Torso
The fibrous skeleton functions
-Stabilizing the positions of the muscle cells and valves in the heart. -Providing physical support for the cardiac muscle cells and for the blood vessels and nerves in the myocardium. -Distributing the forces of contraction. -Reinforcing the valves and helping prevent overexpansion of the heart. -Providing elasticity that helps return the heart to its original shape after each contraction. -Physically isolating the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells; as you will see in a later section, this isolation is vital for the coordination of cardiac contractions.
1. Lumbar veins 2. Gonadal (ovarian or testicular) veins 3. Hepatic veins 4. Renal veins 5. Suprarenal veins 6. Phrenic veins - collect blood from the kidneys. These are the largest tributaries of the inferior vena cava. - leave the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of vertebra T10. - drain the ovaries or testes. The right gonadal vein empties into the inferior vena cava; the left gonadal usually drains into the left renal vein. - drain the diaphragm. Only the right phrenic vein drains into the inferior vena cava; the left drains into the left renal vein. -drain the lumbar portion of the abdomen. Superior branches of these veins are connected to the azygos vein (right side) and hemiazygos vein (left side), which empty into the superior vena cava. -drain the suprarenal glands. Usually only the right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava, and the left drains into the left renal vein.
1. Lumbar veins drain the lumbar portion of the abdomen. Superior branches of these veins are connected to the azygos vein (right side) and hemiazygos vein (left side), which empty into the superior vena cava. 2. Gonadal (ovarian or testicular) veins drain the ovaries or testes. The right gonadal vein empties into the inferior vena cava; the left gonadal usually drains into the left renal vein. 3. Hepatic veins leave the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of vertebra T10. 4. Renal veins collect blood from the kidneys. These are the largest tributaries of the inferior vena cava. 5. Suprarenal veins drain the suprarenal glands. Usually only the right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava, and the left drains into the left renal vein. 6. Phrenic veins drain the diaphragm. Only the right phrenic vein drains into the inferior vena cava; the left drains into the left renal vein.
A 68-year-old male arrives at the emergency department complaining of chest pain. The electrocardiogram demonstrates an elevated ST segment, indicating myocardial infarction, in the posterior leads. He is admitted to the critical care unit to be monitored. On the sixth hospital day, he experiences hypotension and dyspnea, prompting an echocardiogram that reveals severe mitral valve regurgitation. In your expert opinion, speculate as to which of the following vessels is likely occluded. First, answer each question with YES/NO. Then explain your reasoning in detail (~50 words or less per question) as to why or why not a given vessel is likely occluded. Enter your answers in the space provided. Is the left anterior descending artery likely occluded? Why/why not? Is the circumflex artery likely occluded? Why/why not? Is the left (obtuse) marginal artery likely occluded? Why/why not? Is the posterior descending artery likely occluded? Why/why not? Is the right marginal artery likely occluded? Why/why not?
1. No, because it does not drain left atria, but the ventricles. 2. No because it does not drain the left atria, it drains the left ventricle. 3. Yes because it is a branch of the left coronary artery which supplies the left atria. 4. No, because it supplies the ventricles. 5. No, because it is a branch of the right coronary artery, which supplies the right atria, not the left atria.
While making rounds with your fellow residents, you come across a 52-year-old male who just underwent surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm wherein the diseased portion of the aorta was resected and replaced with a synthetic graft of that section of the aorta inferior to the renal arteries but proximal to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, a common location for such an issue. Postoperative evaluation reveals bloody diarrhea and elevated WBC count. There seems to be no consensus on the part of your fellow residents not only as to which organ is likely suffering ischemia, but also which vessels are compromised, leading to said ischemia. The organs under discussion are the ascending colon, sigmoid colon, small intestine, spleen, and stomach. First, answer each question with YES/NO. Then explain your reasoning in detail (~50 words or less per question) as to why or why not a given organ is likely occluded. Enter your answers in the space provided. Is the ascending colon likely involved? Why/why not? Is the small intestine likely involved? Why/why not? Is the spleen likely involved? Why/why not? Is the stomach likely involved? Why/why not? Is the sigmoid colon likely involved? Why/why not?
1. No, because the mesenteric arteries, the arteries involved in the ischemia, do not supply this area. 2. No, because the organ suffering the ischemia is the colon. 3. No, because the organ suffering the ischemia is the colon. 4. No because the organ suffering is the colon. 5. Yes, because the mesenteric arteries supply the sigmoidal arteries which supply the sigmoid colon.
1. atrial branches supply... 2. the ventricular branches supply.... 3. the branches to the conducting system supply.... The interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles The right atrium and a portion of the left atrium the SA node and the AV node.
1. The right atrium and a portion of the left atrium 2. The interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles 3. the SA node and the AV node.
A 59-year-old female is undergoing a hysterectomy. Severing which of the following structures during surgery would most severely disrupt blood flow to the ipsilateral ovary? First, answer each question with YES/NO. Then explain your reasoning in detail (~50 words or less per question) as to why or why not severing a given structure is likely to severely disrupt blood flow to the ipsilateral ovary. Enter your answers in the space provided. Is severing the cardinal (transverse cervical ligament likely to severely disrupt blood flow? Why/why not? Is severing the uterine tube likely to severely disrupt blood flow? Why/why not? Is severing the round ligament: why/why not? Is severing the suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament likely to severely disrupt blood flow? Why/why not? Is severing the ureter likely to severely disrupt blood flow? Why/why not?
1. Yes because it is a supporting ligament of the ovary. 2. No because it is not a supporting ligament of the ovary. 3. Yes because it is a supporting ligament of the ovary 4. Yes because it is a supporting ligament of the ovary 5. No because it is not a supporting ligament of the ovary.
Secretions: 1. zona fasciculata 2. zona glomerulosa 3. zona reticularis
1. zona fasciculata= glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) 2. zona glomerulosa= mineralocorticoids (aldersterone) 3. zona reticularis= androgens
Each lung consists of approximately how many alveoli? 100,000 one billion 500,000 150 million 100 billion
150 million
The formation of sex-appropriate gonads begins around month ________. 1 2 3 4 5
3
Structures that unite to form the common bile duct include: hepatopancreatic sphincter porta hepatis cystic duct common hepatic duct duodenal papilla 1, 2 1, 2, 3 3, 4 1, 3, 5 2, 4
3, 4
Regarding age-related changes in the urinary system, the total number of kidney nephrons drops by ___________ percent between ages 25 and 85.
