Top 10 Reading Quiz 3

What is not a good visual aid to have?

3-D pie graph

What is the difference between a panel discussion and a symposium?

A panel discussion is a public discussion format in which the participants interact directly and spontaneously under the guidance of a moderator. A symposium is different in the fact that each group member speaks in turn without interruption or interaction, with the moderator providing introductions, transitions, and a closure.

What is the difference between a question of value and a question of policy?

A question of value focuses what we consider good/bad or right/wrong. It focuses more on our beliefs, not solely what we believe to be true. A question of policy has to do with our actions in the future as in what we need to correct or leave the same.

Dynamism, a quality that contributes to positive ethos, means what?

A speaker being energetic/enthusiastic

What is the definition of antithesis?

A stylistic device where two contrasting ideas are placed in opposition through parallel phrases

Which of these is NOT a major quality that contributes to positive ethos?

Affective language

What is the difference between autocratic, consultative, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership?

Autocratic leadership involves the leader being the primary speaker and decision-maker, consultative leadership involves the leader encouraging suggestions and proposals from the group, democratic leadership involves the leader being a facilitator of the group coming to conclusions and solutions, and laissez-faire leadership involves the leader giving control of the discussion to the group in order to promote creativity and responsibility.

Define two types of leadership styles.

Autocratic leadership is when the leader is the main voice and makes the decisions for the people. Laissez-faire leadership is when the leader give control to the group to allow them to be creative and responsible.

Why is it important to avoid clichés and empty words and what are some examples of each?

Because clichés are so often used in society and communication, people are very familiar with them and they do not hold their attention. One such example is "with all due respect" or "twenty-four/seven." Empty words extend the sentence and can cause confusion to the audience, an example of this is using "due to the fact that" or "a number of." All empty words can be replaced with simple words that can explain an idea more clearly.

What is the importance of "burden of proof"?

Burden of proof is the standards of how much evidence and evidence quality in determining if something can be further debated. This is important because it determines how you need to support your argument in order for it to be considered valid. You cannot give a speech to convince people of your opinion without evidence that adequately supports your argument.

What is reasoning that aims to prove relationships between effects and causes?

Causal Reasoning

Which type of reasoning is defined as the process of drawing conclusions about specific cases based on inferences from a generally accepted premise or principle?

Deductive reasoning

Difference between denotative and connotative meaning?

Denotative meaning is the literal, objective meaning of words without emotions; while connotative meaning the subjective or emotional meaning associated with words or phrases.

According to the book, what are fallacies of relevance and what do they do?

Fallacies of relevance occur when a speaker changes the subject by talking about matters that are not relevant to the issue at hand. They are sometimes deliberately used, and they distract audiences and divert their attention away from real issues.

List at least 2 types of Fallacies and describe one of them.

False dilemma, straw man fallacy, red herring. False dilemma is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker suggests that we have only two alternatives, when in fact more than two alternatives exist.

According to the book, which is not a benefit of public deliberation?

Group members feel that they are "just talking" and won't have any real impact.

How is language lively?

Language is lively when it gives a realistic and specific description of events, people, and ideas.

Which of the following figures of speech does not match the example provided for it?

METAPHOR: the tree danced in the wind

Which example of a logical fallacy correctly matches up with its type?

Our school has always done it this way, why should we change how we operate? (Non Sequitur)

Explain the difference between persuasion and demagoguery in a free society.

Persuasion in a free society is used to resolve conflicts, induce social cooperation, select leaders, determine civic priorities, and choose among various policies. Persuasion is a positive and necessary aspect of a democratic society. However, demagoguery, or deceptive and manipulative speech that evokes hatred or fear, is used to misrepresent a certain aspect of society or mislead a citizen's judgment. Demagoguery uses carefully crafted tactics to manipulate public opinion and sway an audience to agree with a certain point of view.

How does public deliberation differ from debate?

Public deliberation differ from debate because in debate there are often winners and losers as well as a negative outcome for one side and positive for the other. In addition, debates are often about finding flaws in the opposing side and bringing them down. In public deliberation, the outcome is often the understanding or solving of a problem through respectful engagement of dialogue. Each side aims to find strength's in the other sides views.

What are qualifiers and is it possible to over qualify an argument?

Qualifiers are part of the Toulmin Model and are words and phrases that indicate the level of confidence we have in our claims. Qualifiers are necessary to include in an argument so that the argument is not over-stated. However, including too many qualifiers signals to the audience that you are unsure of the argument that you are making.

Explain the difference between qualifiers and reservations in a persuasive speech.

Qualifiers are words or phrases that indicate the level of confidence we have in our claims. For example, words such as possibly, probably, or beyond any doubt. On the other hand, reservations are stated exceptions to our claims or the conditions under which we no longer hold to our claims. For example, "...a proposed increase in interest rates will be sufficient to control inflation -- unless energy prices continue to escalate."

