Topic 3 - Endocrinology

Which of the following approaches should be taken to stimulate steroid hormone synthesis and secretion in adrenal cortical cells lacking Protein Kinase A (PKA) expression? a. Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells. b. Increasing the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells. c. Increasing the secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. d. Increasing the expression of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptors by the adrenal cortical cells. e. Inhibiting the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells.

a. Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells.

Predict the signs of hypercortisolism based on the normal actions of Cortisol. 6. Write down any possible cause(s) of hypercortisolism.

anxiety, fat deposits around unusual areas, weight gain, weak immune system 6. a lot of stress, adrenal cortex makes too much cortisol,

Which of the following is NOT an effect of transport proteins on hormones in the blood? a. They mask lipid-soluble molecules allowing the hormones to remain in watery environments. b. They serve as signaling molecules to the hormone producing cell to determine the rate of hormone production. c. They act as a ready reserve of hormone due in part to the law of mass action. d. They effectively change the half-life of hormones in the blood stream. e. The prevent the premature renal filtration of small hormones by masking their size.

b. They serve as signaling molecules to the hormone producing cell to determine the rate of hormone production.

A simple goiter results from: a. a lack of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). b. a lack of iodine. c. a lack of iron. d. overproduction of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). e. none of the above.

b. a lack of iodine.

A familial form of hypoparathyroidism is caused by a single point mutation in the gene encoding the Preproparathyroid hormone. As a consequence of this point mutation, the signal sequence cannot be cleaved from the prepro-form of the mutant hormone. Which statement below best describes the effect of this mutation upon synthesis of the Preproparathyroid hormone? a. mRNA encoding the mutant Preproparathyroid hormone would accumulate in the nucleus and not be transcribed. b. The mutant Preproparathyroid protein would not be targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum and thus would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. c. The mutant Preproparathyroid hormone would be incorrectly folded in the endoplasmic reticulum. d. The mutant Preproparathyroid hormone would be inserted into the plasma membrane of the parathyroid cells. e. The mutant Preproparathyroid hormone could not be stored in secretory vesicles, but instead would be secreted immediately following synthesis.

c. The mutant Preproparathyroid hormone would be incorrectly folded in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84 amino acid protein hormone that helps to maintain calcium levels in the extracellular fluid by mobilizing calcium from bone. When PTH mRNA is translated on ribosomes, the ribosomes are found _____________ and the translated PTH polypeptide initially formed is _____________ the biologically active form of the PTH hormone. a. in the nucleus; larger than b. in the cytoplasm; identical in size (84 amino acids) to c. attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; larger than d. in the cytoplasm; larger than e. attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; smaller than

c. attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; larger than

Which of the following statements regarding the endocrine system is true? The endocrine system: a. releases hormones into the bloodstream for circulation throughout the body. b. produces signals that have much longer delays and last for much greater lengths of time than nervous system signals. c. is composed of endocrine glands and hormone-producing cells located throughout the body. d. all of the above statements regarding the endocrine system are true.

d. all of the above statements regarding the endocrine system are true.

Where are the posterior pituitary hormones manufactured? The posterior pituitary hormones are made by: a. endocrine cells located in the posterior pituitary. b. endocrine cells located in the anterior pituitary. c. endocrine cells located in the medulla of the adrenal gland. d. neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus. e. neurosecretory cells that originate in the thalamus.

d. neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus.

1. When exogenous Cortisol is administered as a therapeutic treatment, what is the effect upon the endogenous secretion of Cortisol by the adrenal cortex? Exogenous = originating from outside an organism. Endogenous = originating from within an organism. When exogenous Cortisol is administered, the secretion of endogenous Cortisol is: increased unaffected decreased

decreased

Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is CORRECT? a. All anterior and posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus. b. All anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone and a release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. c. All posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. d. All anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones. e. None of the above.

e. None of the above.

What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary? sphenoid stalk nephron corpus callosum infundibulum cerebral cortex

infundibulum

How does exogenous Cortisol affect the adrenal cells that produce endogenous Cortisol? 3. How does sudden discontinuation of exogenous Cortisol treatment affect endogenous Cortisol levels? 4. Do NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs) such as ibuprofen, now frequently used to treat minor inflamatory problems, have the same effect upon Cortisol production as administration of exogeneous Cortisol? A. Yes B. No

it has negative control on the precursor hormone CRH and ACTH 3. It will increase 4. NSAIDs lower inflammatory response as cortisol creates an inflammatory response A yes

The adrenal cortex produces only: steroid hormones amine hormones catecholamine hormones peptide hormones glycoprotein hormones

steroid hormones

Which hormone would exist with a free fraction in the blood? serotonin insulin dopamine thyroid hormone epinephrine

thyroid hormone

Is the following statement True or False? "Hormone that is bound up by transporter proteins in the blood is not part of the free fraction and is unavailable for cell signaling." True False

true

5 Josh is a mixed martial arts fighter. In a recent match he was crescent kicked in the head and briefly lost consciousness. Now, a month later, he has come to your clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Your clinical exam establishes that he is experiencing hypoglycemia, though blood pressure and coloration of the skin are normal. 8. To confirm your diagnosis in Question # 7 above, you order a blood panel examining hormone levels. What would you expect given the patient's symptoms and injury? ↓CRH ↑ACTH ↑Cortisol ↓CRH ↓ACTH ↑Cortisol ↑CRH ↓ACTH ↓Cortisol ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↓Cortisol ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↑Cortisol

↑CRH ↓ACTH ↓Cortisol

6 Josh is a mixed martial arts fighter. In a recent match he was crescent kicked in the head and briefly lost consciousness. Now, a month later, he has come to your clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Your clinical exam establishes that he is experiencing hypoglycemia, though blood pressure and coloration of the skin are normal. 9. How would you recommend treating Josh, the patient above? Surgical removal of the pituitary gland Prescription of cortisol injections Surgical removal of a portion of the adrenal cortex Discontinuance of steroidal anti-inflammatories Prescription of insulin injections

Prescription of cortisol injections

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones is NOT a tropic hormone? Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Prolactin Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Prolactin

Josh is a mixed martial arts fighter. In a recent match he was crescent kicked in the head and briefly lost consciousness. Now, a month later, he has come to your clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Your clinical exam establishes that he is experiencing hypoglycemia, though blood pressure and coloration of the skin are normal. 7. What is your preliminary diagnosis given Josh's symptoms and injury? Primary hypocortisolism Secondary hypocortisolism Tertiary hypocortisolism Primary hypercortisolism Secondary hypercortisolism

Secondary hypocortisolism

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, the thyroid hormones, do not have a specific target organ; instead, they stimulate most of the cells of the body to metabolize at a faster rate. True False

True