person-centered therapy Existential therapy Adlerian therapy

Existential therapy

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach? The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research. The client-centered approach emphasized the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honored the inherent power of the client. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks? Building friendships Establishing intimacy Contributing to society Enhancing wellness

Enhancing wellness

Which of the following is not part of the five-step treatment procedure used in a coping skills program? Exposing clients to anxiety-provoking situations by means of role playing and imagery Evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological tests Teaching clients to become aware of the anxiety-provoking cognitions they experience in stressful situations Helping clients examine their thoughts by reevaluating their self-statements

Evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological tests

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their lives when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe? Pre-therapy change The miracle question Exception questions Scaling

Exception questions

________ are preplanned activities that can be used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal. Cathartic events Faulty experiments Exercises Conflicting opinions

Exercises

Which of the following approaches recognized the need for a subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition? Family systems therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Person-centered therapy Existential therapy

Existential therapy

_______grow out of the interaction between client and therapist and emerge within this dialogic process. Exercises Figureformations Fantasies Experiments

Experiments

Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques? "Exercises" are readymade techniques. "Experiments" grow out of the interaction between therapist and client. Clients need to be prepared for their involvement in Gestalt techniques. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

In the solution-oriented approach, which is not considered one of the three basic parts to the structure of summary feedback? Compliments A bridge Expressing concern Suggesting a task

Expressing concern

"Fictional finalism" is a term that Adlerians use to describe our attitude in dealing with the social world.​ True False

False

A basic assumption of TA is that anything that has been learned has a permanent effect. True False

False

A distinctly human characteristic is the struggle for a sense of peace. True False

False

A goal of REBT is to assist clients in the process of achieving conditional self-acceptance, conditional other- acceptance, and conditional life-acceptance. True False

False

A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy. True False

False

According to Beck, selective abstraction is clients taking all the details of an event and using this information to reinforce negative schemas and support their maladaptive core beliefs. True False

False

Adlerian therapists realize that clients do not become discouraged and function effectively because of mistaken beliefs, faulty values, and useless or self-absorbed goals. ​True False

False

Adlerian views of birth order and family constellation are highly relevant to individuals from all cultural contexts. True False

False

Adlerians maintain that change is not possible without insight; understanding the causes of one's problems is a prerequisite to behavioral change.​ True False

False

Adlerians maintain that the priorities we choose arise from our personality strengths. True False

False

Adlerians typically do not use techniques of interpretation, for they believe that clients can make their own interpretations without therapist intervention. True False

False

Albert Bandura is credited with originally developing the progressive relaxation procedure. True False

False

Because Bowen's multigenerational approach looks at families from a threegenerational perspective, the therapist is mainly interested in past happenings and does not pay much attention to present issues. True False

False

Behavior therapy groups employ a long-term treatment model. True False

False

Clients are never stuck in a pattern of living a problem-saturated story that does not work. True False

False

Confidentiality can be considered an absolute. True False

False

Ego-defense mechanisms, by their very nature, imply psychopathology. True False

False

Ellis claims that his methods are applicable to individual therapy but that his approach does not work well in group therapy. True False

False

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) emerged as a behavioral approach informed by understanding the role of an emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change. True False

False

Existential therapy is especially useful in working with culturally diverse populations because of its focus on individuality. True False

False

Feminist group work uses a structured approach and focuses on the use of techniques. True False

False

Feminist therapists avoid sharing their values with clients in order to reduce the chance of value imposition. True False

False

Feminist therapists do not tend to engage in self-disclosure because of their concern over unduly influencing the client. True False

False

Feminist therapists restrict their practices to women clients. True False

False

Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the personcentered therapist's procedures. True False

False

Freedom implies that we are responsible for the lives of others around us. True False

False

From the existential viewpoint, anxiety is seen as a neurotic manifestation; thus the aim of therapy is to eliminate anxiety so clients can live comfortably. True False

False

Genuine knowledge is the product of what the person understands of the situation of another. True False

False

Gestalt theory is best considered as a form of psychoanalytic therapy. True False

False

In acceptance and commitment therapy, values are a basic part; however, the work does not depend on what an individual wants and values. True False

False

In mindfulness practice, clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their "past experience with acceptance." True False

False

In social constructionism, the therapist assumes the role of expert, rather than adopting a collaborative or consultative stance. True False

False

In the existential approach, techniques are primary, while subjective understanding of clients is secondary. True False

False

It is easy to overestimate the contributions of Adler to contemporary therapeutic practice. ​True False

False

It is optional for therapists to inform their clients that they may discuss certain details of the relationship with a supervisor or a colleague. True False

False

Maslow believed not enough research was being conducted on anxiety, hostility, and neuroses and too much into joy, creativity, and self-fulfillment. True False

False

Mindfulness involves judgment and careful evaluation of one's thoughts. True False

False

Minuchin and other structural family therapists initiated their work with wealthy suburban clients. True False

False

Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach. True False

False

Reality therapists believe in a generational basis for mental illness. True False

False

Reality therapists maintain that clients will not change unless they assume a self-critical attitude. True False

False

Reality therapists see therapeutic value in working with a client's dreams. True False

False

Since Corey challenges the deterministic notion that humans are the product of their early conditioning and, thus, are victims of their past, he believes that an exploration of the past is rarely useful. True False

False

Structural-strategic family therapists limit their interventions to families alone. True False

False

The Gestalt therapist typically uses diagnosis and interpretation as a basic part of the therapeutic process. True False

False

The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex are associated with the genital stage of development. True False

False

The goal of Gestalt therapy is to solve basic problems, to resolve one's polarities, and to help the individual to adjust to his or her environment. True False

False

The goal of structural-strategic family therapy is to break down any hierarchical structure and replace it with equal relationships among all family members. True False

False

The linguistic approach stresses the expert role of the therapist in suggesting solutions to a family's problems. True False

False

The only setting in which one might be forced to manage multiple roles is in community mental health centers. True False

False

The person-centered approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behavior change. True False

False

The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counseling. True False

False

The person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution. True False

False

Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients' confidence in them. True False

False

There is not a very good fit between cognitive behavior therapy and multicultural therapy. True False

False

When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that "the counselor knows best," he thought that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling profession, but to his surprise, it did not. True False

False

_____is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services. Session Rating Scale Outcome Rating Scale Income Rating Scale Feedback-informed treatment

Feedback-informed treatment

_______is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social, cultural, and political context that contributes to a person's problems in order to understand that person. Social justice Gender perspective Political context Feminist counseling

Feminist counseling

_______is a philosophical orientation that lends itself to an integration of feminist, multicultural, and social justice concepts with a variety of psychotherapy approaches. Gender perspective Feminist psychotherapy Social justice Political context

Feminist psychotherapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy is applied to both women and men with the goal of bringing about empowerment? Feminist therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Person-centered therapy Adlerian therapy

Feminist therapy

Which of the following did Adler not stress? The unity of personality Focus on early childhood experiences as determinants of later personality functioning Behavior is purposeful and goal-oriented A unique style of life that is an expression of life goals

Focus on early childhood experiences as determinants of later personality functioning

Which of the following approaches to therapy puts an emphasis on direct experiencing and doing? Person-centered therapy Gestalt therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Narrative therapy

Gestalt therapy

Which of the following individuals is not associated with family therapy? Alfred Adler Rudolf Dreikurs Fritz Perls Salvador Minuchin

Fritz Perls

Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist? Fritz Perls Laura Perls Miriam Polster Erving Polster

Fritz Perls

Which technique takes an anticipated event and brings it into the present moment to act out? Emptychair Future projection Internal dialogue Making the rounds

Future projection

_______assists clients in identifying the impact that their own gender-role socialization has played in shaping their values, thoughts, and behaviors. Power analysis Gender role or social identity analysis Lifestyle analysis Analysis of transference and resistance

Gender role or social identity analysis

Using _______, the therapist responds to the client's concern by placing it in the context of society's role expectations for women. The aim is to provide the client with insight into the ways social issues are affecting her. Gender-role intervention Power analysis Assertiveness training Bibliotherapy

Gender-role intervention

Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share? Helping clients better understand objective reality Using paradoxical techniques Using a genogram to teach families about conflicts Generating new meaning in the lives of individuals

Generating new meaning in the lives of individuals

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers? Unconditional positive regard Acceptance Genuineness Accurate empathic understanding

Genuineness

The technique of intensifying experiences and integrating conflicting feelings is associated with: Gestalt therapy. person-centered therapy. existential therapy. reality therapy.

Gestalt therapy.

_______was the first to recognize that male development was presented as the norm and that development of women, though different, was judged by male norms. Gilligan Miller Evans Brown

Gilligan

Which of the following is not true about Rollo May? He is most responsible for translating European existentialism into American psychotherapeutic theory and practice. He focuses on the subjective dimension of therapy. He is a significant spokesman for the existential approach in the United States. He believes that we can only escape anxiety by exercising our freedom.

He believes that we can only escape anxiety by exercising our freedom.

Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers? He was raised with strict religious standards in his home. He developed cognitive therapy. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.

He developed cognitive therapy.

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow? Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.

Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.

Which of the following statements is not true about Alfred Adler? He created child guidance clinics. His early childhood was happy. He worked with Freud for at least eight years. He had much to say about child-rearing practices.

His early childhood was happy.

Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client become increasingly proficient at minimizing irrational thinking and disturbances in feeling and behaving? Biofeedback Homework Dream analysis Skill training

Homework

Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this? Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy. By assigning homework to her clients, she establishes her clear authority over them (as if she is their teacher). She is probably a novice therapist who is insecure about her skills; thus, by assigning homework, she may feel like she is being more productive. In order to be reimbursed by insurance companies, Francesca is required to give her clients homework assignments.

Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.

In the assessment process, questions a family therapist might ask include all of the following, except: What does each family member bring to the session? How can I give voice to my own impulses and fantasies? Who makes decisions? How are conflicts resolved or problems handled? Are the parents effective leaders of the family, and is the process of leadership balanced or imbalanced?

