Topic 9
"I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. . . . From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comforts and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the West. . . . But the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier—the frontier of the 1960s—the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils—a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats." A. John F. Kennedy. B. Martin Luther King. C. Lyndon Johnson. D. Malcolm X.
A.
A second point is that nonviolent resistance does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent, but to win his friendship and understanding. The nonviolent resister must often express his protest through noncooperation or boycotts, but he realizes that noncooperation and boycotts are not ends themselves; they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame in the opponent."—Martin Luther King, Nonviolence and Racial Justice, 1957 How does Dr. King defend nonviolent resistance in this text? A. Resistance should not mimic the action it is protesting. B. While it may take longer to be effective, it is more so in the end. C. In the past, peaceful people have always been the most successful. D. Nonviolence sends a more powerful message to the most important people.
A.
Alan B. Shepard's accomplishment as the first American in space best symbolized A. a victory in the Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union. B. an emphasis on math and science education in the nation's schools. C. a shift in economic priorities to increase spending on defense technologies. D. a strong relationship between NASA and allies in western Europe.
A.
Before running for governor of Georgia, Lester Maddox protested the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by closing down his restaurant to show that A. he refused to accept integration. B. he believed that property rights were less important than civil rights. C. state government should be stronger than the federal government. D. he would not serve communists.
A.
Critics of the Miranda v. Arizona decision opposed it because A. they thought it was too favorable to accused criminals. B. they believed accused criminals did not deserve state-appointed legal counsel. C. they thought the right to a speedy trial would impede the balanced legal process. D. they believed the legal system could not function properly without the testimony of the accused.
A.
Sweatt v. Painter laid the groundwork for the later efforts of the civil rights movement because it A. showed that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional. B. allowed Thurgood Marshall to argue the case. C. dealt with tactics of nonviolent resistance to segregation. D. strengthened the Fourteenth Amendment.
A.
The revolution is at hand, and we must free ourselves of the chains of political and economic slavery. The nonviolent revolution is saying, "We will not wait for the courts to act, for we have been waiting for hundreds of years. We will not wait for the President, the Justice Department, nor Congress, but we will take matters into our own hands and create a source of power, outside of any national structure, that could and would assure us a victory." —SNCC Chairman John Lewis, speech at March on Washington, August 28, 1963 In this speech, Chairman Lewis is sending the message that A. civil rights advocates cannot expect the federal government to promote justice. B. it is time to abandon nonviolent resistance as a means of protest. C. when segregation is abolished, circumstances will improve for all blacks. D. states' rights can work in favor of the civil rights movement as well as against it.
A.
The violence committed against nonviolent Freedom Riders forced A. the desegregation of interstate transportation. B. Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act. C. laws against workplace discrimination. D. the desegregation of schools.
A.
The violence committed against nonviolent Freedom Riders forced A. the desegregation of interstate transportation. B. Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act. C. laws against workplace discrimination. D. the desegregation of schools.
A.
"It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. . . . To separate [students] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority . . . that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to be ever undone." —Chief Justice Earl Warren (1954) In this statement, Chief Justice Warren is referencing the Supreme Court's majority opinion in A. Plessy v. Ferguson. B. Brown v. Board of Education. C. Tinker v. Des Moines School District. D. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents.
B.
"It is important that the reasons for my action be understood by all our citizens. . . . A foundation of our American way of life is our national respect for law. . . ."—President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957 Which action was Eisenhower discussing in this address? A. signing the Civil Rights Act of 1957 B. sending federal troops to Little Rock C. calling the national guard to desegregate Ole Miss D. vetoing laws that would make lynching a federal crime
B.
"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. . . . [W]e have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society."—President Johnson, University of Michigan, May 22, 1964 Lyndon Johnson gave this speech to A. defend his goals as president. B. introduce his domestic program. C. explain the importance of Kennedy's legacy. D. describe the state of affairs in the United States.
B.
According to the chart, which group did not advocate nonviolent resistance as a means of advancing civil rights? A. the Nation of Islam B. the Black Panther Party C. the Congress on Racial Equality D. the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
B.
According to the information in the pie charts, it can best be inferred that A. the percent of the popular vote for "other" affected the electoral outcome. B. Kennedy won more states with large populations than Nixon. C. the nation as a whole leaned toward conservative positions in 1960. D. Nixon's loss in the electoral vote was too close to call.
B.
