Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Corey, Ch 1 - 3

Contemporary Counseling Models: Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

1. Behavioral Therapy 2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 3. Choice Theory/Reality Therapy

What are some essential skills of an effective culturally competent counselor?

1. Being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences 2. being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately 3. Being willing to seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to enhance their ability to work with culturally diverse client population.

Contemporary Counseling Models: Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies

1. Existential therapy 2. Person-centered therapy 3. Gestalt therapy

Which issues does Stan struggle with?

1. Fear of being alone 2. fear of intimate relationships with women 3. Substance use

Contemporary Counseling Models: Systems and Postmodern Approaches

1. Feminist Therapy 2. Postmodern Approaches 3. Family Systems Therapy

Corey and his colleagues have identified a series of procedural steps to help one think through ethical problems. What are they?

1. Identify the problem 2. Identify the potential issues 3. Look at the relevant ethics codes 4. Consider the applicable laws and regulations 5. Seek consultation from more than one source 6. Brainstorm various possible courses of action 7. Enumerate the consequences of various decisions 8. Decide on what appears to be the best possible answer.

What are some methods of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client population?

1. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving 2. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients 3. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity

What are the three pillars of EBP?

1. Looking for the best available research 2. Relying on clinical expertise 3. Taking into consideration the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences

Contemporary Counseling Models: Psychodynamic Approaches

1. Psychoanalytic therapy 2. Adlerian therapy

What are considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?

1. Understanding the dynamics and impact of oppression and racism 2. Being able to understand the worldview of their clients, and learn about their clients' cultural background 3. Being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from utilizing the mental health services available in their community.

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do what?

1. be aware of their own cultural heritage 2. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. 3. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. 4. examine their own assumptions about cultural values.

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include?

1. counselors feel comfortable with their clients' values and beliefs 2. counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients. 3. counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate

List the characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person.

1. has a sense of humor 2. makes choices that are life oriented 3. makes mistakes and are willing to admit them.

Personal values of the counselor influence what?

1. our views of the goals of counseling 2. the way we conduct client assessments 3. the intervention we choose

What do counselors learn from their personal therapy experiences?

1. the centrality of warmth, empathy, and the personal relationship 2. having a sense of what it is like to be a therapy client 3. valuing patience and tolerance 4. appreciating the importance of learning how to deal with transference and countertransference

Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, what does research suggest?

1. the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment. 2. the therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment. 3. both the therapy methods used and the therapy relationship influence the outcome of treatment

A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under which circumstances

1. when multiple relationships are potentially problematic. 2. when facing ethical problems 3. when losing objectivity

Informed consent in counseling can be provided in which forms?

1. written 2. oral 3. some combination of written and oral form

What techniques cannot counteract?

A client-therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects

What does Corey think about the medical model?

A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths.

Personal integration

A framework for counseling that Corey recommends: he suggests that we take concepts and techniques from different approaches and come up with a synthesis that makes sense, with a caveat against amassing a hodge-podge of pieces merely because they support our biases.

Donal Meichenbaum

A prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior therapy

What is not our function to persuade clients to do?

Accept or adopt our value system

Cognitive behavior therapy

Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy. A. T. Beck founded cognitive therapy. They highlight the necessity of learning how to challenge inaccurate beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems.

Adlerian therapy

Alfred Adler's analytic perspective that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. (Rudolf Dreikurs popularized it in the U.S.)

Positive ethics

An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

Behavior Therapy

B.F. Skinner. Albert Bandura. This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems

Person-centered therapy

Carl Rogers' approach developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Rooted in a humanistic philosophy, it places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist and the importance of the quality of the client-therapist relationship. It assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active intervention and direction on the therapist's part

What should dedicated therapists not do during leisure hours?

Carry the problems of their clients around with them

If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, what might you be doing?

Depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy.

What is true about interventions (i.e. supportive, confrontational, information giving)

During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.

Counselors from all cultural groups must do what?

Examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups

An undisciplined mixture of approaches can be an excuse for what?

Failing to develop a sound rationale for systematically adhering to certain concepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them.

How best to go about personal synthesis or integration of counseling approaches?

First get an overview of different approaches, then hone in on one particular approach in depth. This way of integrating takes a lot of time (years) and effort (i.e., in depth research and reading).

Existential Approach

Frankl, May, & Yalom. Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls's therapy stressing awareness and integration. Its therapists tend to take an active role. It emphasizes emotion as a route to bringing about change. (It offers a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now.)

What does Corey think about the deterministic notion that humans are the product of their early conditioning and, thus, are victims of their past?