30-40
Which is the correct order of the structures of the male urethra, from the bladder to the exterior? collecting duct spongy urethra descending limb membranous urethra prostatic urethra 1, 3, 5 2, 4 4, 2, 1 5, 4, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
5, 4, 2
Circulating testosterone levels in men can begin to decline as early as age ________ years. 28 30 40 50 60
50
Pacemaker cells of the SA node depolarize and theoretically generate a resting heart rate of approximately ________. 60-70 beats per minute 55-65 beats per minute 80-100 beats per minute 45-55 beats per minute 110-120 beats per minute
80-100 beats per minute
________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to the presence of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin Antidiuretic hormone Calcitriol Erythropoietin Leptin
Calcitriol
Which of the following is TRUE regarding contractions of the heart? The ventricles contract first, followed by the atria. The contractions do not occur in any specific or precise sequence each time. Cardiac muscle tissue contracts under neural stimulation. The rate of cardiac contractions are established by the conducting fibers. Cardiac contractions are coordinated by specialized conducting cells, cardiac muscle cells that are incapable of undergoing powerful contractions.
Cardiac contractions are coordinated by specialized conducting cells, cardiac muscle cells that are incapable of undergoing powerful contractions. -Nodal cells are responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction, and conducting fibers distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium
________ are individual cardiac muscle cells, which are relatively small, averaging 10-20 µm in diameter and 50-100 µm in length. Fibrocytes Cardiocytes Myelocytes Chondrocytes Osteocytes
Cardiocytes
The matrix of the blood, which has a density only slightly greater than water is called serum.
False- plasma
T/F The ovarian ligament attaches the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall.
False- posterior
In the large intestine, the cecum, which is retroperitoneal, collects and stores the arriving materials and begins the process of compaction. True False
False- progressive dehydration of indigestible materials and organic wastes prior to elimination from the body -compactions starts in the mouth
The cells of the zona fasciculata form cords that radiate outward like a sunburst from the innermost zona reticularis, and produce steroid hormones collectively known as ________________. -Glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Which of the following is (are) TRUE of the cortex of thymic lobules? It lacks an internal structure of a cortex and a medulla. It is the site of the production of lymphocytes, but not of the T cells. It contains lymphoid stem cells. It contains special capillaries that selectively acquire circulating antigens to pass through the tissues. It is highly innervated.
It contains lymphoid stem cells.
Which of the following statements regarding the glomerulus is CORRECT? It is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle. It occurs in the nephron loop. It filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney. It empties directly into the interlobar veins.
It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle.
At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta split into the left and right common iliac arteries? T7 T12 L4 S1 S4
L4
The ____________ consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue, with associated connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.
Myocardium
Taste buds are innervated by which cranial nerves? N III, IV, V N V, VI, VII N VII, VIII, IX N VII, IX, X N VII, X, XII
N VII, IX, X
Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the small intestine are called (the) ________. germinal centers thymic corpuscles nodes Peyer's patches lingual tonsils
Peyer's patches
Which statement regarding the pulmonary circuit is TRUE? Blood enters the left atrium from the capillary beds in peripheral tissues. The pulmonary trunk is the terminal end of the pulmonary circuit. Compared with the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit is relatively longer. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood. Blood enters the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
________ tissue provides a supporting framework, forming the stroma of the liver and the spleen. Dense irregular Areolar Multiocular adipose Elastic Reticular
Reticular
The rapidly depolarizing cells, called pacemaker cells, are found in the ________, which is embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium right bundle branch AV node left bundle branch intermodal pathways SA node
SA node
The tissue lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is called ________ epithelium. stratified squamous simple columnar stratified columnar simple squamous none of the above
Simple columnar
_____________ muscle in the digestive tract shows rhythmic cycles of activity because of the presence of pacemaker (or interstitial) cells, which are found in both the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa.
Smooth
The walls of terminal bronchioles are dominated by which tissue type? smooth muscle hyaline cartilage skeletal muscle pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium elastic cartilage
Smooth muscle
________ in the digestive epithelium divide less frequently with age, so tissue repair is less efficient. Keratinocytes Merkel cells Stem cells Melanocytes Langerhans cells
Stem cells
Each seminiferous tubule has the form of a U connected to a single ________.
Straight tubule
The fundus is the region of the stomach _______________ to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus, also known as the gastroesophageal junction. -Inferior or superior
Superior
On the right side, the roots of the lungs are located anterior to which vertebra? T5 T7 C5 T3 C7
T5 -The roots of the lungs are located ante- rior to vertebrae T5 (right) and T6 (left)
Which statement regarding the histology of the large intestine is true? The wall of the large intestine is thicker than that of the small intestine. There are fewer goblet cells in the large intestine compared to the small intestine. There is no longitudinal layer of muscularis externa. Lymphoid nodules are not present. The large intestine lacks villi.
The large intestine lacks villi.
Which of the following is TRUE of the coronary arteries? They drain into the right atrium inferior to the opening of the inferior vena cava. Together they supply a small portion of the cardiac muscle with oxygen. They originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel. They open and close in pulsation with the contraction and relaxation of the heart ventricles. Blood pressure in these vessels are the lowest found anywhere in the systemic circuit.
They originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel.
What is the significance of the presence of dual venous drainage, one superficial and the other deep, in the neck and limbs? These vessels have a completely different distribution and so must be located far from one another to avoid competitive drainage issues. There is no known significance for this phenomenon. This distribution is important for regulation of body temperature. This placement is important in the regulation of the distribution of hormones in the circulation. This distribution is critical for proper lymphatic drainage.
This distribution is important for regulation of body temperature.
The thymus produces_____, which is the name originally given to a thymic extract that promoted the development and maturation of lymphocytes and thus increased the effectiveness of the immune system.
Thymosin
T/F Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in the liquid matrix are collectively called the formed elements.
True
T/F In the digestive function of excretion, waste products are secreted into the digestive tract, primarily by the accessory glands (especially the liver).
True
T/F Membrane-enclosed enzyme packets are called platelets.
True
T/F The lining of the trachea consists of respiratory epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria which separates the respiratory epithelium from underlying cartilages.
True
T/F The outer area of the ovary where gametes are produced is the cortex.