How can I give voice to my own impulses and fantasies?

A solution-oriented therapist might ask her client, a compulsive shopper, which of the following questions? Who has the best shoe sale this week, Macy's or Nordstrom's? If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? Who in your family is most affected when you go on a spending spree? At what point in your life did you develop this fixation on shopping?

If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?

Adler chose the name ______ for his theoretical approach because it is based on a growth model. Individual Psychology Community Psychology Ego Psychology Id Psychology

Individual Psychology

The founder(s) of solution-focused brief therapy is (are): Michael White and David Epston. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Donald Meichenbaum.

Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.

The constructs of feminist theory, in contrast to traditional theories, include all of the following except for which characteristic? Intrapsychic orientation Gender-fair Flexible-multicultural Life-span oriented

Intrapsychic orientation

Which of the following is not an example of how existential therapy is unlike many other therapies? It does not have a well-defined set of techniques. It stresses the I/Thou encounter in the therapy process. It focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory. It allows for incorporation of techniques from many other approaches.

It focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory.

Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy? It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients. It is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive. Confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits. Confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring.

It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.

Which of the following is (are) a contribution of choice theory/reality therapy? It helps clients deal emotionally with unfinished business from their past. It provides insight into the causes of one's problems. It is relatively short-term focused on dealing with conscious behavioral problems. Most of its concepts have been subjected to empirical testing.

It is relatively short-term focused on dealing with conscious behavioral problems.

Who is most noted for her contributions to the development of feminist therapy? Miriam Polster Laura Brown Natalie Rogers Laura Perls

Laura Brown

________ is often described as our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world, and includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions. Striving for significance and superiority Fictional finalism Lifestyle Holistic concept

Lifestyle

Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate? MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.

MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization.

Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? The rehearsal exercise The reversal technique Making the rounds The exaggeration technique

Making the rounds

________ ethics involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice. Mandatory Minimal Positive Aspirational

Mandatory

The founder(s) of narrative therapy is (are): Michael White and David Epston. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Donald Meichenbaum.

Michael White and David Epston.

Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated Oldest child Second child Middle child Youngest child

Middle child

The broad scope of feminist thought goes far beyond gender considerations.issues are equally relevant to the therapeutic enterprise. Behavioral and cognitive Person-centered Multicultural and social justice Diagnostic

Multicultural and social justice

_______cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity. Cultural diversity Multicultural competence Multicultural diversity Theoretical pluralism

Multicultural competence

_______ is a comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy developed by the late Arnold Lazarus. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Social skills training Self-management Multimodal therapy

Multimodal therapy

The concept of triangulation is most associated with: Virginia Satir. Murray Bowen. Salvador Minuchin. Rudolf Dreikurs.

Murray Bowen.

Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self- absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders?Narcissistic Dependent Borderline Obsessivecompulsive

Narcissistic

In which therapy approach is the client viewed as the expert on his or her own life, while the therapist is seen as an expert questioner who assists clients in freeing themselves of their problem-saturated stories and create new life- affirming stories? Existential therapy Narrative therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Person-centered therapy

Narrative therapy

A statement that best illustrates "bad faith" is: Naturally I'm this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family. I will not consider others in the choices I make. I must live by commitments I make. I am responsible for the choices that I mak

Naturally I'm this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family.

Which child is most likely to demand center stage, tends to have difficulties in life when he or she is no longer the center of attention, and is likely to become dependently tied to the mother? Oldest child Second child Middle child Only child

Only child

B. F. Skinner is associated with which of the following trends in the behavioral approach? Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Multimodal therapy Dialectical behavior therapy

Operant conditioning

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages? Anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral Anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital Oral/anal/latency/genital/phallic

Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital

Which of the following approaches to therapy is especially well suited for the initial phases of crisis intervention work? Reality therapy Person-centered therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Solution-focused brief therapy

Person-centered therapy

Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses the attitude of the therapist over the use of techniques? Person-centered therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Cognitive-behavior therapy Behavior therapy

Person-centered therapy

During the anal stage, children typically experience a range of negative feelings, including rage, hate, and hostility. True False

True

Dialectical behavior therapy requires both individual and group treatment. True False

True

Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult Be flexible in applying techniques with clients Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity

Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult

What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a different interpretation for a problematic situation? Reorganization Family mapping Restructuring Reframing

Reframing

_______includes a shift from placing the problem internally and "blaming the victim" to consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem. Paradoxical intention Reframing Relabeling Genderrole analysis

Reframing

_____is an intervention that changes the label or evaluation applied to some behavioral characteristic. Paradoxical intention Reframing Relabeling Genderrole analysis

Relabeling

In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), skills are taught in four modules. Which among the following is not one of the modules listed in the text? Mindfulness Interpersonal effectiveness Emotional regulation Relapse prevention

Relapse prevention

__________ emphasize mutual empathy and deep respect for the client, understand how disconnections affect the individual, and create a therapeutic relationship that is healing. Diversity practitioners Cognitive practitioners Relational-cultural therapy practitioners Person-centered practitioners

Relational-cultural therapy practitioners

Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles. Which of the following principles is not one? Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression. The creative process is transformative and healing. The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious. Our feelings and emotions are a source of energy.

Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression.

Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence? Reunification Discovery Assimilation Accommodation

Reunification

Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true? Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research. Rogers literally opened the field for psychotherapy research. Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

Who is primarily credited with popularizing and extending Adler's work by applying Adlerian principles to group work? Don Dinkmeyer Erik Erikson H. L. Ansbacher Rudolph Dreikurs

Rudolph Dreikurs

Which of the following theorists emphasized the development of a nurturing triad? Minuchin Haley Satir Bowen

Satir

The therapy goals self-esteem and connection, and helping family members achieve congruent communication and interaction are most associated with which theory of family therapy? Bowen's multigenerational family therapy Satir's human validation process model Dreikurs's experiential/symbolic family therapy Minuchin's structural family therapy

Satir's human validation process model

Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on? "It" talk "You" talk Questions Semantics

Semantics

The __________ measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and client preferences. Session Rating Scale Outcome Rating Scale Income Rating Scale Termination Rating Scale

Session Rating Scale

Which REBT technique involves having the client do the very thing they avoid because of "what people might think?" Role playing Desensitization Cognitive homework Shame-attacking exercises

Shame-attacking exercises

Of the following, which intervention would a feminist therapist probably consider most essential? Challenging irrational beliefs Making use of the empty-chair technique Conducting a lifestyle analysis Social action

Social action

Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life? Medard Boss JeanPaul Sartre Soren Kierkegaard Martin Buber

Soren Kierkegaard

______are integrated into each phase of treatment in strengths-based CBT beginning with the intake interview. Strengths Weaknesses Client beliefs Client concerns

Strengths

The use of constructive questions, the importance of identifying client imagery and metaphors for change, and an emphasis on client strengths are innovations that formed the foundation of which therapeutic approach? Existential Clientcentered Psychoanalytic Strengths-based cognitive behavioral

Strengths-based cognitive behavioral

Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition? Capacity for self-awareness Striving for acceptance of others Establishing meaningful relationships with others Freedom and responsibility

Striving for acceptance of others.

The techniques of joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, enactments, and paradoxical interventions are most likely to be part of which approach to family therapy? Bowenian family therapy Adlerian family therapy Structural-strategic family therapy Strategic family therapy

Structural-strategic family therapy

Which approach would be most interested in the interactional patterns, or sequences, in the family? Bowenian family therapy Human validation process model Structural-strategic family therapy Social constructionism

Structural-strategic family therapy

Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experiences? Assertive training Operant conditioning Systematic desensitization Social reinforcement

Systematic desensitization

What is a limitation of person-centered therapy? The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.

The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her analyst? The client is free to express any idea or feeling as long as it is not scandalous. The analyst is free to engage in spontaneous self-expression if a client makes an erroneous comment. The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile. The client is encouraged to use "solution talk" and avoid talking about problems

The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile.

_______is at the core of feminist therapy and marked by authenticity, mutuality, and respect. The person is political The egalitarian relationship The women's way of knowing A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress

The egalitarian relationship

Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach? The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment. In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realize that there are more authentic ways of being. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

In regards to freedom and responsibility, existential therapy embraces three values. Which of the following is not one of these values? The freedom to become within the context of natural and self-imposed limitations The capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices The capacity to act on the choices we make The freedom to choose our past and the choices of our parents

The freedom to choose our past and the choices of our parents

Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true? Constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstructing problem-saturated narratives. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story. The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more coherent and comprehensive stories that they live by. The development of alternative stories is an enactment of ultimate hope.

The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story.

_______is based on the assumption that the personal or individual problems individuals bring to counseling originate in a political and social context. The personal is political and critical consciousness The counseling relationship is egalitarian Women's ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress

The personal is political and critical consciousness

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? Defining concrete and measurable goals The therapist's technical skills The relationship between the client and therapist The therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems

The relationship between the client and therapist

Which of the following aspects is not assessed when exploring a client's family constellation? Birth order Interactions between siblings and parents The relationship between the parents and the pediatrician The child's psychological position in the family

The relationship between the parents and the pediatrician

Donald Meichenbaum is a prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior therapy. True False

True

Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification focuses on changing a client's selftalk. True False

True

Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach? Therapists should give advice when clients need it. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. Therapists should function largely as teachers. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.

Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy? Treatment goals are specific and concrete. It is grounded in learning theory. Many specific techniques are supported by research. The therapist is manipulative and controlling.

The therapist is manipulative and controlling.

Which is not true of the relationship between therapist and client in behavior therapy? The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals. The relationship is considered collaborative. Therapist and client work together in a warm and flexible manner. The therapeutic relationship is an important factor in treatment outcomes.

The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals.

In working with Japanese clients, a reality therapist might do which of the following when asking clients to make plans and commit to them? The therapist might be likely to accept "I'll try" as a firm commitment. The therapist would push clients for an explicit pledge to follow through. The therapist would view a noncommittal response as a sign of weakness. The therapist would refer their clients if they refused to commit to a plan.