According to the map, the Freedom Ride that resulted in the largest number of people being arrested or jailed began on which day in 1961? A. April 22 B. May 17 C. July 8 D. November 1
B.
Based on the national election data, it can be inferred that in the 1960s A. the Republican Party became more popular in the South. B. many voters were not attracted by either party as the decade wore on. C. the Voting Rights Act resulted in stronger Democratic support. D. Democratic support waxed and waned, while Republican support remained strong.
B.
Job Corps was created as a part of the A. Equal Pay Act. B. Economic Opportunity Act. C. Immigration and Nationality Act. D. Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
B.
The Edmund Pettus Bridge, in Selma, AL, became a symbol of A. the failure of nonviolent tactics. B. the determination of the civil rights movement. C. the economic focus of the civil rights movement. D. television's power to influence elections.
B.
The Montgomery bus boycott became a model for the civil rights movement of the early 1960s because it showed that A. litigation through the justice system was the best way to challenge segregation. B. nonviolent protest by ordinary people could bring about change. C. only a violent uprising could capture the attention of politicians. D. progress could not be made unless protesters from across the nation arrived to help the cause.
B.
The lunch counter "sit-ins" were meant to A. antagonize the restaurant owners. B. draw attention to segregation and challenge the law. C. provoke police intervention. D. bring racism to the public's attention.
B.
The nonviolent protest shown here was one way activists called attention to A. economic disparity based on race. B. businesses that did not treat customers equally. C. political representation of minority issues. D. poor working conditions for minorities.
B.
This political cartoon (bowling pins & bowling ball) makes a reference to A. the Congressional Committee on Civil Rights. B. the Senate filibuster against the Civil Rights Act. C. the conflicts between President Kennedy and the Senate. D. the success of Martin Luther King's nonviolent resistance.
B.
What is this 1964 political cartoon saying about Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty? A. It is not focusing on the people who need help the most. B. Its effectiveness in reducing poverty is yet to be determined. C. It is a well-meant program but has goals that are too ambitious. D. It places too much attention on the rural rather than urban poor.
B.
Which of the following is an example of nonviolent protest? A. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech before the MIA B. Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat C. the endorsement of the "Southern Manifesto" D. the NAACP's lobbying to make lynching a federal crime
B.
"I heard all of this screaming and . . . somebody yelled, 'Oh God, they're killing us!' . . . And I looked and I saw the troopers charging us . . . swinging their arms and throwing canisters of tear gas. . . . Some of them had clubs and others had ropes and whips. . . . It was like a nightmare. . . . I just knew then that I was going to die." —Sheyann Webb Sheyann Webb is recalling a campaign to enact voting legislation that resulted in conflict on a bridge in A. Greenwood, MS. B. Little Rock, AR. C. Selma, AL. D. Washington, D.C.
C.
"Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal. . . . Segregation and poverty have created the racial ghetto and a destructive environment totally unknown to most Americans."—National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report, 1967 The Kerner Commission, which made this report, suggested that the majority of Americans were A. living in a destructive environment. B. suffering from racial discrimination. C. unfamiliar with urban poverty. D. familiar with life in the ghetto.
C.
"We who are demonstrators are trying to raise what we call the 'moral issue.' That is, we are pointing to the viciousness of racial segregation and prejudice and calling it evil or sin. . . . [We are also] asserting, 'get moving.' The pace of change is too slow. At this rate it will be another generation before the major forms of segregation disappear. . . . Most of us will be grandparents before we can live normal human lives."—James Lawson, "From a Lunch Counter Stool," 1960 The group that Lawson spoke these words to later formed the A. Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). B. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). C. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). D. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
C.
...The Washington, D.C. school riot report is disgusting and revealing. We will not sacrifice our children to any such type school system—and you can write that down. The federal troops in Mississippi could be better used guarding the safety of the citizens of Washington, D.C., where it is even unsafe to walk or go to a ballgame—and that is the nation's capitol. I was safer in a B-29 bomber over Japan during the war in an air raid, than the people of Washington are walking to the White House neighborhood. A closer example is Atlanta. The city officials fawn for political reasons over school integration and THEN build barricades to stop residential integration—what hypocrisy!" —Alabama Governor George Wallace, inaugural address, 1963 In his inaugural address, which opinion does Wallace present? A. Enforcing school integration is a good use of federal troops. B. Federal troops should be helping to enforce residential integration. C. The races should be separated in all aspects of public life. D. The federal government should fairly enforce laws throughout the country.