True
In areas where the digestive tract is not covered in serosa (pharynx, esophagus, and rectum) it is covered by a dense network of collagen fibers known as which of the following? peritoneum the plexus of Auerbach adventitia mucosa myenteric plexus
adventitia
Cardiac muscle cells obtain energy almost exclusively through ________. anaerobic pathways aerobic respiration glycolysis the Krebs cycle protein reserves
aerobic respiration
An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the ________. afferent arteriole renal artery efferent arteriole intralobular artery lobular vein
afferent arteriole
The secondary function of the DCT to reabsorb sodium is controlled by which hormone(s)? aldosterone ADH renin cortisol aldosterone and ADH
aldosterone
Of the following muscles, which can compress the abdomen? internal oblique external oblique transversus abdominis rectus abdominis all of the above
all of the above
The contents of the spermatic cord include the ________. ductus deferens testicular artery pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves all of the above
all of the above
The fibrous skeleton of the heart functions to ________. provide elasticity that helps return the heart to its original shape after each contraction physically isolating the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells help distribute the force of contraction of the heart reinforcing the heart valves all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are known as dust cells? endothelial capillary cells alveolar macrophages pneumocyte type I cells mucous cells pneumocyte type II cells
alveolar macrophages
The enlarged distal end of the ductus deferens is called the ________. body ampulla seminal gland prostate none of the above
ampulla
There are many interconnections between the arterial branches of the coronary circulation, which function to maintain a constant blood supply to the muscle of the heart. These connections are called ________. syncytium intercalation anastomoses prolapse autorhythmicity
anastomoses
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex normally secretes small amounts of ________. cortisol epinephrine corticosterone aldosterone androgens
androgens (sex hormones)
Which of the following drains the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empties directly into the right atrium? middle cardiac vein great cardiac vein anterior cardiac veins small cardiac vein posterior veins of left ventricle
anterior cardiac veins
The ________ form the prominent bony features located bilaterally in the lower abdomen. costal margins anterior superior iliac spines tendinous inscriptions of the rectus abdominis muscles pubic symphyses inguinal ligaments
anterior superior iliac spines
In a tracheostomy procedure, an incision is made through which structure? carina cricoid cartilage anterior tracheal wall right primary bronchus posterior tracheal wall
anterior tracheal wall
The large fluid-filled cavity within a mature ovarian follicle is called the ________. zona pellucida antrum corpus liquor folliculi none of the above
antrum
The left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit through the ________. mitral valve pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries aorta venae cavae
aorta
Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the ________ valve. mitral pulimonary tricuspid bicuspid aortic
aortic
The diaphragm is attached to the inferior, rounded tip of the heart, called the ________, which points laterally. base inferior border apex diaphragmatic surface left border
apex
Which of the following are the blood vessels at the boundary of the cortex and medulla of the kidney? interlobar artery and vein cortical radiate artery and vein glomerular artery and vein segmental artery and vein arcuate artery and vein
arcuate artery and vein
branches of the primary bronchi also called
are outside the lungs and are therefore called the extrapulmonary bronchi
Which vessels have an average diameter of 30 µm, have a poorly defined adventitia, and an often-incomplete tunica media? venules elastic arteries arterioles muscular arteries capillaries
arterioles
The __________________ valve consists of the following: a ring of connective tissue that attaches to the fibrous skeleton of the heart; connective tissue cusps, which function to close the opening between the heart chambers; and chordae tendineae that attach the margins of the cusps to the papillary muscles of the heart wall.
atrioventricular (AV) valves
The true ribs ________. consist of twelve pairs are the only ribs that are unpaired attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions attach only to the vertebral column attach directly to the body of the sternum by bone to bone contact
attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions
Arteries transport blood________ the heart.
away from
Which of these veins is the major tributary of the superior vena cava? superior mesenteric azygous left colic inferior mesenteric splenic
azygous
The broad, superior portion of the heart is the ________. apex base sternocostal surface pulmonary surface anterior surface
base
The ribs are ________ joints. nonaxial monoaxial triaxial quadaxial biaxial
biaxial
A transverse section at the level immediately below the nipple would pass through which body cavity(ies)? pleural cavities pericardial cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
The right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries are branches of (the) ________. thyrocervical trunk vertebral artery brachiocephalic trunk aortic arch pulmonary trunk
brachiocephalic trunk
Which of the following is a branch of the aortic arch? pulmonary trunk cephalic vein brachiocephalic trunk common iliac artery right pulmonary artery
brachiocephalic trunk
Which of the following is produced by cardiac muscle cells in the heart in response to increased blood pressure or blood volume? brain natriuretic peptide calcitriol angiotensin II aldosterone ADH
brain natriuretic peptide
Which of the following is a major component of the conduction system located in the interventricular septum, and extends toward the apex of the heart? SA node bundle branches AV node purkinje fibers intermodal pathways
bundle branches
Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at which plexus(es)? esophageal plexus cardiac and pulmonary plexuses celiac and pulmonary plexuses hypogastric plexus inferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses
cardiac and pulmonary plexuses
Which of the following contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors? carotid sinus pulmonary trunk deep palmar arch cerebral arterial circle ophthalmic artery
carotid sinus
The right lymphatic duct ________. carries lymph to the right brachiocephalic vein carries lymph originating in tissues superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body carries lymph from tissues inferior to the diaphragm varies very little from individual to individual empties into the axillary vein
carries lymph originating in tissues superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body - It collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels that converge in the region of the right clavicle. This duct empties into the venous system at or near the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
The gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, and spleen are supplied by which artery? superior mesenteric suprarenal inferior phrenic celiac trunk inferior mesenteric
celiac trunk
Which gastric secretory cells are known as "zymogen cells," and are most abundant near the back of gastric glands? mucous neck parietal oxyntic chief enteroendocrine