The therapist might be likely to accept "I'll try" as a firm commitment.

Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere blending of techniques? Technical eclecticism Common factors approach Theoretical integration Assimilative integration

Theoretical integration

Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis? The approach is based on an egalitarian model. There is an exploration of the subjectivities of both client and therapist. Countertransference provides rich information about the client's dynamics. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.

Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.

Which of the following is true about "technical eclecticism" in multimodal therapy? Therapists borrow techniques exclusively from the social learning model. Therapists use techniques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems. The client is fit into a predetermined treatment. It is considered confusing to the client.

Therapists use techniques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems.

Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/psychotherapy is true? Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are "wrong." There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations.

There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.

Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification shares with REBT and Beck's cognitive therapy the assumption that distressing emotions are often the result of maladaptive thoughts. True False

True

In psychodynamic group work, symbolic figures from a client's past may emerge True False

True

Which of the following is not true about how behavior therapists function in the therapeutic setting? They use techniques such as summarizing, reflection, clarification, and open-ended questioning. They focus on using a variety of techniques in narrowly treating specific behavioral problems. They complete a formal assessment prior to treatment to determine behaviors that are targets for change. They serve as a model for the client and do not require behavioral change in the client.

They serve as a model for the client and do not require behavioral change in the client.

_______teaches that all behavior is made up of four inseparable but distinct components - acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Total behavior Quality world Picture album Birth and death

Total behavior

A current trend in Gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist relationship rather than on techniques. True False

True

Acceptance is one of the third-generation behavior therapies' five interrelated core themes. True False

True

According to the relational-cultural model, a woman's sense of self depends largely on how she connects with others. True False

True

Addressing what clients are presently doing and asking clients to evaluate what they want to change fits well in various settings. True False

True

An assumption of personcentered therapy is that the counselor's presence is far more powerful than techniques he or she uses to facilitate change. True False

True

Behavior therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic pain. True False

True

Bibliotherapeutic approaches have empirical support for the treatment of depression, for a variety of anxiety disorders, and for a range of clinical problems. True False

True

Bibliotherapy is frequently used in feminist therapy True False

True

Both family therapy and feminist therapy are based on the premise that to understand the individual it is essential to take into consideration the interpersonal dimensions and the sociocultural context rather than focusing primarily on the intrapsychic domain. True False

True

Choice theory is based on the assumption that people are in charge of their own destiny. True False

True

Clients in analytic therapy typically free associate to various symbols in their dreams. True False

True

Clients learn that "musts," "oughts," and absolute "shoulds" can be replaced by preferences in REBT. True False

True

Cognitive behavioral group therapy stresses the importance of homework outside of the therapy session. True False

True

Counselors working from a TA perspective often ask clients to revisit past events. True False

True

Diagnoses are based on the dominant culture's view of normalcy and therefore cannot account for cultural differences. True False

True

Dialectical behavior therapy integrates behavioral techniques with psychoanalytic concepts and mindfulness training of Eastern psychological and spiritual practices. True False

True

During the initial phase of counseling, existentially oriented therapists assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world. True False

True

Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions. True False

True

Empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client. True False

True

Empowerment is a central tenet of feminist psychotherapy. True False

True

Encouragement is a part of the Adlerian counseling process.​ True False

True

Even science is not free from the influence of such processes of social construction. True False

True

Evidence-based therapies are a hallmark of both behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. True False

True

Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with the "givens of existence." True False

True

Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose. True False

True

Existential therapists strive to be their authentic selves when working with clients. True False

True

Existential therapy grew out of a reaction to the limitations of both the psychoanalytic and deterministic stance. True False

True

Externalizing conversations counteract oppressive, problem-saturated stories and empower clients to feel competent to handle the problems they face. True False

True

Failure to move through anxiety results in neurotic anxiety. True False

True

Families are multilayered systems that both affect and are affected by the larger systems in which they are embedded. True False

True

Family systems therapy can be used when working with individual clients. True False

True

Family systems therapy is represented by a variety of theories and approaches, all of which focus on the relational aspects of human problems. True False

True

Feminist therapists emphasize that societal gender role expectations profoundly influence a person's identity from birth and become deeply ingrained in adult personality. True False

True

Feminist therapists work to demystify the counseling relationship. True False

True

Feminist therapy incorporates techniques from many of the various traditional approaches. True False

True

Feminist therapy is a technically integrative approach that emphasizes the analysis of gender, power, and social location as strategies for facilitating change. True False

True

Feminist therapy is not static, but is continually evolving. True False

True

For Adlerian counselors, techniques are helpful when adapted to the needs of the client. True False

True

Free association is one of the basic tools used to gain access to the unconscious. True False

True

Freud postulated the concepts of both life instincts and death instincts. True False

True

Freud postulated the theory of sexuality. True False

True

Gestalt group therapists use experiments to encourage clients to move from talking about action to taking action. True False

True

Gestalt techniques can be considered experiments. True False

True

Gestalt therapies view a client's avoidance behavior as related to unfinished business. True False

True

Gestalt therapy makes use of a wide variety of techniques that are designed to increase the client's awareness of his or her present experiencing. True False

True

Glasser took the position that schools needed to be structured in ways to help students achieve a success identity as opposed to a failure identity. True False

True

Historically, feminist psychotherapy groups were a vehicle for consciousness-raising. True False

True

Human change is complex and difficult to measure beyond such a simplistic level that the change may be meaningless. True False

True

Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others. True False

True

If you are successful in establishing boundaries in various aspects of your personal life, you have a good foundation for creating sound boundaries with clients. True False

True

If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy. True False

True

Immediacy is highly valued in the person-centered approach. True False

True

In Adler's view we can be fully understood only in light of knowing the purposes and goals toward which we are striving. True False

True

In Gestalt terms, awareness refers to our connectedness to our external and internal worlds. True False

True

In Gestalt therapy, a client's resistance is welcomed and used to deepen their therapeutic work. True False

True

In family therapy contexts, cognitive behavior therapists are particularly interested in family schema. True False

True

In postmodern thinking, language and the use of language in stories create meaning. True False

True

Psychoanalysis provides therapists with a conceptual framework for looking at behavior and understanding the origins and functions of present symptoms. True False

True

Psychoeducational methods include materials such as books, DVDs, and articles. True False

True

Psychotherapy is a process of engagement between two people, both of whom are bound to change through the therapeutic venture. True False

True

REBT hypothesizes that we keep ourselves emotionally disturbed by the process of self-indoctrination. True False

True

Reality therapists ask clients to take a hard look at whether their current actions are working for them. True False

True

Reality therapists refuse to accept excuses. True False

True

Reality therapists see clients as being responsible for their own choices as they have more control of their behavior than they often believe. True False

True

Reality therapy is a popular approach in correctional work. True False

True

Reality therapy is an open system that allows for flexibility in application based on the needs of culturally diverse individuals. True False

True

Reality therapy is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. True False

True

Reality therapy is often used in treating drug and alcohol abusers. True False

True

Rollo May has been instrumental in translating some concepts drawn from existential philosophy and applying them to psychotherapy. True False

True

Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing the Adlerian approach in the United States. True False

True

Solution-focused brief therapy differs from traditional therapies by eschewing the past in favor of both the present and the future. True False

True

Solution-focused brief therapy is grounded on the optimistic assumption that people are healthy and competent and have the ability to construct solutions that can enhance their lives. True False

True

Solution-focused therapists often use scaling questions. True False

True

Some family therapists focus primarily on the nuclear family, which is based on Western notions, and this could clearly be a shortcoming in working with clients in extended families. True False

True

Stress inoculation is a copingskills approach designed to change a person's selfstatements. True False

True

Structural-strategic family therapy deals with boundaries. True False

True

Systematic desensitization typically includes the use of relaxation procedures. True False

True

The American Counseling Association uses the term "nonprofessional relationships" when referring to dual or multiple relationships. True False

True

The adult ego state functions as a dispassionate data processor. True False

True

The central aim of evidence-based practice is to require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy. True False

True

The cognitive behavioral therapies are largely based on the idea that the reorganization of clients' selfstatements is a key to changing their behavior. True False

True

The contemporary version of feminist therapy and the multicultural and social justice approaches to counseling practice have a great deal in common. True False

True

The contemporary version of feminist therapy and the multicultural and social justice perspectives to counseling practice have a great deal in common. True False

True

The core of reality therapy is developing a plan for change as a way of translating talk into action. True False

True

The core of the therapeutic relationship is respect. True False

True

The existential approach can be used in a brief therapy context. True False

True

The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client. True False

True

The latency stage occurs between the ages of 5 to 12. True False

True

The main goal of brief therapy is to help clients efficiently resolve problems and to move forward as quickly as possible. True False

True

The narrative emphasis on creating an appreciative audience for new developments in an individual's life lends itself to group counseling. True False

True

The person-centered approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy. True False

True

The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change. True False

True

The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counseling and classroom education. True False

True

The process of differentiation occurs in most cultures, but it takes on a different shape due to cultural norms. True False

True

The psychoanalytic approach provides practitioners with a framework for understanding the origins and functions of symptoms. True False

True

The relational model of psychoanalysis regards therapy as an interactive process between the client and therapist. True False

True

The underlying vision of humanistic philosophy is captured by the metaphor of how an acorn will automatically grow in positive ways, pushed naturally toward its actualization as an oak. True False

True

The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions. True False

True

The working-through process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. True False

True

Theories and techniques are based on the lives and experiences of individuals (lived experiences) as well as research supporting gender and other inequities. True False

True

Therapists aim to lessen the suffering caused by disconnection and isolation, increase clients' capacity for relational resilience, develop mutual empathy and mutual empowerment, and foster social justice. True False

True

Through mindfulness exercises, veterans may be better able to observe repetitive negative thinking and prevent extensive engagement with maladaptive ruminative processes. True False

True

Traditional analytic therapists make more frequent interpretations of transferences and engage in fewer supportive interventions than is the case with psychodynamic therapists. True False

True

Transactional analysis is founded on the premise that formerly appropriate ways of coping are no longer adaptive. True False

True

Transactional analysts frequently observe nonverbals in the here and now. True False

True

Typically, analytically oriented therapists assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the "blank screen" approach, as a necessary way to foster transference. True False

True

Understanding family process is almost always facilitated by "how" questions. True False

True

While most feminist therapists believe that gender is always an important factor, they realize that ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class may be more important factors in certain situations for many women. True False

True

With respect to mastering the techniques of counseling and applying them appropriately and effectively, it is Corey's belief that you are your own very best technique. True False

True

Without strokes, we die. True False

True

Without the cultural conditions that accept the concept of depression, talking about a person as depressed would mean nothing. True False

True

Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior. True False

True

Which of the following is false as it applies to the practice of solution-focused brief therapy? Individuals who come to therapy have the capability of behaving effectively. There are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future. Clients want to change, have the capacity to change, and are doing their best to make change happen. Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way.

Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way.

There are three kinds of solution-focused therapeutic relationships. The client comes to therapy because someone else (a spouse, parent, teacher, or probation officer) thinks the client has a problem describes which relationship? Customer Complaint Visitor Shopper

Visitor

Wubbolding extended the theory and practice of reality therapy with his conceptualization of the: reality theory. choice theory. WDEP system. quality world.

WDEP system.

Which of the following is not a component of total behavior? Wanting Doing Feeling Thinking

Wanting

When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint? When the client feels comfortable enough to engage in shame-attacking exercises outside of counseling sessions. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client. When the therapist uses his or her influence to convince the client to let go of his or her anxiety. When sessions begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises

When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client.

Which of the statements below about social interest is true? While Adler considered social interest to be innate, he also believed that it must be learned, developed, and used. Adler believed most people to be incapable of developing social interest even though it was something to which they should aspire.In his later years, Adler recanted his beliefs about social interest and focused on addressing unconscious dynamics as the key to mental health. The concept of social interest was originally introduced by Freud, and Adler incorporated it into his theory.

While Adler considered social interest to be innate, he also believed that it must be learned, developed, and used.

Which of the following was not part of Stan's work in existential therapy? Challenging his feelings of loneliness Working on his inauthentic relationship with his siblings Confronting his responsibility for his drug and alcohol use Exploring Stan's human potential

Working on his inauthentic relationship with his siblings

A common theme originating in Carl Rogers's early writings and continuing to permeate all of his works is: the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. the need for a religion to find meaning in life. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.

a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.

Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when all of the following take place, except: clients pose a danger to others. a child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions. an older adult is being abused. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization.

a child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.

When a message sent gets an expected response, a complementary transaction has occurred. a crossed transaction has occurred. a predictable transaction has occurred. an ulterior transaction has occurred.

a complementary transaction has occurred.

When a message sent gets an unexpected response, a complementary transaction has occurred. a crossed transaction has occurred. a predictable transaction has occurred. an ulterior transaction has occurred.

a crossed transaction has occurred.

All of the following are true about planning and commitment in reality therapy, except: clients make a commitment to carry out their plans. commitment is not an all-or-nothing matter. a great deal of time is spent on this step of reality therapy. it is up to clients to determine how to take their plans from therapy into their everyday world.

a great deal of time is spent on this step of reality therapy.

Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following: empirically supported treatments. functional analysis of behavior. a philosophical view of human behavior. a comprehensive assessment process.

a philosophical view of human behavior.

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as: resistance. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior. a response consistent with his or her cultural context. a clear sign that counseling will not work.

a response consistent with his or her cultural context.

From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: a sense of equality. the transference relationship. the therapist functioning as the expert. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

a sense of equality.

Reality therapy is best described as: an intensive and long-term therapy. a rational therapy. an insight therapy. a short-term therapy that deals with conscious behavioral problems.

a short-term therapy that deals with conscious behavioral problems.

Eric Berne considered classical psychoanalysis to be complex. poorly communicated to clients. time consuming. all of the above

all of the above

In transactional analysis, autonomy consists of awareness. a capacity for intimacy. spontaneity. all of the above

all of the above

Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are: overreacting to his anger and are overstepping the boundaries by suggesting he go to counseling. unwise to suggest counseling since he will not benefit from it because he is a therapist and already knows how to deal with his problems. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are: antecedent, behavior, consequences. activating events, behaviors, cognitions. antecedent, belief, cognitions. activating event, belief, consequence.

activating event, belief, consequence.

During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is: being overly analytical. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability. self-absorbed and insecure. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients' sessions.

actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.

Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as: opponents to be defeated. allies who play a major role in their present and future success. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.

allies who play a major role in their present and future success.

For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when we: do not live by the Ten Commandments. fail to think about the welfare of others. allow others to define us or to make our choices for us. reflect on all that we might have done and failed to do.

allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.

Wubbolding believes all of the following encourage the client's involvement in therapy except for: appropriate use of humor. attending behavior. facilitative self-disclosure. allowing the client to focus on symptoms.

allowing the client to focus on symptoms.

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may display all of the following characteristics except: discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. ambiguity is not inherent in most psychoanalytic approaches.

ambiguity is not inherent in most psychoanalytic approaches.

Existential therapy is best considered as: an approach to understand the subjective world of the client. a school of therapy. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior.

an approach to understand the subjective world of the client.

Adlerian therapists strive to establish and maintain: an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients. a legalistic therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients. an egalitarian therapeutic alliance without a person-to-person relationship with their clients. a legalistic therapeutic alliance without a person-to-person relationship with their clients.

an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients.

Behavior therapy is based on: an experimental analysis of behavior in the client's own social environment. a systematic set of concepts. a well-developed theory of personality. the principle of self-actualization.

an experimental analysis of behavior in the client's own social environment.

From the family systems perspective, symptoms are often viewed as: an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family. evidence of psychopathology. a sign of weakness. a result of cognitive distortions.

an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family.

Berne designed TA to be an alternative to psychoanalysis. an extension of psychoanalysis. in reaction to psychoanalysis. a replacement of psychoanalysis.

an extension of psychoanalysis.

"Fictional finalism" is an Adlerian term meaning: the unrealistic ideas that we have about the way life should be. our strict adherence to certain beliefs that are not based on reality. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior. our stubborn resistance to change.

an imagined central goal that guides our behavior.

The feminist approach to group counseling involves all of the following except: support for the experience of being a woman. political involvement. providing members a place to reflect on their role in society. an opportunity to experience and analyze multiple transferences.

an opportunity to experience and analyze multiple transferences.

When a disguised message is sent and multiple ego states are involved, a complementary transaction has occurred. a crossed transaction has occurred. a predictable transaction has occurred. an ulterior transaction has occurred.

an ulterior transaction has occurred.

In order to create a climate where men can reflect on their needs, choices, past and present pain, and hopes for their future, female counselors must have an environment resembling all of the following, except: an uncomfortable environment. an accepting environment. an authentic environment. a safe environment.

an uncomfortable environment.

Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the: oral stage. anal stage. phallic stage. genital stage.

anal stage.

All of the following are stages in Adlerian counseling except: reorientation. insight. establishing a therapeutic relationship. analysis of resistance.

analysis of resistance.

In the ABC model, the A stands for: arbitrary behaviors. antecedents. actions. assessment.

antecedents.

A student who is reluctant to speak in class might be operating under the ________ injunction. "Don't make mistakes" "Don't be important" "Don't succeed" any of these

any of these

The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because the: approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context. approach has few rigid techniques. focus on early recollections allows clients to explore their past. focus on a lifestyle assessment is appealing to most cultures.

approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context.

A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is the: emphasis on contact. approach to confrontation. use of techniques. focus on the figure formation process.

approach to confrontation.

The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: labeling and mislabeling. overgeneralization. arbitrary inferences. selective abstraction.

arbitrary inferences.

Strengths-based CBT therapists: help clients with unresolved issues of the past. attempt to reveal inadequate ego-defense mechanisms. are collaborative, active, here-and-now focused, and client-centered. are behaviorists and less active than most cognitive therapists.

are collaborative, active, here-and-now focused, and client-centered.

The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who: are dealing with grief and loss. are victims of oppression. have limited intellectual capacities. suffer from severe mental illness.

are dealing with grief and loss.

Evidence-based practices: are the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences. are tailored to only focus on the relationship between the client and therapist without addressing specific problems and symptoms. tend to focus on therapist created techniques that do not have empirical evidence to support their efficacy. are generally not time limited.

are the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.

In reality therapy, the purpose of developing an action plan is to: encourage clients to stretch beyond their limits. teach clients to "think big." arrange for successful experience. arrive at the ultimate solution to a client's problem.

arrange for successful experience.

Donna feels certain that no one will ever want to hire her because she has a timid personality. Her solution- oriented therapist would be most inclined to: explore her early childhood experiences with being rejected. consider her irrational belief to be indicative of psychopathology. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others. prescribe medication for her anxiety issues.

ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others.

Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. have Greta undergo hypnosis. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.

ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

The therapist's presence is: a condition of therapeutic change. a goal of therapeutic change. both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change. neither a condition nor a goal of therapeutic change.

both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change.

The parent ego state is critical. nuturing. both of the above none of the above

both of the above

Transactional analysis is an organized system of interactional therapy. a theory of personality. both of these none of the above

both of these

Chun Hei is a Korean immigrant who has been separated from her family and friends for over a year since she came to the U.S. with her husband. She spends her days taking care of their two young children while he goes to work, and feels increasingly depressed without her support system. It is likely that a family therapist who meets Chun Hei would: prescribe her antidepressant medication. be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process. abandon using a systems approach, and treat her with cognitive behavioral methods. be directive and tell her to convince her husband to go back to Korea so she will once again have family support.

be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process.