What is defined as a debatable question about whether an idea or action is good or bad or right or wrong?

Question of value

Which was not a part of the Toulmin Model of Argument?

Reliability

Which of the following matches is incorrect regarding fallacies?

Since the economy improve tax cuts, tax cuts caused the improvement - slippery slope

Discuss/name some of the pros and cons of public deliberation.

Some of the pros of public deliberation is that they make people more engaged and active in civic affairs and cause people to have more tolerance for opposing views. They can also make participants feel more empowered and create a sense of interdependence. Some cons of public deliberation could be due to weak performance of a facilitator, a reduced sense of group efficacy, or low expectations from the participants. It can also make participants feel powerless and ineffectual

Describe group structures that encourage dialogue and deliberation.

Study Circles promote a better democracy because everyone is talking about what they want and need. Town hall meetings are where a community gathers and can share opinions and questions with community leaders and members. National Issue Forums are a network of public forums on public policy issues.

Which of the following is an example of analogical reasoning?

Summer in the south is like sitting through an organic chemistry lecture. It seems like it will never end.

Briefly explain why establishing ethos is important when speaking to an audience.

The audience will react to the message of your speech based on your argument and evidence, but also on your appearance of credibility. All aspects (argument, evidence, and credibility) are critical to successfully conveying a message to your audience.

Question of policy is one question to consider when facing public controversy. What are the other two as discussed in the book, and what do they mean?

The first is a question of fact which refers to the debatable question about facts like existence, scope, and cause that should be established before debate. The second is a question of value which refers to the morality of a position.

What are the guidelines for organizing a productive meeting?

The four guidelines for organizing a productive meeting include assembling an organizing committee and then defining the issues or goals. The next two are to then attract broad participation and maximize public and media interest.

What is not one of the 4 common types of reasoning?

Theoretical

How can you positively increase your ethos when giving a speech?

They can uses reputable sources and quote experts in the field. They can relate to their audience by showing that they share the same experiences and concerns. A speaker can share personal experience with a given topic to strengthen their ethos. A speaker can also consider different points of view and listen to other opinions to show that they are open-minded.

Which is a well-constructed and concise sentence?

This plan will work because many people support it.

Why does tolerance of dissent affect group deliberation?

Tolerance of dissent is the ability of the majority to not pressure the minority to conform to their views just to make a quick or easy decision for them. Both views should be heard and fully understood before making a decision.

What are some benefits and drawbacks of using abstract language?

Using abstract language allows us to talk about our feelings and values as well as the past and future. It allows us to conceptualize ideas for the audience in a positive way. However, it can be very ambiguous and can lead to chances of misunderstanding for audience members. Sometimes details can be lost and differences between two ideas may be dismissed due to lack of understanding.

What is groupthink?

When a group favors solidarity and agreement over adequately appraising ideas and expressing concerns

Describe how you would test your evidence for sufficiency and quality.

You could test your evidence by asking yourself if your examples are representative, if your statistics are reliable, and if your sources are credible, complete, and accurate. You should also evaluate if your evidence is relevant to your claim and if it doesn't distract the audience away from your main point. Lastly, you should also determine if you have enough evidence to sufficiently support your claim. Evaluate your evidence for relevancy and also your audience because depending on how much they know and understand will determine if you need to gather more evidence or not.

List 3 pros to using visual aids in your presentation

clarify and support the main idea, facilitate understanding, & engage listener emotions

What is the difference between a metaphor and simile?

comparison vs. like/as

What is a style of leadership in which the leader encourages suggestions and proposals?

consultative

How should a speaker stay connected to the audience when using an aid?

don't rely on the aid, maintain eye contact, turn towards the audience

How do good presentational aids help enhance your ethos?

enhance credibility showing that you care and are trustworthy

What is the Ancient Greek term for ethical proof or the audience's perception of the speaker's credibility, intelligence, or motives?

ethos

Describe 3 concerns when using presentational aids

forget to cite an image, technology could fall through, and the speaker might talk to the aid rather than the audience

What type of graph is best suited for showing comparative relationships through time?

line graph

What shouldn't be used in a speech?

lots of abstract words

What is one way a speaker can use appropriate/ethical language?

no gendered language

What are 2 guidelines for deliberating in groups?

prepare carefully for each meeting, keep an open mind

Which is not an example of figure of speech?

sensory appeals

Give 3 examples of types of presentational aids.

slide-show, flip chart, and poster board

Which type of language would be best to use in a speech to a specialized audience?

technical language

What is fair use?

the doctrine in copyright law that allows for educators, scholars, and students to use limited amounts of copyrighted material for noncommercial purposes w/o getting formal permission

Why use parallelism in a speech?

to bring force, clarity, rhythm, and interest to a speech

How do you use presentational aids ethically?

you need to acknowledge the citations and the authors work