chief
The origin of the thoracic duct in most individuals is the ________. cisterna chyli MALT cervical lymph node deep lymphatic trunk Peyer's patch
cisterna chyli
Which element of the fibrous pericardium binds the base of the heart to the mediastinum? reticular fibers collagen fibers skeletal muscle elastic fibers cartilage
collagen fibers
The septa of the testis are formed from a part of (the) ________. mediastinum collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea pampiniform plexus epididymis none of the above
collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea
Splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body converge on the ________ ganglia. collateral sympathetic chain paravertebral lateral pterygopalatine
collateral
Which ganglia target visceral effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity? ciliary pterygopalatine sympathetic chain otic collateral
collateral
Which of the following arteries is the right branch of the celiac trunk? cystic splenic superior mesenteric common hepatic gastroduodenal
common hepatic
The lymphatic system functions to maintain normal blood volume and eliminate local variations in the ________. pH of blood production of urine composition of CSF number of peripheral synapses composition of interstitial fluid
composition of interstitial fluid
The superior end of the right ventricle, which tapers to a smooth-walled pouch and ends at the pulmonary valve is called (the) ________. auricle conus arteriosus aortic sinus ligamentum arteriousum fossa ovalis
conus arteriosus
The grouping of cells surrounding the ovulated oocyte is called the ________. antrum You Answered corpus luteum zona pellucida corona radiata corpus albicans
corona radiata
The liver is suspended from the inferior surface of the diaphragm by the ________. round ligament falciform ligament mesentery proper ligamentum teres coronary ligament
coronary ligament
Which of the following structures is a large, thin-walled vein that lies in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus? posterior veins of left ventricle middle veins of left ventricle aortic sinus great cardiac vein coronary sinus
coronary sinus
Which feature marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? coronary sulcus interatrial groove posterior interventricular sulcus anterior interventricular sulcus atrial appendage
coronary sulcus
The presence of HCG prevents destruction of the ________, which secretes many of the hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy for the first 3 months. corona radiata corpus albicans corpus luteum primary ovarian follicle none of the above
corpus luteum
Externally, the posterior and inferior portions of the left ventricle form the ________. sternocostal surface right border left border diaphragmatic surface superior border
diaphragmatic surface
Which systems share the pharynx? respiratory and cardiovascular endocrine and digestive digestive and lymphatic respiratory and endocrine digestive and respiratory
digestive and respiratory
Which is the last part of the renal tubule? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule glomerulus distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? distributes the forces of contraction provides instructions for cardiac muscle cells to contract maintains the energy reserves in the form of glycogen and lipid inclusions provides full range mobility to the valves of the heart physically connects the atrial muscle cells to the ventricular muscle cells
distributes the forces of contraction
1 pts In fetal circulation, blood may bypass the pulmonary circuit by passing from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta through the short muscular vessel known as the ________. fossa ovale ligamentum arteriosum ductus venosus ductus arteriosus umbilical arteries
ductus arteriosus
The duct of Santorini empties into which structure? stomach duodenum cecum jejunum ileum
duodenum
Which subdivision of the small intestine is connected to the pylorus? jejunum cecum body duodenum ileum
duodenum Duodenum (shortest) -> Jejunum -> Ileum (longest, last)
When is the thymus at its greatest size relative to body size? from puberty to adulthood during the first year or two years after birth during middle age during old age throughout life
during the first year or two years after birth
The hardest biologically manufactured substance in the body is ________. bone cementum dentine pulp enamel
enamel
Which is the deepest and innermost layer of the heart wall? parietal layer of the epicardium endocardium myocardium fibrous pericardium visceral layer of the epicardium
endocardium
The visceral pericardium is also called the ________. endocardium parietal pericardium epicardium myocardium fibrous pericardium
epicardium
The ________ abdominopelvic region is sandwiched between the right and left hypochondriac regions. umbilical epigastric hypogastric lumbar hypochondriac
epigastric
Bronchodilation is caused by sympathetic activation and the release of which neurotransmitter? acetylcholine epinephrine serotonin dopamine nitrous oxide
epinephrine
Surgical cutting of the perineum during delivery is called ________. vasectomy tubal ligation episiotomy vagectomy none of the above
episiotomy
Large quantities of ________ are contained in the red pulp of the spleen. lymphoid nodules platelets lymphocytes erythrocytes NK cells
erythrocytes
The ________ plexus(es) contains descending branches of the vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves leaving the sympathetic chain on either side. inferior mesenteric hypogastric esophageal cardiac celiac
esophageal
Neither the upper nor the lower portion of the ___________ has a well-defined sphincter muscle comparable to those located elsewhere along the digestive tract.
esophagus
Which of the following includes only structures enclosed within the mediastinum? lungs, esophagus, heart heart, trachea, lungs esophagus, trachea, thymus pharynx, thymus, major vessels brain, spinal cord
esophagus, trachea, thymus
The common iliac arteries divide to form a branch that enters the pelvic cavity and a branch called the ________ that proceeds to the lower limb. inferior branch femoral artery inguinal artery external iliac artery sacral artery
external iliac artery
Which of the following is/are a primary respiratory muscle(s) for inhalation? rectus abdominis external oblique muscle internal intercostal muscles transversus thoracis muscle external intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
Which muscle is responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding? internal urethral sphincter detrusor muscle external urethral sphincter pectineus muscle internal obturator muscle
external urethral sphincter
Which of the following is the ventral mesentery on the liver, marking the division between the left and right lobe? mesentery proper round ligament lesser omentum falciform ligament coronary ligament
falciform ligament
The intercalated disc of cardiac muscle cells possess a specialized form of adhering junction termed a(n) ________. desmosome macula adherens gap junction fascia adherens CAM
fascia adherens
The extensive connective tissue network, which encircles the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the valves of the heart, is called the ________ of the heart. fibrous skeleton endocardium intercalated network pericardium pulmonary epicardium
fibrous skeleton
Which of the following are described as the gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes? urachus glomeruli filtration slits convoluted tubules renal papillae
filtration slits