Behavior therapy assumes that: behavior is the result of unconscious forces. behavior is the result of free choices. behavior is determined by psychic energy. behavior is learned.

behavior is learned.

All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except: behavior therapy relies on the principles and procedures of the scientific method. behavior therapy specifies treatment goals in concrete and objective terms. behavior therapy focuses on the client's current problems and the factors influencing them. behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior.

behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior.

Social constructionism explains how values are transmitted through language by the social milieu and suggests that individuals are constantly changing with the ebb and flow of the influences of all of the following except: family. culture. behavior. society.

behavior.

An authentic counselor is best described as:having the highest regard for all clients. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity .being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted; he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client.

being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted; he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client.

Like all marginalized groups, women are: superior. sexist. biracial. bicultural.

bicultural.

A person with apersonality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. narcissistic dependent borderline obsessivecompulsive

borderline

One of the goals of feminist therapy is to: bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. make the unconscious conscious. provide opportunities for reliving early traumas. assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing.

bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society.

A psychologically healthy adult can easily move between ego states. functions from the adult ego state. functions from the parent ego state. manifests incongruent behaviors.

can easily move between ego states.

Personcentered therapy puts faith in the client's: ability to uncover repressed experiences. ability to integrate their polarities. capacity for recognizing how birth order affects their choices. capacity for self-direction.

capacity for self-direction.

When _______ occurs, a ripple effect flows throughout the family system. change an argument a negative behavior tradition

change

The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to: explore sources of childhood trauma. deal exclusively with a single presenting problem. change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others. bring about catharsis.

change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others.

In reality therapy, the counseling environment is: the time to explore past trauma. characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the foundation for implementing procedures. highly structured with the aim of changing cognitions. conducive to restructuring one's personality.

characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the foundation for implementing procedures.

The _________ ego state contains feelings and spontaneity. adolescent adult child parent

child

Choice theory changes the focus of responsibility to: selfhelp procedures. the use of humor. homework assignments. choice and choosing.

choice and choosing.

Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of: classical conditioning. operant conditioning. modeling. motivational interviewing.

classical conditioning.

Effective counseling must take into account the impact of culture on the client's functioning, including the: client's expectations for possible vacation time from counseling. client's degree of acculturation. attitudes these clients have about time off during counseling for their personal time. messages clients received from their family members while attending counseling.

client's degree of acculturation.

One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that: clients learn to minimize symptoms through a profound change in philosophy. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged. leaders take a non-directive stance. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change.

clients learn to minimize symptoms through a profound change in philosophy.

The premise of Adlerian group work is that: clients' problems are usually of a social nature. early childhood disturbances are at the root of the client's current problems. individuals are encouraged to become fully independent. insight, not action, is needed for change.

clients' problems are usually of a social nature.

All of the following strategies are unique to feminist therapy except for: cognitive restructuring. encouraging clients to take social action. emphasizing the role of the therapist as advocate as well as facilitator. viewing women's and other marginalized and oppressed group's experiences from a unique perspective.

cognitive restructuring.

Satir's human validation process model emphasizes: family rules. functional versus dysfunctional communication patterns. family roles and triads. communication and emotional experiencing.

communication and emotional experiencing.

Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that: confrontation is to be avoided at all costs. confrontation causes clients to stop growing. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control. confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner.

confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner.

In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

In feminist therapy, the following technique(s) is/are used to help clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization: free association. unbalancing. scaling questions. consciousness-raising.

consciousness-raising.

The role of meaningful relationships in fostering emotional health is receiving increased attention in: WDEP. contemporary reality therapy. value judgment. behavioral therapy.

contemporary reality therapy.

The __________factors-the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extratherapeutic factors-are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. logistical contextual psychodynamic technical

contextual

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except: counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions. counselors feel comfortable with their clients' values and beliefs. counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients. counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate.

counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.

In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except: counselors have a sense of humor. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems. counselors make choices that are life oriented. counselors make mistakes and are willing to admit them.

counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.

The range of emotionally charged responses such as withdrawal, anger, love, annoyance, powerlessness, avoidance, overidentification, control, and sadness of the therapist are often associated with: transference. workingthrough. interpretation. countertransference.

countertransference.

Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as a: way that clients avoid confrontation. sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome. creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

The practice of reality therapy can best be conceptualized as the: history of therapy. past processing theory. roadmap to theory. cycle of counseling.

cycle of counseling.

All of the following are characteristics that form the basis for an integrative framework in brief therapy except: time limitation. focus. the assignment of behavioral tasks. counselor indirectiveness.

c​ounselor indirectiveness.

From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with: deconstructing the power of cultural narratives. understanding the roots of a problem. the therapist's skill in using confrontational techniques. understanding and accepting objective reality.

deconstructing the power of cultural narratives.

Constructing counter stories goes hand in hand with: deconstruction. reconstruction. demolition. rebuilding.

deconstruction.

Self psychology and object relations theory emphasize all of the following except: the influence of critical factors in early development on later development. the origins, transformations and organizational functions of the self. the differentiation between self and others. different cultures maintain similar values.

different cultures maintain similar values.

The client's core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of: working through the transference relationship. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them. understanding how their relationship with their parents has shaped their personality. understanding how their birth order has determined the person who they are today.

discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them.

In person-centered group therapy, the leader: displays a sense of trust in the members. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. focuses on making interpretations. sets goals for the group members.

displays a sense of trust in the members.

In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except: communicate a deep sense of understanding. provide genuine support and warmth. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.

do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.

The opposite of a differentiated self is experienced as: emotional reactivity. the integration of one's various parts. movement toward self-actualization. attunement with others.

emotional reactivity

One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its: behavioral training models. emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. attempt to remain focused on the past. ability to allow the client to remain oblivious to his or her behavior.

emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment.

The personcentered approach's view of human nature: views people as basically competitive. states that humans are driven by irrational forces. emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.

emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others.

Narrative therapists attempt to do all of the following except: engage people in deconstructing problem-saturated stories. discover preferred directions and new possibilities. create new stories. encourage free association.

encourage free association.

According to the Gouldings, new _____ often result in new _____. actions, thoughts beginnings, endings endings, beginnings thoughts, actions

endings, beginnings

From the feminist perspective, the socialization of women with multiple social identities inevitably affects all of the following, except: engendered lives. selfconcept. goals and aspirations. emotional wellbeing.

engendered lives.

An Adlerian therapist would: maintain an aloof stance. establish a cooperative relationship based on equality. take the role of expert. take the role of a friendly parent.

establish a cooperative relationship based on equality.

TA contracts are developed by the therapist. establish goals and direction. establish an appropriate heirarchy. all of the above

establish goals and direction.

Assessment consists of: identifying a specific mental disorder. forming an explanation of the causes of the client's difficulties. evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process. gaining an account into how the client's problems developed over time.

evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.

All of the following are procedures that are commonly used in reality therapy except: exploring wants, needs, and perceptions. exploring early recollections. focusing on the present. planning and commitment.

exploring early recollections.

If we hope to work therapeutically with an individual, it is critical to consider him or her within the: problematic system. behavioral system. individual system. family system.

family system.

It is essential that counselors establish a relationship with their clients, so that the clients will: be less divulging during an assessment. be less focused on the here and now. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments. be more willing to be involved in process-oriented diagnosis.

feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments.

Empowerment and egalitarianism are the basis of the _______ therapeutic relationship. existential feminist Gestalt psychoanalytic

feminist

A _______ offers a unique approach to understanding the roles that women and men with diverse social identities and experiences have been socialized to accept and to bringing this understanding into the therapeutic process. gender-fair stance flexible-multicultural theory life-span orientation feminist perspective

feminist perspective

The negative impact of discrimination and oppression for both men and women has surfaced as a result of: rational emotive behavior therapy. person-centered therapy. family systems therapy. feminist therapy.

feminist therapy.

Therapists begin to form a relationship with clients from the moment of: first contact. complete trust. family introductions. engaging in deep conversation.

first contact.

Techniques used in mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy include all but: yoga. flooding. body scan meditation. formal and informal meditation.

flooding.

All are true of solution-focused brief therapists except that they: have little interest in a client exploring past problems. focus on the client's early childhood experiences. believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution. expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem.

focus on the client's early childhood experiences.

The characteristic existential theme includes: freedom and responsibility. resistance. transference. examining irrational beliefs.

freedom and responsibility.

Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called: functional assessment. motivational interviewing. mindfulness-based stress reduction. reorientation.

functional assessment.

Individuals may believe that it is inappropriate to reveal: family information. personal information. societal secrets. cultural beliefs.

f​amily information.

Adlerians view the use of techniques in counseling as: geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client. more important than paying attention to the subjective experiences of the client. against their basic philosophy. unethical.

geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client.

A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a: lifestyle assessment. family sketch. genogram. projective test.

genogram.

The purpose of examining a client's family constellation is to: get a picture of the individual's early social world. bring unconscious factors to the surface. discover hereditary aspects of the client's behavior. determine who else in the family needs help.

get a picture of the individual's early social world.

According to the existential viewpoint, death: makes life absurd. makes life meaningless and hopeless. gives significance to living. should not be explored in therapy.

gives significance to living.

A comprehensive approach to counseling: goes beyond understanding our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influence us. focuses almost exclusively on the client's internal dynamics. focuses primarily on the therapist's internal reactions to the client's behavior. focuses only on systemic factors.

goes beyond understanding our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influence us.

Characteristics of a self-actualized person include all of the following, except: welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. is spontaneous and creative.

has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself.

To prevent his parents from leaving the house, Miguel throws temper tantrums. His parents have given in to his demands and never go out to dinner or to movies anymore. A structural-strategic therapist working with Miguel and his parents will most likely: have them participate in an enactment during the therapy session. explain with a genogram the origins of Miguel's temper tantrums. help Miguel's parents to develop differentiated selves. do a lifestyle assessment.

have them participate in an enactment during the therapy session.

