Theories (post midterm material)
CT's Cognitive Distortions
-Arbitrary inferences -Selective abstraction -Overgeneralization -Magnification and minimization -Personalization -Labeling and mislabeling -Dichotomous thinking
Stages to solution-focused therapy
-Coconstructing problems and goals -Identifying and amplifying exceptions -Coconstructing tasks -Evaluating the effectiveness of tasks -Reevaluating problems and goals
Examples of Coping Questions
-Despite all the problems you still work. How you do it? -What keeps you going under such difficult circumstances? -How do you manage to deal with such difficult situations each day? -What helps you to keep going even though things are really hard? -How can you explain to yourself how you have been able to do so well while the circumstances are so hard? -It is admirable how you have been able to keep on going under such difficult circumstances.... how did you do that?
REBT Therapeutic Techniques
-Disputing irrational beliefs -Doing cognitive homework -Bibliotherapy -Changing one's language -Psychoeducational methods -Rational emotive imagery -Using humor -Role playing -Shame-attacking exercises -Standard behavior therapy procedures
Irrational Beliefs (Ellis) Three basic musts
-I must do well and be loved by others -Other people must treat me fairly, kind, and well. -The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me with all I want in life.
Beck's CT Theoretical Assumptions
-People's internal communication is accessible to introspection -Clients' beliefs have highly personal meanings -These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist
Solution-Focused assumptions
-Significant advantage of focusing on positive and solutions for future. -Focusing on strengths -individuals that come to therapy DO have the capacity to act effectively, but it's temporarily blocked by negative cognition's. -There are exceptions to every problem -Client's tend to present only one side of problem. Therapist invites other perspectives. -Small changes fosters bigger changes. -Clients want to change and they have the capacity and they are doing their best to make change happen. -As each individual is unique, so too is every solution.
Exceptions Questions:
-When does your partner listen? -When are times you manage to get everything done? How did you make it happen? Who else noticed? How is that differently than how you've handled it in the past? What did you tell yourself to make it happen? What does this say about your ability to deal with the problem?
Ellis's REBT -assumes that? -highly ? -teaches what?
-cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal-cause-and-effect relationship -highly didactic and directive -teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
-heavy focus on behavior may distract from emotions -teacher role detracts from client-therapist relationship -no emphasis on insight -focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors -potential for therapist to manipulate client -may be seen as imposing or mechanistic by client
Solution-Focused Principles
1. "If it ain't broken don't fix it" 2. "If something works do more of it" 3. "If it doesn't work do something different" 4. "Small steps lead to big changes"
¨Three phases of behavior change in CBM
1. Self-observation 2.Starting a new internal dialogue 3.Learning new skills
Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation training/coping skills program
1. The conceptual-educational phase 2. Skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase 3. Application and follow-through phase
SBCBT Four Step Model
1. search for strengths 2. construct (discover obstacles and how they mange them) 3. apply PMR (Personal Model of Resilience) to remain resilient in problem areas 4. practice: set a goal to be resilient and face challenges.
ABC Theory of Personality
Activating Event --> Belief ---> Consequence Under belief there must be Disputing intervention ---> Effective philosophy ---> New feeling
CBT Techniques
Active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy. -Socratic dialogue -debating irrational beliefs -homework -alternative interpretations -new coping skills -changing language and thinking patterns -role play -imagery
ABC model
Antecedent Behavior Consequences
Key Concepts CBT
Belief systems and thinking are primary cause of disorders internal dialogue plays a central role in behavior Faulty assumptions and misconceptions
Goals of Therapy SFBT
Change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. Collaboratively establish specific, concrete, realistic, and observable goals for positive change. Assist clients in viewing life in positive way rather than being problem saturated.
Meichenbaum's Cognitive Behavior Modification Focus Premise Basic assumption
Client's self talk as a pre-req to behavior change, clients must notice how they think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts
Beck's CT What causes clients distorted beliefs?
Cognitive errors
What is the "Miracle Question" and who is it by?
De Shazer Suppose that one night, while you are asleep, there is a miracle and the problem that brought you here is solved. However, because you are asleep you don't know that the miracle has already happened. When you wake up in the morning, what will be different that will tell you that the miracle has taken place? What else?
Solution focused interventions
Exception Questions Miracle Question Scaling Questions Coping Questions
Exposure Therapies Name and describe them
In Vivo Desenstization: Involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations Flooding: In vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time without the feared consequences Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders
Beck's Cognitive Therapy what is it?
Insight-focused therapy with an emphasis on changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Behavior Therapy is largely _______-______ and _________. Therapist does what?
Largely action-oriented and educational. therapist teaches clients skills of self-management
Key Concepts SFBT
Person is not the problem, the problem is the problem. Emphasis on externalizing problem. Collaborative dialogue with therapist and client to co-create solutions
Identifying Exceptions
Presuppositional questions: "When has there been a time when _____ (problem) has not happened? OR When has the ______(the goal) happened. NOT "has there been a time?"
Ellis's REBT stands for
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Scaling Questions
Scale of 1-10 with 1 being the worst its ever been and 10 being a miracle happened. Where are you now? Where do you need to be? What will help you get to that point? How can you help yourself get to that point?
CBT traditional representations
Social skills training, cognitive therapy, stress management training, mindfulness, and acceptance-based practices
S.M.A.R.T. Goals
Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-based
Meichenbaum's CBM cognitive structure
The organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts The "executive processor"
REBT client therapist relationship
Therapist is teacher (teaches ABC framework) and client is student
Limitations of CBT
Therapists may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what constitutes "rational" thinking on a client The strong confrontational style of Ellis's REBT may overwhelm some clients Some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of exploring a client's past experiences
Beck's CT collaborative empiricism
Through Socratic dialogue/reflective questioning, clients test the validity of their cognitions
Meichenbaum's CBM Self-instructional therapy focus
Trains clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively Emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills
Systematic Desensitization by? effective in? entails?
Wolpe effective in reducing maladaptive anxiety and treating anxiety-related disorders, particularly specific phobias entails relaxation training, development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy, and presentation of hierarchy items while client is deeply relaxed
Progressive muscle relaxation is
a popular method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living
CT Operant Conditioning focuses on
a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them
REBT Clients learn to stop
absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs and replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational cognitions
Beck's CT Psychological problems are
an exaggeration of adaptive responses resulting from commonplace cognitive distortions
Dialectical Behavior Therapy what is it? includes what? skills?
blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders and other issues Includes both acceptance-oriented and change-oriented strategies Skills are taught in four modules: mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance
(operant conditioning) Reinforcement can be.. and is to..
can be positive or negative. is to increase target behavior
Cognitive Distortion: dichotomous thinking
categorizing experiences in either-or extremes. polarized thinking.
Behavior Therapy is a set of
clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research
Client-therapist relationship in CT and Solution Focused
collaborative
Various CBT approaches share the attributes
collaborative client-therapist relationship psychological distress is maintained by cognitive processes focus on changing cognitions to produce desired behavior present-centered, time-limited focus active and directive stance by therapist educational treatment focus on specific and structured target problems
Cognitive Distortion: Arbitrary inferences
conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. "catastrophizing"
Cognitive Distortion: selective abstraction
forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event while ignoring other information.
Length/course of CT varies ________. Give examples
greatly and is determined by the therapy protocols used for specific diagnosis. Examples: depression- 16-20 sessions and begins with behavioral activation panic disorder- 6-12 sessions and targets catastrophic beliefs
REBT Goals -differentiate and -assist
help client -differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and -between self-defeating and life-enhancing goals to assist clients in the process of achieving: -unconditional self-acceptance (USA) -unconditional other-acceptance (UOA) -Unconditional life-acceptance (ULA) (these 3 coordinate with the 3 musts)
SBCBT involves
identifying and integrating client strengths at each phase of therapy client to fully engage in therapy a new paradigm (a vision of how they would like to be)
The general goals of behavior therapy are to
increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning
Change can take place without...
insight into underlying dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem
Behavior Therapy is based on principles of
learning that are systematically applied
Behavior Therapy focus
on the client's current problems and on assessing behavior through observation or self-monitoring
Behavior can be operationally defined. It includes ...?
overt actions as well as internal processes
Negative cognitive triad
pattern that triggers depression -negative view of self -selective abstraction (client interprets life through a negative filter) -gloomy view of future
Cognitive Distortion: magnification and minimization
perceiving a situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves
Cognitive Distortion: labeling and mislabeling
portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity.
Cognitive Distortion: overgeneralization
process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings
Beck's CT Change results from
reevaluating faulty beliefs based on contradictory evidence that clients have gathered
Meichenbaum claims that we are all
story tellers In therapy, clients learn how they construct reality, examine the implications and conclusions they draw from their stories, and develop resilient-engendering behaviors
CBT Goals of Therapy
teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence help clients seek out faulty beliefs assist clients in identifying inner strengths and explore the kind of life they want to have
Cognitive Distortion: personalization
tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even with no basis for the connections
REBT Clients learn to identify ?
the interplay of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and to identify and dispute irrational beliefs maintained by self-indoctrination
(operant conditioning) Extinction goal
to decrease or elminate bheavior by withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response
CT Social-Learning (or Social-Cognitive) Approach gives prominence to the..
triadic reciprocal interaction between an individual's behavior, personal factors, and the environment
CT Classical (or Respondent) Conditioning refers to
what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing
Coping Questions
•Identify client resources they do not even acknowledge •Can be used even in most pessimistic situations •Genuine curiosity helps •Genuine admiration for client helps •Helps identify referred future •Ensure client doesn't feel you're contradicting them