C.
According to the information in this chart, which state saw the greatest percent increase in registered African American voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act? A. Arkansas B. Louisiana C. Mississippi D. South Carolina
C.
According to this map, there were no laws specifically addressing segregation in A. Arizona. B. Missouri. C. New Hampshire. D. Ohio.
C.
How did the protests at Birmingham and the March on Washington bring about the Civil Rights Act of 1964? A. These events showed that poverty was directly related to racism. B. These events persuaded lawmakers to end segregation in transportation. C. They helped swing public opinion in favor of civil rights legislation. D. They convinced Southern Democrats to end racism in the South.
C.
In the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two countries struggled to be the first to A. send a satellite into orbit. B. send a human being into orbit. C. send a human being to the moon. D. send an unmanned craft to the moon.
C.
The decision in the landmark Supreme Court case Sweatt v. Painter involved segregation in A. the military. B. public education. C. higher education. D. federal employment.
C.
The importance of television in the presidential election of 1960 suggested that A. fewer people had televisions in their homes. B. television was more powerful than radio. C. voters might be swayed by appearances rather than by issues. D. civil rights would become an important issue.
C.
Which of the following is an indicator of the success of the Civil Rights movement in influencing government? A. Portions of the Voting Act of 1965 remain in effect. B. Lester Maddox was elected governor of Georgia. C. Thurgood Marshall was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. D. Martin Luther King, Jr. established the "Poor People's Campaign."
C.
"...We will never communicate talking one language and he's talking another language. He's talking the language of violence...Let's learn his language. If his language is with a shotgun, get a shotgun. If he only understands the language of a rifle, get a rifle. If he only understands the language of a rope, get a rope. But don't waste time talking the wrong language to a man, if you want to really communicate with him. Speak his language."—Malcolm X, speech at Harlem rally, 1964 In this speech, Malcolm X explains his disagreement with A. affirmative action. B. the Civil Rights Act of 1964. C. acts of violence in urban areas. D. Martin Luther King's style of protest.
D.
"The Southern Christian Leadership Conference...have outlined 5 requirements of the bill of economic and social rights that will set poverty on the road to extinction: 1. A meaningful job at a living wage for every employable citizen. 2. A secure and adequate income for all who cannot find jobs or for whom employment is inappropriate. 3. Access to land as a means to income and livelihood. 4. Access to capital as a means of full participation in the economic life of America. 5. Recognition by law of the right of people affected by government programs to play a truly significant role in determining how they are designed and carried out." —SCLC Papers With which protest action is this list affiliated? A. black power B. affirmative action C. the Southern Manifesto D. the Poor People's Campaign
D.
"[W]hen you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children. . . . Then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait." —Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter From Birmingham Jail," 1963 In this excerpt from his letter, King is arguing that A. segregation will not go away on its own. B. in most cases "separate" is far from being "equal." C. nonviolent resistance is the only path to racial equality. D. segregation must end immediately.
D.
According to the chart, the Twenty-fourth Amendment was passed in order to A. facilitate racial integration in schools. B. allow better job opportunities to minorities. C. give the federal government more authority. D. increase participation in the political process.
D.
The Equal Pay Act, sponsored by the Kennedy administration, aimed to benefit which working group most? A. African Americans B. Mexican Americans C. war veterans D. women
D.
The decision in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), in which high school students sued after being suspended for wearing black armbands in protest against the Vietnam War, further defined A. the definition of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. B. the right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. C. what constitutes peaceful assembly under the First Amendment. D. free speech in a publically funded institution under the First Amendment.
D.
The decision in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), in which high school students sued after being suspended for wearing black armbands in protest against the Vietnam War, further defined A. the definition of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. B. the right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. C. what constitutes peaceful assembly under the First Amendment. D. free speech in a publically funded institution under the First Amendment.
D.
The primary reason why the March on Washington was such an effective event in the modern civil rights movement was because A. the crowds at the Lincoln Memorial peacefully congregated without incident. B. Washington, D.C. public officials approved such a large political protest. C. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech passionately D. the significant media coverage increased public opinion in favor of legislation.
D.
Which U.S. President desegregated the military by executive order? A. Dwight D. Eisenhower. B. Lyndon Johnson. C. John F. Kennedy. D. Harry Truman.
D.