In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels: he has behaved in a manner that is inconsistent with his moral code. a realistic threat is present in the environment. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately. guilt associated with past actions.

he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately.

Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to: heal their own psychological wounds. gain an experiential sense of how to control the therapeutic session.understand their own needs and motives and how to heal them while counseling others. learn how to work through their own personal conflicts while counseling others.

heal their own psychological wounds.

Roger and his wife are experiencing tension in their relationship because he believes she is far too lenient with their children when they misbehave. This forces him to play the role of "bad cop" as a parent, which makes him angry. A family therapist working with Roger and his family might: help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries. refer Roger to individual therapy since he clearly needs to work through his unresolved issues that are causing him to feel so angry. take Roger's side and educate his wife about appropriate disciplinary practices. focus on getting the children to stop misbehaving so that Roger and his wife won't experience this tension.

help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries.

The goals of existential therapy include all but. to help clients become more present to both themselves and others. to assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence. helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives. to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives.

helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives.

The process of encouragement in Adlerian counseling includes all of the following except: helping clients focus on their resources and strengths. helping clients become aware of their assets and strengths rather than dealing continually with their deficits and liabilities. helping clients recognize or accept their positive qualities. helping clients understand their liabilities and weaknesses and process them in detail.

helping clients understand their liabilities and weaknesses and process them in detail.

One of the major goals of reality therapy involves: reconstructing the basic personality. identifying factors that block freedom. encouraging clients to be willing to be a process. helping people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs.

helping people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs.

If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include all of the following except: rejecting others' love. fear of intimate relationships. mistrust of others. high self-esteem.

high self-esteem.

According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except: our views of the goals of counseling. the way we conduct client assessments. the interventions we choose. how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment.

how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment.

Feminist therapists, regardless of their philosophical orientation, believe all of the following except that: gender is at the core of therapeutic practice. human development and interaction are similar across races, cultures, and nations. understanding a client's problems requires adopting a sociocultural perspective. understanding the impact of the society and culture in which a client lives is important.

human development and interaction are similar across races, cultures, and nations.

The core of _______ model relied on the power of congruence to help family members communicate with emotional honesty. multigenerational family therapy strategic family therapy social constructionist therapy human validation process

human validation process

Personcentered therapy is a(n): actionoriented approach to therapy. humanistic approach to therapy. existential approach to therapy. deterministic approach to therapy.

humanistic approach to therapy.

All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for: hypnosis. relaxation training. the development of an anxiety hierarchy. psychoeducation.

hypnosis.

To _______ is to form a set of ideas about people, systems, and situations that focus meaning in a useful way. blame hypothesize placate be irrelevant

hypothesize

The first step in making an ethical decision is to: look at the relevant ethics codes. identify the problem. consider the applicable laws and regulations. seek consultation.

identify the problem.

Narrative therapists pay attention to "sparkling moments." These are: moments when the client feels exhilarated. identifying instances when the problem did not completely dominate the client's life. times when significant others give the client unconditional love. events characterized by a striving to overcome barriers.

identifying instances when the problem did not completely dominate the client's life.

In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is: intimacy vs. isolation. integrity vs. despair. identity vs. role confusion. initiative vs. guilt.

identity vs. role confusion.

A limit of the feminist approach from a diversity perspective is: if therapists do not fully understand and respect the cultural values of clients from diverse groups, they run the risk of imposing their own values. the lack of sensitivity to individual differences in clients. the broad focus on respect and equality. the emphasis on the use of standardized therapeutic techniques.

if therapists do not fully understand and respect the cultural values of clients from diverse groups, they run the risk of imposing their own values.

Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses: are an appropriate part of counseling sessions. are generally helpful to women clients. ignore societal contexts. are an essential part of the medical model they follow.

ignore societal contexts.

Strengths-based CBT practitioners ask clients for _______ to describe their experiences, both positive and negative. imagery and dreams imagery and metaphors dreams and metaphors metaphors and insight

imagery and metaphors

Dr. Jones told Emily that her efforts to overcome her fear of test taking at school will most likely lead her to outperform all of her classmates one day. This intervention was: appropriate because it was intended to bolster Emily's selfesteem and academic selfconcept. inappropriate because Dr. Jones was confusing Adler's notion of superiority with the idea that her client would become superior over others. not only unethical, it was illegal. inappropriate because Emily will never be able to outperform her classmates.

inappropriate because Dr. Jones was confusing Adler's notion of superiority with the idea that her client would become superior over others.

The central goal of existential psychotherapy is to: decrease selfawareness. increase awareness. help clients reject the responsibility of choosing. keep the client from experiencing authentic existence.

increase awareness.

From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the: individual client. therapist. client's family. therapeutic relationship.

individual client.

Privileged communication applies to: group counseling. couples counseling. family therapy. individual counseling.

individual counseling.

The systems perspective implies: individuals are autonomous and independent of their families. the external environment is the most powerful influence on an individual's development. individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family. systematic intervention is required to deconstruct an unhealthy family interaction pattern.

individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family.

A related goal of feminist therapy is to help: individual remain separate and focus of their own strengths. communities understand the importance of remaining focused on the individual. individuals come together to strengthen collective power. communities come together for celebrations.

individuals come together to strengthen collective power.

Existential therapy can be especially helpful for: individuals with phobic disorders. children with behavior disorders. patients in a mental hospital. individuals facing a transition in life.

individuals facing a transition in life.

The social interest and community feeling refer to: an individual's attitude in dealing with their past. a sense of identification with others without empathy. individuals' striving for a better future for only themself. individuals' awareness of being part of the human community and to individuals' attitudes in dealing with the social world.

individuals' awareness of being part of the human community and to individuals' attitudes in dealing with the social world.

Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of: trust versus mistrust. intimacy versus isolation. initiative versus guilt. industry versus inferiority.

industry versus inferiority.

A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of ________ during the _______ stage. intimacy; young adulthood identity; adolescent integrity; later life industry; school age

industry; school age

A limitation of the postmodern approaches is: therapists require extensive training in providing brief therapy. inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic. the use of open-ended questioning. its lack of applicability to group counseling.

inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic.

The author makes a case for: initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations and then learning a particular approach by becoming steeped in that approach for some time. delving deeply into one approach initially and then taking a superficial look at other theoretical models. learning the theories of counseling only after starting to work with clients in order to make the theories more relevant. the reader to choose the approach to which s/he subscribes.

initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations and then learning a particular approach by becoming steeped in that approach for some time.

The client's quality world consists of all of the following except: specific activities that fulfill our needs. images of people who enrich our lives. beliefs. insight.

insight.

In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist does not use: encouragement. challenge and confrontation. open-ended interpretations. interpretation of the transference relationship.

interpretation of the transference relationship.

In psychoanalytic therapy, a technique of great importance is: "The Question." reauthoring one's life story. value judgments. interpretation.

interpretation.

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as: transference. rationalization. countertransference. interpretation.

interpretation.

A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of _______ during the ________ stage of development. identity; adolescence trust; infancy generativity; middle age intimacy; young adulthood

intimacy; young adulthood

The creation of the self, which dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth: is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives. is also a key concept of the postmodern approaches. is more relevant in the narrative approach than it is in solution-oriented therapy. has proven to be completely irrelevant to all counselors and therapists practicing today.

is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives.

From a scientific perspective, existential psychotherapy: is well researched. lends itself easily to evaluation due to its clearly defined principles and techniques. fits well into the framework of evidence-based practice. is difficult to research because every psychotherapy experience is unique.

is difficult to research because every psychotherapy experience is unique.

In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy: does not address this issue. is ethically neutral in that it does not dictate whose behavior or what behavior should be changed. offers a greater chance of abusing interventions than do other approaches. makes use of techniques that have questionable validity.

is ethically neutral in that it does not dictate whose behavior or what behavior should be changed.

Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings: is a neurotically dependent attachment. should be based on our needs and theirs. is healthy when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength. is not necessary, since we are basically alone.

is healthy when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength.

All of the following are true about the superego except: it is the judicial branch of personality. it is the internalization of the standards of parents and society. it governs, controls and regulates the personality. it inhibits id impulses

it governs, controls and regulates the personality.

The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during: school age. early childhood age. preschool age. adolescence.

preschool age.

All of the following are true as they apply to self-instructional training, except that: it was developed by Meichenbaum. it is a form of cognitive restructuring. it is an outgrowth of an approach used widely by crisis intervention workers called self-induced change therapy. it is also known as cognitive behavior modification.

it is an outgrowth of an approach used widely by crisis intervention workers called self-induced change therapy.

The concept of resistance can best be described as all of the following except: everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material. that which needs to be analyzed and interpreted. an inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy. it is not valuable from a theoretical and clinical perspective.

it is not valuable from a theoretical and clinical perspective.

All of the following are true about social skills training except: it is a psychoeducational approach to interpersonal growth. it involves modeling and direct instruction and coaching. it uses role playing exercises to simulate social situations. it requires clients to engage in catharsis.

it requires clients to engage in catharsis.

Narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective with diverse client populations for all of the following reasons except: it was founded in a sociocultural context. it allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective. it defines problems within a social, cultural, political, and relational context. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture.

it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture.

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: help assist them in facing unfinished business. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. help them work to change. help express feelings openly.

keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions.

The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is: labeling and mislabeling. overgeneralization. arbitrary inferences. personalization.

labeling and mislabeling.

In the text, one reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them: work through early childhood trauma. learn to deal with transference and countertransference. recognize and resolve their co-dependent tendencies. become self-actualized individuals.

learn to deal with transference and countertransference.

In TA terminology, an internal plan that determines the direction of one's life is known as a game. lifescript. parent. transaction.

lifescript.

Beck's cognitive therapy involves all of the concepts below except: negative cognitive triad. generic cognitive model. collaborative empiricism. lifestyle assessment.

lifestyle assessment.

A limitation of existential therapy is its: emphasis on the therapist as an expert. adherence to the medical model. limited applicability to nonverbal clients. use of simplistic concepts.

limited applicability to nonverbal clients.