Which of the following are described as the gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes? urachus glomeruli filtration slits convoluted tubules renal papillae
filtration slits urachus glomeruli filtration slits convoluted tubules renal papillae
Regarding respiratory changes at birth, changes in blood flow that occur lead to the closure of the ________, the embryonic interatrial connection. ductus venosus foramen ovale ligamentum arteriosum foramen magnum internal acoustic meatus
foramen ovale
The region of the stomach superior to the gastroesophageal junction is which of the following? cardia pylorus fundus greater curvature body
fundus
Which digestive organ has its mucosa thrown into numerous folds that divide the surface into mucosal crypts? gallbladder pancreas stomach large intestine liver
gallbladder
Which structures are responsible for creating a direct electrical connection between cardiac muscle cells? gap junctions maculae adherens intercalated discs desmosomes fascia adherens
gap junctions
As it proceeds toward the liver, the hepatic portal vein receives blood from which of the following veins? hepatic lumbar gastric suprarenal great saphenous
gastric
Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells dominate which structure? gastric pits serosa rugae villi gastric glands
gastric glands
Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells dominate which structure? gastric pits serosa rugae villi gastric glands
gastric glands
The stomach mucosa contains numerous shallow depressions called ________. gastric cardia gastric pits gastric glands intestinal glands pyloric glands
gastric pits
Adrenocorticotropic hormone specifically targets cells producing hormones called _________________. -mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids
glucocorticoids
Which vessel(s) originates between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries? splenic artery gonadal arteries lumbar arteries descending geniculate artery common hepatic artery
gonadal arteries
Which of the following is the pouch formed by the greatly enlarged dorsal mesentery of the stomach? mesentery proper greater omentum lesser omentum transverse mesocolon sigmoid mesocolon
greater omentum
The suprarenal medulla receives sympathetic fibers from which of the following? sacral splanchnic nerves lumbar splanchnic nerves lesser splanchnic nerve greater splanchnic nerve cranial nerve VII
greater splanchnic nerve
Which of the following is/are described as the series of pouches that are formed by the colon wall? omental appendices haustra plicae circulares taenia coli rugae
haustra
The right colic flexure is also known as which of the following? hepatic flexure transverse colon sigmoid flexure anal canal splenic flexure
hepatic flexure
Which hepatic vessel supplies nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from the small intestine to the liver? hepatic vein hepatic artery proper hepatic portal vein sinusoid central vein
hepatic portal vein
The porta hepatis consists of which of the following? hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct central vein, hepatic vein, common bile duct hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, hepatic vein hepatic artery proper, central vein, common bile duct hepatic portal vein, central vein, hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct
The hepatic portal vein carries blood ________. high in nutrients high in oxygen high in acid from the kidneys to the digestive tract
high in nutrients -oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich blood arrives at the liver from the digestive organs In the hepatic portal system, venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas flows directly to the liver for processing and storage.
Which of the following is the result of the immature kidneys in the neonate? fast heart rate high urinary water loss poor thermoregulation defecation mainly fetal debris fetal blood vessels close
high urinary water loss
The entry point for the renal artery and the exit for the renal vein and ureter is the ________. renal sinus minor calyx collecting duct hilum major calyx
hilum
The splenic artery, splenic vein, and lymphatics that drain the spleen are attached at which structure? medulla trabeculae cortex hilum nodule
hilum
The anterior portion of the nasal septum is formed of ________. fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium spongy bone
hyaline cartilage
The digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs of the pelvic cavity are innervated by which plexus(es)? inferior mesenteric plexus cardiac and pulmonary plexuses celiac and inferior mesenteric plexuses esophageal plexus hypogastric plexus
hypogastric plexus
The longest portion of the small intestine is the ________. duodenum jejunum ileum colon cecum
ileum
The cell population of the white pulp of the spleen ________. occupies primarily the visceral surface of the organ includes lymphocytes releases red blood cells into the lymphatic vessels includes all of the normal components of the circulating blood includes microglia
includes lymphocytes
When the left ventricle contracts, the distance between the base and apex __________, and the diameter of the ventricular chamber __________.
increases, decreases
The first paired branches of the abdominal aorta are the ________. inferior phrenic arteries superior mesenteric arteries gonadal arteries renal arteries common iliac arteries
inferior phrenic arteries
Which structure delivers venous blood from the tissues and organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and from the lower limbs? coronary veins pulmonary trunk superior vena cava fossa ovalis inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
Spermatic cords enter the abdominal cavity through ________. straight tubules ductus deferens the tunica vaginalis inguinal canals none of the above
inguinal canals
Cardiac muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle fibers in that the cardiocytes are uniquely interconnected by (the) ________. sarcoplasmic reticulum Z discs gap junctions intercalated discs T tubules
intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions called ________. sarcolemmae intermuscular fascia soma intercalated discs striations
intercalated discs
Which vessels supply the urinary bladder? celiac trunk vessels suprarenal arteries gonadal arteries sacral arteries internal iliac arteries
internal iliac arteries
Which artery supplies the pericardium? axillary radial brachial vertebral internal thoracic
internal thoracic
The anterior chest wall is supplied by (the) ________. coronary circulation thyrocervical trunk radial artery vertebral artery internal thoracic artery
internal thoracic artery
Structures in the heart that carry electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node are called ________. internodal pathways bundle branches Purkinje fibers chordae tendineae moderator bands
internodal pathways
The cells of the testes that produce testosterone are the ________ cells. nurse sustentacular interstitial Sertoli none of the above
interstitial
The process in which the thymus degenerates with age is called ________. inhibition involution cortication mediation hypertrophy
involution
One of the major differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle ________. is striated has myosin and actin lacks triads needs Ca2+ to contract has a very large sarcoplasmic reticulum
lacks triads
Lipids absorbed in the digestive tract enter ________ in the intestinal wall. capillaries lymph nodes lacteals macrophages microglia
lacteals
Deep to the __________________ of the mucosa of the pharynx lies a dense layer of elastic fibers, which are bound to the underlying skeletal muscles involved in swallowing.