He challenges it, but he still believes that an exploration of the past is often useful

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. What would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?

Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.

What value does homework have in therapy?

Homework can be a vehicle for assisting clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.

What does Corey say about a comprehensive approach

It goes beyond understanding our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities.

Psychotherapy is what kind of a process for the client and the therapist?

It is an engagement between the two people, both of whom are bound to change through the therapeutic venture.

Michael White & David Epston

Major figures associated with narrative therapy

What cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity?

Multicultural competence

The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced what?

Personal therapy, typically on several occasions

value imposition

Refers to counselors directly attempting to define a client's values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

What does the skill of immediacy involve?

Revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client

Psychoanalytic therapy

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious factors that motivate behavior.

Postmodern Approaches

Social constructionism solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.

If we are inauthentic, what is likely to happen?

The client will detect it.

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

The trend toward specific, empirically supported treatment

The client and therapist have which roles in effective psychotherapy?

They collaborate in co-constructing solutions regarding life's tasks

Family systems therapy

This systems approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.

What is the purpose of this book?

To survey 11 counseling and psychotherapy approaches, presenting the key concepts of each approach and discussing the therapeutic process (including goals), the client-therapist relationship, and specific procedures used in the practice of counseling.

Effective therapists are not what?

Victims of their early decisions

Choice theory/Reality therapy

William Glasser's short-term approach, based on choice theory, focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.

What is Corey's belief with respect to mastering the techniques of counseling and applying them appropriately and effectively?

You are your own very best technique

Theoretical Pluralism

You don't have to pick just one theory as the "right" theory. It is valid to entertain using more than one theory in your practice, in an integrative approach, especially in the light of the fact that your clients will come from diverse backgrounds and circumstances.

What message is Corey trying to convey when describing the characteristics of an effective counselor?

You should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth.

Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on what?

a core of set values, which are neither value-neutral nor applicable to all cultures.

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as?

a response consistent with his or her cultural context.

Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are...?

acting ethically by recommending counseling for him; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is...?

actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.

Confidentiality cannot be considered what?

an absolute

Much of effective therapy is the product of what?

artistry. You have to be more than a skilled technician. You have to be able to establish and maintain a good working relationship with your clients, draw on your own experiences and reactions, and identify techniques suited to the needs of your clients.

It is mandatory for therapists to inform their clients when?

before discussing certain details of the relationship with a supervisor or a colleague.

An authentic counselor is best described as?

being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted: he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client.

The general goals of counselors must be what?

congruent with the personal goals of the client

What kinds of factors are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome?

contextual--the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors.

Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe is?

dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.

Feminist therapy

emphasizes the role of social, political, and economic stresses facing women as a major source of their psychological problems

Assessment consists of?

evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to?

exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.

In terms of ethics, what should we avoid and what should we strive to work toward?

fear-based ethics, concern-based ethics

aspirational ethics

focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients

What don't therapists have to be before they can counsel others?

free of conflicts

Privileged communication does not apply to...?

group counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, child and adolescent therapy, or whenever there are more than two people in the room.

Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to?

heal their own psychological wounds

How is an integrative perspective not developed?

in a random fashion

Countertransference

includes any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client

mandatory ethics

involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice

Privileged communication

is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission

Confidentiality

is an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.

Clients have a right to know about what before making highly personal disclosures?

limits of confidentiality

bracketing

managing your personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process

The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships ...?

should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical.

What oftentimes limit our freedom of choice?

social, environmental, cultural, and biological realities

The challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent is to?

strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little.

Ideally, our self-care should mirror what?

the care we provide for others

Evidence-based practices are?

the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found what?

the personal and interpersonal components are related to effective psychotherapy

What is informed consent?

the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.

What don't practitioners have to have in order to have empath for their clients

the same experiences as their clients

Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on what?

the specific techniques used

Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge what about diagnoses?

they ignore social contexts

What are those practicing brief therapy not in the business to do?

to change clients, to give them quick advice, and to solve their problems for them.

What is your role as a counselor?

to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior.

On what premise are family therapy and feminist therapy based?

to understand the individual it is essential to take into consideration the interpersonal dimensions and the sociocultural context rather than focusing primarily on the intrapsychic domain.

Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to?

use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system

What statements are true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy?

• Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines • Therapist ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice. • Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life.

Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when?

• child abuse (when the therapist believes a client under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, child abuse, or some other crime) • abuse of the elderly • abuse of dependent adults • danger to self or others • when the therapist determines that the client needs hospitalization • when information is made an issue in a court action • when clients request that their records be released to them or to a third party