Clients have a right to know aboutbefore making highly personal disclosures. their therapist's qualifications and personal information the general goals of the therapist during personal counseling the approximate length and details of the therapist's personal relationships limits of confidentiality

limits of confidentiality

Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as: individual psychology. logotherapy. reality therapy. redecision therapy.

logotherapy.

Dr. Kane pointed out to her client John that his feelings of inadequacy at work seem reminiscent of the feelings he experienced in his family of origin. It is probable that Dr. Kane was: crossing theoretical boundaries by referring to John's past. looking for continuity by paying attention to themes running through John's life. trying to get John to tap into the unconscious realm by having him explore painful memories related to his family of origin. hoping her intervention would promote transference, which could then be worked through.

looking for continuity by paying attention to themes running through John's life.

A reality therapist will primarily focus on: past behavior. present behavior. feelings. thoughts.

present behavior.

According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as: internalizing the validation one receives from others. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.

looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.

In working with a triangulated relationship, Bowen would be inclined to place primary emphasis on: joining the family. engaging in personal self-disclosure to build trust. maintaining a stance of neutrality. siding with one member involved in the triangle.

maintaining a stance of neutrality.

When working with a client living a restricted existence, an existential therapist would likely: explore the developmental origins of these feelings. develop a specific behavioral plan to help the client get "unstuck." encourage the client to do a shame-attacking exercise. make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.

make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to: treat specific learning disorders. change overt behavior. correct irrational thinking. make the unconscious motives conscious.

make the unconscious motives conscious.

Philosophically, the existentialists would agree that: the final decisions and choices rest with the therapist. people do not redefine themselves by their choices. a person cannot go beyond early conditioning. making choices can create anxiety.

making choices can create anxiety.

Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except: dreams. posthypnotic suggestions. freeassociation. material derived from introspective techniques.

material derived from introspective techniques.

A limitation of behavior therapy is that it: may change behavior but not feelings. does not identify specific problems. does not make room for cognitive factors. fails to explicitly define the role of the therapist.

may change behavior but not feelings.

In a reality therapy group, the leader: is responsible for evaluating the clients' behaviors. performs an assessment to determine if the client is truly getting what he or she wants in life. withholds feedback when members are designing their plans. may encounter resistance if they make poorly timed suggestions and plans for how the members should best live.

may encounter resistance if they make poorly timed suggestions and plans for how the members should best live.

The main function of the ego is to: inhibit id impulses. seek pleasure in life. mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. strive for perfection.

mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment.

Reality therapy is popular in all of the following areas, except: schools. medical facilities. state mental health hospitals. halfway houses.

medical facilities.

An integrative approach to the practice of family therapy includes guiding principles that help the therapist organize all of the following, except: goals. interactions. observations. medications.

medications.

Reality therapy is often considered as a: long in-depth process. mentoring process. symptom focusing theory. past processing theory.

mentoring process.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from: multimodal therapy and mindfulness. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy. motivational interviewing and mindfulness. yoga, systematic desensitization, and mindfulness.

mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy.

The main therapeutic goal of REBT is to: minimize clients' emotional disturbances and selfdefeating behaviors. make the unconscious conscious. assist the client in becoming aware of his or her "beingintheworld." challenge the client in making both a value judgment and moral decision about the quality of his or her behavior.

minimize clients' emotional disturbances and selfdefeating behaviors.

The technique of reflection involves the therapist: restating the client's words verbatim. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.

Counterinjunctions are delivered at the ________ level. emotional physiological psychological social

social

Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows: the behavioral approaches are more effective than the humanistic approaches. there are clear factors that predict which models of therapy work best for particular types of clients. the therapeutic relationship is not a major contributor to therapeutic change. no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another.

no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another.

In regards to techniques, existential practitioners believe: free association is essential to the growth and healing of the client. no set of techniques is considered essential. analysis of dysfunctional family patterns is imperative. role playing is the most important technique used

no set of techniques is considered essential.

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except: be aware of their own cultural heritage. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. not consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. examine their own assumptions about cultural values.

not consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.

When transactional analysis is used in group settings, the group leader's role is to comment. interact. intervene. observe.

observe.

Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text: can easily be accomplished after taking an introductory course. is usually mastered by the end of the first year of one's graduate program. often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience.rarely, if ever, happens and is a completely unrealistic goal. rarely, if ever, happens and is a completely unrealistic goal.

often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience.

Transactional analysts believe decisions are based on internal factors. in a future-focused approach. life follows a laid-out plan. old choices can be replaced by new ones.

old choices can be replaced by new ones.

Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs and their associates were the first known practitioners of family therapy, often using a model now called: closed-forum family counseling. closed-forum individual counseling. open-forum family counseling. open-forum individual counseling.

open-forum family counseling.

The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as: labeling and mislabeling. overgeneralization. arbitrary inferences. selective abstraction.

overgeneralization.

The _________ ego state contains the values, morals, and core beliefs of significant authority figures. adolescent adult child parent

parent

The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is: forming a contract with the therapist. willingness to do "homework assignments." participating in free association. writing down dreams.

participating in free association.

When reality therapists explore a client's past, they tend to focus on: relationships within the family. early traumatic events. problems in school performance. past successes.

past successes.

The Gestalt therapist: freely makes interpretations for the client. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. is mainly nondirective. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways.

pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

All of the following are theoretical assumptions of Beck's CT, except: people's thought processes are accessible to introspection. people's beliefs have highly personal meanings. people must re-experience the past and process their feelings before change can happen. people can discover these meanings themselves rather than being taught or having them interpreted by the therapist.

people must re-experience the past and process their feelings before change can happen.

The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as: labeling and mislabeling. overgeneralization. arbitrary inferences. personalization.

personalization.

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the: oral stage. anal stage. phallic stage. genital stage.

phallic stage.

Adler introduced _______ to our understanding of the family system (or family constellation). the power structure cultural context balance of leadership phenomenology

phenomenology

Existential therapists prefer to be thought of as: an observer-technician. philosophical companions, not as people who repair psyches. a teacher and coach. an advocate for social change.

philosophical companions, not as people who repair psyches.

Personcentered therapy is best described as a: completed "school" of counseling. fixed set of therapeutic principles. systematic set of behavioral techniques. philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

In our quality world we develop an inner: total behavior. freedom. picture album. power.

picture album.

Techniques are more important to models that see the therapist-as-expert and in charge of making change happen. Collaborative approaches require: planning. individual techniques. individual interventions. isolation.

planning.

The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as: magnification and exaggeration. polarized thinking. arbitrary inference. overgeneralization.

polarized thinking.

In strengths-based CBT,identified in early therapy sessions can provide a wealth of information to help therapist and client collaboratively integrate strengths into case conceptualization and treatment. positive interests and weaknesses obstacles and positive interests negative interests and strengths positive interests and strengths

positive interests and strengths

Solution-focused brief therapy has parallels with _______, which concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and problems. brief psychodynamic therapy positive psychology Adlerian therapy REBT

positive psychology

The _______ that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach. positive psychology movement object relations approach dialectical behavior therapy approach applied behavior analysis movement

positive psychology movement

One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that: practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients. it offers a well-defined theory of personality. many of its concepts have been supported by research. it is a common-sense psychology.

practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.

A main task of the narrative therapist is to help clients construct a: negative story line. preferred story line. new façade. second personality.

preferred story line.

Which of the following is not an escape hatch? going crazy harm to self or others premature termination provoking harm

premature termination

It is within the scope of SFBT practice to allow for some discussion of _______ to validate clients' experience. presenting problems behavioral issues in the past therapist personal issues past issues

presenting problems

During the solutionfocused initial therapy session, it is common for solutionfocused therapists to ask, "What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" This describes: formula first session task. the miracle question. pretherapy change. exception questions.

pretherapy change.

Prerequisites for good contact involves all of the following except: zest. creativity. imagination. projection.

projection.

An Adlerian therapist asks for the client's earliest recollections in order to: provide a point of departure for the therapeutic venture. reveal their past and reintroduce the client to the pain and heartbreak of their basic mistakes. give clues as to the best way to steer the client to develop in a more positive way. gain a better understanding of what memories to not process during therapy.

provide a point of departure for the therapeutic venture.

A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is: psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. psychoanalytically oriented reality therapy. superego-oriented psychotherapy. psychoanalytic behavior analysis.

psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

A central concept in feminist therapy is the importance of understanding and acknowledging: psychological oppression and the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status. the freedom to pursue a career outside the home. the right to an education. equality in power in relationships.

psychological oppression and the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status.

The REBT technique that involves having clients vividly imagine one of the worst things that might happen to them and to describe their disturbing feelings is called: cognitive homework. disputing irrational beliefs. role playing. rational-emotive imagery.

rational-emotive imagery.

Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as: rationalization. projection. displacement. introjection.

rationalization.

The postmodern view incorporates all of the following concepts except for the notion that: reality is objectively defined. reality is based on the use of language. reality is socially constructed. each individual experiences their own unique reality.

reality is objectively defined.

The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ________? fixation rationalization regression introjection

regression

One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is: repression. regression. displacement. rationalization.

repression.

The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to: become an "existential partner" with the client. create a climate of safety and freedom from threat. reveal irrational disputes, and help clients change their thinking and philosophy of life. encourage the client to experience fully the here-and-now.

reveal irrational disputes, and help clients change their thinking and philosophy of life.

The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration: searches for common elements across different theoretical systems. supports the notion of remaining theoretically consistent and technically eclectic. synthesizes important aspects of two or more theories. emphasizes the importance of spirituality in counseling.

searches for common elements across different theoretical systems.

The counselor engages in _______ only when it is judged to be therapeutically helpful to the client. empathic connection conversation listening selfdisclosure

selfdisclosure

Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. should interpret the dream for her client. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.

should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.

The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships: should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical. are clearly grounds for revocation of one's professional license. are helpful in case of counseling one's friends or relatives. are impossible to avoid.

should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical.

Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on: cognitive behavior therapy. social cognitive learning theory. applied behavior analysis. operant conditioning.

social cognitive learning theory.

Recent developments relevant toin psychology have led to an integration of key themes of multiculturalism and feminism. social justice radical feminists socialist feminists liberal justice

social justice

Therapy is viewed as a in the sense that the interpersonal and existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the therapy relationship social microcosm "touchy feely" encounter living laboratory tension-filled encounter

social microcosm

Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the. specific techniques used. specific words the therapist used. therapist's theoretical orientation. aesthetics of the therapeutic setting.

specific techniques used.

A sign of acceptance and recognition is known as a game. lifescript. stroke. transaction.

stroke.

A tool by which a person becomes aware of the content and functioning of his/her ego states is ego analysis. parental analysis. structural analysis. transactional analysis.

structural analysis.

In structuralstrategic family therapy,must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be reduced or eliminated. solution-oriented changes therapist directions focus on the present structural changes

structural changes

By the late 1970s, the most used models in family systems therapy are: behavioral approaches. structural-strategic approaches. the family process approach. existential approaches.

structural-strategic approaches.

In Gestalt theory, the experiment is: a specific technique of therapy. tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner.

Stress inoculation training consists of all of the following except: behavioral rehearsals. self-monitoring. cognitive restructuring. tapping into the unconscious realm.

tapping into the unconscious realm.

From the very first solution-focused interview, the therapist is mindful of working toward: the miracle question. pretherapy change. formula first session task. termination.

termination.

The relational-cultural theory recognizes: that many women are searching for a connectedness with others as well as possibilities for autonomy. the emphasis of a spiritual or religious perspective in providing women with strength. the understanding of how early childhood is a crucial factor in a woman's personality development. that siblings play in the shaping of personality.

that many women are searching for a connectedness with others as well as possibilities for autonomy.

In a group based on existential principles, clients learn all of the following, except: that there are no ultimate answers for ultimate concerns. to view themselves through others' eyes. to come to terms with the paradoxes of existence. that pain is not a reality of the human experience.

that pain is not a reality of the human experience.

A key technique of Adlerian therapy is: free association. dialogue with polarities. family sculpting. the assessment of one's family constellation.

the assessment of one's family constellation.

From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because: it is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices. death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures. the use of techniques may be overwhelming for them.

their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices.

Mindfulness is: the awareness that emerges through having attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally, to the unfolding or experience moment by moment. the assessment process in multimodal therapy. under the idea that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in problematic situations. not beneficial for clients with behavioral problems.

the awareness that emerges through having attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally, to the unfolding or experience moment by moment.

In object-relations theory, later relationships build upon: the child's search for approval from the father. one's birth order. one's striving to overcome felt inferiority. the child's search for a reconnection with the mother.

the child's search for a reconnection with the mother.

Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to: the transference relationship. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor. the client/therapist relationship. guilt and anxiety.

the client/therapist relationship.

In the view of the postmodern therapist, the most essential element of therapy is: assessment. the collaborative therapeutic relationship. diagnosis. brief course of treatment.

the collaborative therapeutic relationship.

A limitation of this approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is that: the power of the past and the effect of traumatic experiences in early childhood. this therapy provides specific tools to help clients make the changes they desire. the concept of the quality world is abstract and lacks cross-cultural appeal. reality therapists must be careful when adapting their approach to non-western cultures.

the power of the past and the effect of traumatic experiences in early childhood.

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: making the rounds. the reversal exercise. the rehearsal exercise. the empty chair technique.

the reversal exercise.

Behavior therapy is characterized by all of the following, except: a focus on overt specific behavior. a formulation of precise treatment goals. the subjective diagnosis of the therapist. the design of an appropriate treatment plan.

the subjective diagnosis of the therapist

Although feminist therapy shares many of the premises of person-centered therapy, feminist therapy does not agree with the notion that: the therapeutic relationship is, in and of itself, sufficient to produce change. therapy is based on unconditional positive regard and acceptance. the therapeutic relationship should be a non-hierarchical one. therapy aims to empower clients to live according to their own values and to rely on an internal locus of control.

the therapeutic relationship is, in and of itself, sufficient to produce change.

Structural family therapy includes all of the following goals except for bringing about structural change by: modifying the family's transactional rules. developing more appropriate boundaries. reducing symptoms of dysfunction. the therapist taking a not-knowing stance with a family.

the therapist taking a not-knowing stance with a family.

Glasser challenges the traditionally accepted views of mental illness and treatment by the use of medication, especially: the widespread use of psychiatric drugs that often results in negative side effects both physically and psychologically. the lack of use of psychiatric drugs. the use of any psychiatric drugs whether or not they result in negative side effects. because medications are never needed.

the widespread use of psychiatric drugs that often results in negative side effects both physically and psychologically.

According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by: unfinished business with parents. sibling rivalry. early childhood trauma. their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.

their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.

Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except: the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment. the therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment. both the therapy methods used and the therapy relationship influence the outcomes of treatment. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment.

therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment.

All of the following are key characteristics of contemporary reality therapy except for: there is a focus on talking about symptoms that bring a client into therapy. emphasis is on choice and responsibility. there is a rejection of the notion of transference. keep the therapy in the present.

there is a focus on talking about symptoms that bring a client into therapy.

Feminist therapists do not use diagnostic labels, or use them reluctantly, for all of the following reasons except that: they focus on the individual's symptoms and not the social factors that cause distress and dysfunctional behavior. they reflect the inappropriate application of power in the therapeutic relationship. they focus on the social factors that cause dysfunctional behavior. they are part of a system developed mainly within psychiatry, an institution that reinforces dominant cultural norms and may become an instrument of oppression.

they focus on the social factors that cause dysfunctional behavior.

According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. that suggests they have no internal conflicts. they are sound sleepers. they lack creativity.

they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.

All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except: they should be avoided. they have the potential to interfere with effective treatment. they can provide rich understanding of the client's experience. they should be carefully monitored by the therapist.

they should be avoided.

The cognitive behavioral approach to therapy stresses: support, understanding, warmth, and empathy. awareness, unfinished business, impasse, and experiencing. thinking, assessing, deciding, analyzing, and doing. subjectivity, existential anxiety, self-actualization, and being.

thinking, assessing, deciding, analyzing, and doing.

In regards to brief therapy, the average length of therapy is _______, with the most common length being only one session. one to two months of sessions two to three weeks one to three sessions three to eight sessions

three to eight sessions

Informed consent in counseling can be provided in all of the following forms except: written. orally. through third party. some combination of written and oral form.

through third party.

The person-centered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis: as a useful tool for case conceptualization. as a meaningful way of understanding of a client's psychological state. to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client. as a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.

to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client.

Feminist therapy was developed by several feminist therapists, all of whom shared the same vision: to improve medical treatment for women. to improve mental health treatment for women. to expand the life-span perspective. to expand the relational-cultural theory.

to improve mental health treatment for women.

The general goals of behavior therapy are: fostering self-actualization. expanding self-understanding and insight. assisting clients in making value judgments concerning their behavior. to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning.

to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning.

Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except: to notice and devalue their experiences. to view prior experiences in new ways. to process their experience both cognitively and bodily. to increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action.

to notice and devalue their experiences.

All of the following are functions of the behavior therapist, except: to provide modeling for the client. to provide a direct and therapist run therapeutic environment. to assess specific behavior problems. to provide reinforcement for clients.

to provide a direct and therapist run therapeutic environment.

The role of the leader in solution-focused therapy groups is not: to set the tone of focusing on solutions. to provide clients with simple solutions to their problems. to create a setting where the client feels resourceful and capable. to skillfully ask questions to guide clients to finding solutions to their problems.

to provide clients with simple solutions to their problems.

According to Yalom, the concerns that make up the core of existential psychodynamics include all of the following, except: death. freedom. togetherness. meaninglessness.

togetherness.

A description of what people do and say to themselves and to each other is ego analysis. parental analysis. structural analysis. transactional analysis.

transactional analysis.

The _______ sets forth the goals of the therapeutic process and specifies the responsibilities of both therapist and client. early recollections private logic therapeutic contract therapeutic goal

t​herapeutic contract

A key concept of Gestalt therapy is: externalizing conversations. unfinished business. belief systems. family of origin issues.

unfinished business.

We create, maintain, and live by oftenthat we hope will keep the family (and each of its members) functional. the use of bibliotherapy differentiation of the self agreed upon rules unspoken rules and routines

unspoken rules and routines

Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to: use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life.

use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system.

All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for: using the reflecting team. scaling questions. the miracle question. formula first session task.

using the reflecting team.

If choice theory is the highway, reality therapy is the: vehicle delivering the product. roadmap. moving truck taking the product with it. exit to leave the highway.

vehicle delivering the product.

WDEP stands for: wants, decision, self-evaluation, perception. wishes, direction, engagement, purpose. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning. wants, direction, efficacy, planning.

wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning.

During the 1980s, behavior therapy: continued without growing. was characterized by a search for new horizons in concepts and methods that went beyond traditional learning theory. adopted a stronger medical perspective. realized applying behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness would not be beneficial.

was characterized by a search for new horizons in concepts and methods that went beyond traditional learning theory.

Reality therapy rests on the central idea that: thinking largely determines how we feel and behave. we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel. environmental factors largely control what we are doing. the way to change dysfunctional behavior is to reexperience a situation in which we originally became psychologically stuck.

we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel.

A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except: when multiple relationships are potentially problematic. when facing an ethical problem. when losing objectivity. when discussing past life choices.

when discussing past life choices.

According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except: contact is necessary for change and growth to occur. one maintains a sense of individuality as a result of good contact. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis. contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.

The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that: if you do not possess all of these characteristics, you are doomed to fail in the helping professions. deficits in these qualities almost always require years of psychoanalysis. you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth. those who possess all of these qualities can bypass the requirement to participate in clinical supervision.

you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth.