Theories of Motivation
Relevant Question
A question which ACTUALLY pertains to the event in the question Where you at the scene of the crime of the murder that day?
Control Question
A question which gives a baseline of the participants physiological response Have you ever stolen anything?
which of the following is true regarding Maslows humanistic hierarchy of needs? a) the most basic motives are based on physiological (health, food, water) B) the highest motive and ultimate goal is self actualization C) one need must be satisfied before moving on to the other D) all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Drive reduction theory
A need causes a drive that motivates a behavior to return the body to homeostasis
Using emotions
Having a good system of emotions and putting things into perspective that are important (Having a good sense of creativity)
Understanding emotions
Predicting and changing emotions (Understanding that an emotion is based off of how one has been treated )
Emotion
Response involving physiological arousal , expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
Paul Eckman
Leading researcher on facial expressions and emotion Conducted a series of cross cultural studies looking for universals in facial expressions in emotions The Fore people
Feel good, do good phenomenon
Peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Holding the door open for somebody
What are the emotional intelligence components
Perceiving emotions Understanding emotions Managing emotions Using emotions
Relative Deprivation
Perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with
Happiness
State of well being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to extreme, intense joy
Maslows Hierarchy of needs ( from top to bottom)
Self Actualization Esteem Belonging(love, affection, etc) Safety Physiological
Emotional intelligence
The ability to be aware of ones feeling
Achievement motivation example
You work on your jump shot in basketball everyday after school so that you can be the best basketball player In the state of Illinois and win tons of individual trophies.
Dr. Rachel Jacks New Research
Combined afraid/surprised and angry/disgusted due to similar facial expressions Learned that there is really 4 basic emotions Afraid/surprised Angry/disgusted Happy Sad
Humanistic theory
Once physiological, safety, belongingness, and esteem needs are met the individual is motivated to become the best person they can be
Polygraph Accuracy
Accurately 75% Physiological arousal Is the Same from one emotion to the other
Achievement motivation
Behavior is motivated by a competitive desire to overcome challenges and be the best at a particular task.
Incentive theory
Behavior is motivated by an EXTERNAL stimuli ; to gain rewards or avoid punishments
Optimal arousal theory
Behavior is motivated by an attempt to reduce boredom or decrease overstimulation
Instict theory example
Birds fly south in the winter
Managing emotions
Expressing emotions in the right place and time
Microexpressions
Facial expressions that last no longer than 1/25th of a second Demonstrates their emotions UNCONSCIOUSLY in their actions
Do good, feel good
General, random acts of kindness
Greg studies HARD in all of his class because he knows he will get an A. Marsha studies hard in all of her classes because she really ENJOYS LEARNING AND BECOMING A BETTER STUDENT.
Greg is EXTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED Marsha is INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED
6 basic emotions
Happiness Anger Fear Sadness Surprised Disgust
Subjective Well Being
Happiness/Satisfaction with life is determined by the INDIVIDUAL. Uplifts
Polygraph
Machine commonly used to in attempts to detect lies Measures physiological responses and emotions Changes in perspiration, heart rate, blood pressure, changes in breathing
Instict theory
Naturally ocururring tendencies that motivate behavior
Objective Well Being
Physical/Economic indicators to evaluate people's happiness (Money)
Schacters 2 Factor
Physiological arousal at the same time COGNITIVELY appraising the environment
Cannon bard
Physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed at the SAME TIME
James Lange
Physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis
Provides feedback to the brain concerning the emotion that is being expressed which in turn causes intensity to the emotion that is being represented Example Sad and happy
Perceiving emotions
Recognizing the emotions that people are showing
Adaptive Level Phenomenon
To form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our PAST experiences. Always wanting more than what is given A desire for more of something
Humanistic theory example
You are a successful business person who has everything they need; food, shelter, friends, and confidence. As a result of having all of those you sign up to mentor an intern at the office because it will make you a better person.
Drive reduction theory example
You are hungry so you must find something to eat
Optimal arousal example
You are looking for some excitement in your life so you decide to go skydiving
Incentive theory example
You go to the job that you hate because they pay you very well