Theories (post midterm material)

CT's Cognitive Distortions

-Arbitrary inferences -Selective abstraction -Overgeneralization -Magnification and minimization -Personalization -Labeling and mislabeling -Dichotomous thinking

Stages to solution-focused therapy

-Coconstructing problems and goals -Identifying and amplifying exceptions -Coconstructing tasks -Evaluating the effectiveness of tasks -Reevaluating problems and goals

Examples of Coping Questions

-Despite all the problems you still work. How you do it? -What keeps you going under such difficult circumstances? -How do you manage to deal with such difficult situations each day? -What helps you to keep going even though things are really hard? -How can you explain to yourself how you have been able to do so well while the circumstances are so hard? -It is admirable how you have been able to keep on going under such difficult circumstances.... how did you do that?

REBT Therapeutic Techniques

-Disputing irrational beliefs -Doing cognitive homework -Bibliotherapy -Changing one's language -Psychoeducational methods -Rational emotive imagery -Using humor -Role playing -Shame-attacking exercises -Standard behavior therapy procedures

Irrational Beliefs (Ellis) Three basic musts

-I must do well and be loved by others -Other people must treat me fairly, kind, and well. -The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me with all I want in life.

Beck's CT Theoretical Assumptions

-People's internal communication is accessible to introspection -Clients' beliefs have highly personal meanings -These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist

Solution-Focused assumptions

-Significant advantage of focusing on positive and solutions for future. -Focusing on strengths -individuals that come to therapy DO have the capacity to act effectively, but it's temporarily blocked by negative cognition's. -There are exceptions to every problem -Client's tend to present only one side of problem. Therapist invites other perspectives. -Small changes fosters bigger changes. -Clients want to change and they have the capacity and they are doing their best to make change happen. -As each individual is unique, so too is every solution.

Exceptions Questions:

-When does your partner listen? -When are times you manage to get everything done? How did you make it happen? Who else noticed? How is that differently than how you've handled it in the past? What did you tell yourself to make it happen? What does this say about your ability to deal with the problem?

Ellis's REBT -assumes that? -highly ? -teaches what?

-cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal-cause-and-effect relationship -highly didactic and directive -teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations

Limitations of Behavior Therapy

-heavy focus on behavior may distract from emotions -teacher role detracts from client-therapist relationship -no emphasis on insight -focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors -potential for therapist to manipulate client -may be seen as imposing or mechanistic by client

Solution-Focused Principles

1. "If it ain't broken don't fix it" 2. "If something works do more of it" 3. "If it doesn't work do something different" 4. "Small steps lead to big changes"

¨Three phases of behavior change in CBM

1. Self-observation 2.Starting a new internal dialogue 3.Learning new skills

Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation training/coping skills program

1. The conceptual-educational phase 2. Skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase 3. Application and follow-through phase

SBCBT Four Step Model

1. search for strengths 2. construct (discover obstacles and how they mange them) 3. apply PMR (Personal Model of Resilience) to remain resilient in problem areas 4. practice: set a goal to be resilient and face challenges.

ABC Theory of Personality

Activating Event --> Belief ---> Consequence Under belief there must be Disputing intervention ---> Effective philosophy ---> New feeling

CBT Techniques

Active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy. -Socratic dialogue -debating irrational beliefs -homework -alternative interpretations -new coping skills -changing language and thinking patterns -role play -imagery

ABC model

Antecedent Behavior Consequences

Key Concepts CBT

Belief systems and thinking are primary cause of disorders internal dialogue plays a central role in behavior Faulty assumptions and misconceptions

Goals of Therapy SFBT

Change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. Collaboratively establish specific, concrete, realistic, and observable goals for positive change. Assist clients in viewing life in positive way rather than being problem saturated.

Meichenbaum's Cognitive Behavior Modification Focus Premise Basic assumption

Client's self talk as a pre-req to behavior change, clients must notice how they think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts

Beck's CT What causes clients distorted beliefs?

Cognitive errors

What is the "Miracle Question" and who is it by?

De Shazer Suppose that one night, while you are asleep, there is a miracle and the problem that brought you here is solved. However, because you are asleep you don't know that the miracle has already happened. When you wake up in the morning, what will be different that will tell you that the miracle has taken place? What else?

Solution focused interventions

Exception Questions Miracle Question Scaling Questions Coping Questions

Exposure Therapies Name and describe them

In Vivo Desenstization: Involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations Flooding: In vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time without the feared consequences Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders

Beck's Cognitive Therapy what is it?

Insight-focused therapy with an emphasis on changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs

Behavior Therapy is largely _______-______ and _________. Therapist does what?

Largely action-oriented and educational. therapist teaches clients skills of self-management

Key Concepts SFBT

Person is not the problem, the problem is the problem. Emphasis on externalizing problem. Collaborative dialogue with therapist and client to co-create solutions

Identifying Exceptions

Presuppositional questions: "When has there been a time when _____ (problem) has not happened? OR When has the ______(the goal) happened. NOT "has there been a time?"

Ellis's REBT stands for

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Scaling Questions

Scale of 1-10 with 1 being the worst its ever been and 10 being a miracle happened. Where are you now? Where do you need to be? What will help you get to that point? How can you help yourself get to that point?

CBT traditional representations

Social skills training, cognitive therapy, stress management training, mindfulness, and acceptance-based practices

S.M.A.R.T. Goals

Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-based

Meichenbaum's CBM cognitive structure

The organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts The "executive processor"

REBT client therapist relationship

Therapist is teacher (teaches ABC framework) and client is student

Limitations of CBT

Therapists may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what constitutes "rational" thinking on a client The strong confrontational style of Ellis's REBT may overwhelm some clients Some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of exploring a client's past experiences

Beck's CT collaborative empiricism

Through Socratic dialogue/reflective questioning, clients test the validity of their cognitions

Meichenbaum's CBM Self-instructional therapy focus

Trains clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively Emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills

Systematic Desensitization by? effective in? entails?

Wolpe effective in reducing maladaptive anxiety and treating anxiety-related disorders, particularly specific phobias entails relaxation training, development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy, and presentation of hierarchy items while client is deeply relaxed

Progressive muscle relaxation is

a popular method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living

CT Operant Conditioning focuses on

a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them

REBT Clients learn to stop

absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs and replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational cognitions

Beck's CT Psychological problems are

an exaggeration of adaptive responses resulting from commonplace cognitive distortions

Dialectical Behavior Therapy what is it? includes what? skills?

blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders and other issues Includes both acceptance-oriented and change-oriented strategies Skills are taught in four modules: mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance

(operant conditioning) Reinforcement can be.. and is to..

can be positive or negative. is to increase target behavior

Cognitive Distortion: dichotomous thinking

categorizing experiences in either-or extremes. polarized thinking.

Behavior Therapy is a set of

clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research

Client-therapist relationship in CT and Solution Focused

collaborative

Various CBT approaches share the attributes

collaborative client-therapist relationship psychological distress is maintained by cognitive processes focus on changing cognitions to produce desired behavior present-centered, time-limited focus active and directive stance by therapist educational treatment focus on specific and structured target problems

Cognitive Distortion: Arbitrary inferences

conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. "catastrophizing"

Cognitive Distortion: selective abstraction

forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event while ignoring other information.

Length/course of CT varies ________. Give examples

greatly and is determined by the therapy protocols used for specific diagnosis. Examples: depression- 16-20 sessions and begins with behavioral activation panic disorder- 6-12 sessions and targets catastrophic beliefs

REBT Goals -differentiate and -assist

help client -differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and -between self-defeating and life-enhancing goals to assist clients in the process of achieving: -unconditional self-acceptance (USA) -unconditional other-acceptance (UOA) -Unconditional life-acceptance (ULA) (these 3 coordinate with the 3 musts)

SBCBT involves

identifying and integrating client strengths at each phase of therapy client to fully engage in therapy a new paradigm (a vision of how they would like to be)

The general goals of behavior therapy are to

increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning

Change can take place without...

insight into underlying dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem

Behavior Therapy is based on principles of

learning that are systematically applied

Behavior Therapy focus

on the client's current problems and on assessing behavior through observation or self-monitoring

Behavior can be operationally defined. It includes ...?

overt actions as well as internal processes

Negative cognitive triad

pattern that triggers depression -negative view of self -selective abstraction (client interprets life through a negative filter) -gloomy view of future

Cognitive Distortion: magnification and minimization

perceiving a situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves

Cognitive Distortion: labeling and mislabeling

portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity.

Cognitive Distortion: overgeneralization

process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings

Beck's CT Change results from

reevaluating faulty beliefs based on contradictory evidence that clients have gathered

Meichenbaum claims that we are all

story tellers In therapy, clients learn how they construct reality, examine the implications and conclusions they draw from their stories, and develop resilient-engendering behaviors

CBT Goals of Therapy

teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence help clients seek out faulty beliefs assist clients in identifying inner strengths and explore the kind of life they want to have

Cognitive Distortion: personalization

tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even with no basis for the connections

REBT Clients learn to identify ?

the interplay of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and to identify and dispute irrational beliefs maintained by self-indoctrination

(operant conditioning) Extinction goal

to decrease or elminate bheavior by withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response

CT Social-Learning (or Social-Cognitive) Approach gives prominence to the..

triadic reciprocal interaction between an individual's behavior, personal factors, and the environment

CT Classical (or Respondent) Conditioning refers to

what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing

Coping Questions

•Identify client resources they do not even acknowledge •Can be used even in most pessimistic situations •Genuine curiosity helps •Genuine admiration for client helps •Helps identify referred future •Ensure client doesn't feel you're contradicting them