lamina propria
Lacteals are found in which layer of each villus of the small intestine? submucosa lamina propria myenteric plexus adventitia serosa
lamina propria
The areolar connective tissue found immediately beneath the epithelium of the digestive tract is called ________. basement membrane mucosa plica lamina propria adventitia
lamina propria
Which layer of the urethra is thick and elastic? adventitia lamina propria submucosa serosa muscularis externa
lamina propria
Which of the following is a bronchopulmonary segment of the inferior lobe of the right lung? superior lingular inferior lingular posterior apical lateral basal
lateral basal
Preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar division of the ANS are located in the ________ of spinal segments T1-L2. dorsal white columns lateral gray horns dorsal root ganglia ventral roots anterior gray horns
lateral gray horns
The _____________________, which pass along the sides of the bladder and also reach the umbilicus, are fibrous cords that contain the vestiges of the umbilical arteries that supplied blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development. lateral umbilial ligaments medial umbilcial ligaments superior umbilcial ligaments inferior umbilcial ligaments
lateral umbilical ligaments
Blood from the pulmonary veins enter which of the following structures? coronary sinus right ventricle left ventricle right atrium left atrium
left atrium
Pulmonary veins enter which chamber of the heart? right ventricle left atrium left ventricle right atrium pulmonary trunk
left atrium
Which vessel gives rise to a circumflex branch and an anterior interventricular branch? left marginal branch coronary sinus left coronary artery posterior descending artery right coronary artery
left coronary artery
Pain originating from the spleen would most likely be felt in the ________ abdominopelvic quadrant. right upper right lower left upper left lower left inguinal
left upper
The ventral mesentery layer disappears along most of the digestive tract, persisting only on the ventral surface of the stomach as the ________, which is located between the stomach and liver. falciform ligament mesentery colon greater omentum mesocolon lesser omentum
lesser omentum
Kupffer cells are phagocytes found in which structure(s)? gallbladder parotid salivary gland sublingual salivary gland liver pancreas
liver
The left lung is longer than the right lung because the diaphragm rises on the right side to accommodate which structure? liver spleen heart large intestine stomach
liver
The umbilical vein drains into the ductus venosus, which is connected to an intricate network of veins within the developing ________. placenta heart spleen liver lungs
liver
The basic functional unit of the liver is (the) ________. hepatocyte lobule stellate reticuloendothelial cell falciform ligament urinipherous tubule
lobule
The muscular layer farthest from the lumen is (the) ________. circular layer of the muscularis externa longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa muscularis mucosae oblique layer of the muscularis externa adventitia of the muscularis mucosae
longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
The primary function of the pericardial fluid is to provide ________ between the pericardial membranes. friction impulse stimulation pressure perforation lubrication
lubrication
A bony hard palate, formed by the ________ and ________ bones, forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the oral and nasal cavities. zygomatic; mandibular zygomatic; nasal mandibular; palatine maxillary; nasal maxillary; palatine
maxillary; palatine
Which surfaces of both lungs bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart? lateral inferior costal anterior mediastinal
mediastinal
Which structure separates the pleural cavities? diaphragm larynx mediastinum epiglottis intercostal muscles
mediastinum
The respiratory centers are three pairs of loosely organized nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons and (the) ________. cerebellum basal ganglia pineal body medulla oblungata thalamus
medulla oblungata
Which glandular structure(s) secretes norepinephrine? zona reticularis of suprarenal gland adenohypophysis of thyroid gland zona fasciculata of suprarenal gland medulla of suprarenal gland paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
medulla of suprarenal gland
Chromaffin cells which are large, rounded cells of the ______________ of the ___________________ gland, resemble the neurons in sympathetic ganglia and are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
medulla, suprarenal
Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration? filtration slits mesangial cells podocytes fenestrated cells pyramidal cells
mesangial cells
Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration? filtration slits mesangial cells podocytes fenestrated cells pyramidal cells
mesangial cells
Which structure connects the appendix to the ileum and cecum? mesocolon mesentery proper greater omentum mesoappendix lesser omentum
mesoappendix
The ovaries are supported by (the) ________. roof of the pelvic cavity ovarian blood vessels and the ovarian hilum mesovarium uterus none of the above
mesovarium
The zona glomerulosa produces which hormone(s)? norepinephrine cortisol androgens glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
Which of the following associations is correct? mitral valve—atrioventricular pulmonary valve—atrioventricular aortic valve—chordae tendineae tricuspid valve—semilunar valve pulmonary valve—chordae tendineae
mitral valve—atrioventricular
Papillary muscles of the right ventricle receive a signal to contract from (the) ________. left and right bundle branches moderator band AV node Purkinje fibers atrioventricular bundles
moderator band
The inner lining, or ____________, of the digestive tract consists of a layer of loose connective tissue covered by an epithelium moistened by glandular secretions. The submucosal epithelium may be stratified or simple, depending on the location and the stresses involved.
mucosa
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the ________. myenteric plexus mucosa submucosa muscularis mucosa mesocolon
myenteric plexus
The mucosa of the esophagus contains an abrasion-resistant ________. inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers simple, branched tubular glands nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium connective tissue
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is the deepest layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach? oblique layer of smooth muscle longitudinal layer of smooth muscle muscularis mucosae circular layer of smooth muscle adventitia
oblique layer of smooth muscle
The inferior third of the esophageal muscularis externa consists of which tissue? stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelial tissue skeletal muscle and adipose connective tissue an even mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle cells only smooth muscle only skeletal muscle
only smooth muscle
Superior serratus posterior muscle originates on the spinous processes of ___________ and functions in __________
originates on the spinous processes of C7-T3, and functions in elevating the ribs and enlarging the thoracic cavity.
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the) ________. diaphragm overlying peritoneum floating ribs osmotic pressure of the fluid in the ureters suprarenal glands
overlying peritoneum
The ___________________________ arches of the oral cavity extend from the soft palate to the side of the pharynx. Each arch consists of a mucous membrane and the underlying palatopharyngeus muscle and associated tissues
palatopharyngeal
The dorsum of the tongue contains numerous fine projections called which of the following? taste buds papillae lingulae frenulum septa
papillae
Which of the following drains into the minor calyx? papillary duct collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle distal convoluted tubule
papillary duct
The outermost layer of the serous pericardium is termed the ________. parietal pericardium fibrous pericardium visceral pericardium endocardium epicardium
parietal pericardium -The inner- most layer of the serous pericardium is the visceral pericardium (also termed the epicardium), which is attached to the surface of the heart. The outermost layer of the serous pericardium is termed the parietal pericardium,
The ________ lines the body wall within the abdominal cavity. visceral pleura parietal pericardium mesentery proper superficial fascia parietal peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
The ________ lines the body wall within the pelvic cavity. visceral pleura parietal pericardium mesentery proper superficial fascia parietal peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
The largest salivary gland is which of the following? submandibular sublingual parotid pharyngeal palatine
parotid
fauces
passageway between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
Prominent muscular ridges, which extend along the inner surface of the right auricle, across the adjacent anterior wall of the right atrium are called ________. moderator bands pectinate muscles trabeculae carnae papillary muscles chordae tendinae
pectinate muscles
Which features are described as prominent muscular ridges that extend along the inner surface of the right auricle and across the adjacent anterior wall of the right atrium? chordae tendineae foramina ovale papillary muscles pectinate muscles trabeculae carneae
pectinate muscles
The largest anterior trunk muscle is the ________. rectus abdominis external oblique pectoralis major serratus anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
Most of the digestive organs are contained within the ________ cavity, which is named for the membrane that surrounds it. pelvic parietal pleural peritoneal pericardial
peritoneal
The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and ________. trachea lungs pharynx bronchi larynx
pharynx
The ________, a type of serous membrane, covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. peritoneum pleura parenchyma pericardium periosteum
pleura - periosteum= bone -peritoneum = abdominopelvic cavity
Each ______________ actually represents a potential space rather than an open chamber, for the parietal and visceral layers are usually in close contact.
pleural cavity
The lining of the small intestine bears a series of transverse folds called ________, which are a permanent feature of the intestinal lining. taenia coli plicae circulares intestinal villi rugae haustra
plicae circulares
The glomerular epithelium consists of large cells with complex processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. These cells are called ________. podocytes mesangial cells juxtaglomerular cells detrusor cells fenestrated capillary cells
podocytes
The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the ________. ejaculatory duct prepuce corpus cavernosum corpus spongiosum penile urethra
prepuce
The carina is an internal ridge that lies between the entrances to the ________ bronchi. lower primary bronchioles tertiary secondary
primary
In the female, ________ accelerate(s) the movement of the oocyte along the uterine tube and prepare(s) the uterus for the arrival of the developing embryo. relaxin estradiol inhibin progesterone androgens
progesterone
The corpus luteum secretes ________. FSH estrogen progestins LH relaxin
progestins
Mesenteries ________. provide support and stability to the stomach and small intestine allow movement of abdominal structures support and stabilize organs such as the kidneys all of the above none of the above
provide support and stability to the stomach and small intestine
The respiratory epithelium consists of which tissue type? stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple ciliated columnar epithelium pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- has numerous mucous cells
Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface? simple squamous simple cuboidal stratified columnar stratified cuboidal pseudostratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
The external urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder is under the voluntary control of the perineal branch of which nerve? iliohypogastric pudendal ilioinguinal testicular or ovarian urethral
pudendal
Blood leaves the right ventricle through the ________ valve to reach the capillaries supplying the lungs. aortic mitral pulmonary tricuspid bicuspid
pulmonary
Which of the following is a unique feature of the right ventricle? mitral valve papillary muscles aorta pulmonary trunk trabeculae carneae
pulmonary trunk
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the ________. coronary arteries venae cavae pulmonary veins descending aorta pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
Which portion of the stomach is connected to the duodenum? cardia body fundus cardiac orifice pyloric canal
pyloric canal
The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the ________. spermatic cord raphe tunica albuginea acrosome dartos muscle
raphe
Flexion of the spinal column and depression of the ribs are actions accomplished by the ________ group of muscles in the abdominal wall. inferior serratus posterior diaphragm rectus abdominis internal intercostals transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
Which of the following is/are the most anterior structure(s) in a cross-section at the lumbar level (L5)? vertebrae rectus abdominis muscles descending colon psoas thoracis muscles sacroiliac joint
rectus abdominis muscles
Age-related changes in the heart include ________. increased maximum cardiac output reduction in the elasticity of the fibrous skeleton increased size of coronary vessels decreased pressures in the great vessels absence of scar tissue in cardiac muscle
reduction in the elasticity of the fibrous skeleton -(1) a reduction in the maximum cardiac output, (2) a reduction in the elasticity of the fibrous skeleton, (3) progressive atherosclerosis that can restrict coronary circula- tion, and (4) replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue.
The hormone responsible for increasing the flexibility of the pelvis and dilating the cervix during birth is ________. relaxin progestin luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone estrogen
relaxin
Each kidney receives blood from (the) ________. descending aorta renal arteries common iliac arteries internal iliac arteries celiac trunk
renal arteries
Which of the following is a paired branch of the abdominal aorta? celiac artery renal artery superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery median sacral artery
renal artery -three unpaired arteries: (1) the celiac trunk, (2) the superior mesenteric artery, and (3) the inferior mesenteric artery -Five paired arteries: (1) the inferior phrenics, (2) the suprarenals, (3) the renals, (4) the gonadals, and (5) the lumbars
The renal medulla consists of six to eighteen distinct conical or triangular structures, called ________. collecting ducts proximal convoluted tubules renal pyramids distal convoluted tubules minor calices
renal pyramids
The juxtaglomerular apparatus adjusts glomerular filtration rates by secretion of which hormones? vasopressin and erythropoietin oxytocin and vasopressin renin and erythropoietin gastrin and insulin glucagon and renin
renin and erythropoietin
The most important muscles involved in __________ movements are the diaphragm and the external and internal intercostal muscles
respiratory
Which are the thinnest and most delicate branches of the bronchial tree? segmental bronchi lobar bronchi terminal bronchioles primary bronchi respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
In diffuse lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes are loosely aggregated within connective tissues of the ________. central nervous system respiratory or urinary tracts reproductive and urinary systems digestive system peripheral nervous system
respiratory or urinary tracts
The kidneys are located ________. anterior to the colon and pancreas medial to the aorta retroperitoneally at the level between T10 and L1 at the level between C7 and T3
retroperitoneally
The ________ is/are the largest structure(s) visible in a cross section at the level of vertebra T10. right lobe of the liver left lung, inferior lobe cardia of the stomach longissimus thoracis muscles latissimus dorsi muscles
right lobe of the liver
Which lobe of the lungs contain the lateral and medial bronchopulmonary segments? right inferior left inferior left superior right superior right middle
right middle
In the pulmonary circuit, blood enters the pulmonary trunk directly from the ________. left atrium right atrium coronary sinus right ventricle left ventricle
right ventricle
The moderator band is located in the ________. left ventricle right atrium right ventricle left atrium interatrial sulcus
right ventricle
Which structure makes up a large percentage of the sternocostal surface of the heart? right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
The _______ primary bronchus has a larger diameter than the ______, and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle.
right, left
The thickened, cord-like connection of the uterus to the anterior pelvic wall is the ________. round ligament broad ligament suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament cardinal ligament
round ligament
Which structures are also known as lobar bronchi? main bronchus tertiary bronchi segmental bronchi secondary bronchi primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
Which structures divide to form segmental bronchi? carina tertiary bronchi primary bronchi secondary bronchi lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi - segmental means tertiary
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule? reabsorption secretion filtration increased retention of sodium ions production of vasopressin
secretion
The taenia coli of the colon are visible just beneath which layer? lamina propria serosa muscularis externa submucosa mucosa
serosa
_____________ lies deep to the fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium.
What tissue type lines each pancreatic acinus? smooth muscle stratified squamous epithelium simple ciliated columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium hyaline cartilage
simple cuboidal epithelium -think bc of transfer
Which coronary vein receives blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle? small cardiac vein middle cardiac vein coronary sinus anterior cardiac vein posterior vein of left ventricle
small cardiac vein coronary sinus- left atrium and ventricle middle cardiac vein- right ventricle posterior vein of left ventricle- left ventricle
The bundle that contains the pampiniform plexus, testicular artery, ductus deferens, ilioinguinal nerves, and genitofemoral nerves is called the ________. gubernaculum testis epididymis inguinal canal spermatic cord cremaster bundle
spermatic cord and it goes through the inguinal canal
Trabecular arteries radiate toward the capsule of the ________, branching extensively and surrounded by white pulp. spleen thymus MALT nodules tonsils liver
spleen
Which organ or tissue contains equal numbers of B and T cells? bone marrow thymus blood spleen liver
spleen
The ________ vein is formed by the union of the inferior mesenteric vein and veins from the spleen, the lateral border of the stomach, and the pancreas. gastric cystic superior mesenteric pancreatic duodenal splenic
splenic
The ________ vein is formed by the union of the inferior mesenteric vein and veins from the spleen, the lateral border of the stomach, and the pancreas. gastric cystic superior mesenteric pancreatic duodenal splenic
splenic
Which vein drains the pancreas? pancreatic hepatic portal central hepatic splenic
splenic
Which vessel directly supplies the fundus of the stomach? right gastric artery splenic artery gastroepiploic artery common hepatic artery left gastric artery
splenic artery
Which of the following organs drains its blood through the hepatic portal system? kidney stomach suprarenal gland uterus urinary bladder
stomach
Which of the following is an intraperitoneal organ? abdominal aorta stomach ureter pancreas duodenum
stomach -also liver, and ileum
The vagina is lined by ________ (epithelium). transitional simple cuboidal stratified squamous simple ciliated columnar none of the above
stratified squamous
Regarding the histological organization of the digestive tract, the ________ is a layer of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae. muscularis externa submucosa adventitia serosa mucosa
submucosa
The peritoneum covers the _________ surfaces of the urinary bladder; and several peritoneal folds assist in stabilizing its position.
superior
The ________ of the heart includes the bases of the major vessels. right border inferior border left border superior border diaphragmatic surface
superior border
The apicoposterior is a bronchopulmonary segment of which of the following? inferior lobe of left lung inferior lobe of right lung middle lobe of right lung superior lobe of left lung superior lobe of right lung
superior lobe of left lung
The suprarenal arteries originate on either side of the aorta near the base of which artery? inferior mesenteric renal gonadal common iliac superior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
Which of the following projects postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestine and the initial segments of the large intestine? ____________ ganglion otic superior mesenteric ciliary celiac inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
An unpaired artery that branches from the abdominal aorta includes the ________. suprarenal artery superior mesenteric artery phrenic artery gonadal artery lumbar artery
superior mesenteric artery
The intestinal arteries and branches of which vessel supply blood to the small intestine? left gastric artery splenic artery inferior mesenteric artery gastroduodenal artery superior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
The parietal branches of the thoracic aorta include the ________ arteries. bronchial intercostal mediastinal pericardial superior phrenic and intercostal
superior phrenic and intercostal
Which vessel(s) supplies the superior surface of the muscular diaphragm? superior phrenic arteries bronchial arteries intercostal arteries superior mesenteric artery inferior abdominal aorta
superior phrenic arteries
The __________________, or adrenal gland, is firmly attached to the superior border of each kidney by a dense, fibrous capsule; and can be divided structurally and functionally into a superficial cortex and an inner medulla.
suprarenal gland
The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure? hypothalamus thyroid gland suprarenal medulla parathyroid gland suprarenal cortex
suprarenal medulla
In which of the following structures do preganglionic fibers synapse on modified neurons that perform an endocrine function? suprarenal cortex collateral ganglia suprarenal medullae sympathetic chain ganglia otic ganglia
suprarenal medullae
The lateral surface of the ovary is connected to the pelvic wall by (the) ________. mesovarium mesentery cardinal ligament suspensory ligament none of the above
suspensory ligament
Because cardiac muscles are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another, cardiac muscle tissue functions like a single enormous muscle cell. For this reason, it is called a functional ________. sulcus inclusion syncytium intercalation triad
syncytium
Blood that occurs to and from all of the tissues of the body, with the exception of the lungs, is transported in the ________. infundibular circuit pulmonary circuit systemic circuit hepatic portal circuit arterial circle of Willis
systemic circuit
The muscularis externa of the large intestine differs from that of other intestinal regions because the longitudinal layer has been reduced to the muscular bands of the ________.
taenia coli
The muscularis externa of the large intestine differs from that of other intestinal regions because the longitudinal layer has been reduced to the muscular bands of the ________. omental appendices haustra rugae taenia coli plica circulares
taenia coli
Which structure in a spermatozoon contains the only structure of its kind found in the human body? head acrosome tail middle piece none of the above
tail
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by ________. the inferior border of the rib cage a sheet of connective tissue the diaphragm the liver none of the above
the diaphragm
Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure? the left atrium the left ventricle the right atrium the right ventricle Both ventricles create greater pressures equally and simultaneously than do the atria.
the left ventricle- need to pump the blood out
The diaphragm muscle is innervated by ________. cranial nerve X the phrenic nerves the intercostal nerves the subcostal nerves the thoracic nerves
the phrenic nerves
sternocostal surface consists primarily of _________ atrium and _______ ventricle
the right atrium and right ventricle
The ________ collects lymph from both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm. right lymphatic duct thoracic duct spleen thymus cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
The azygous and hemiazygous veins are the chief collecting veins of the ________. head and neck pelvis upper limbs lower limbs thorax
thorax
The medulla of the thymus contains ________. thymic corpuscles B cells macrophages granulocytes lymphoid stem cells
thymic corpuscles
Lymphopoiesis is the production of lymphocytes and it occurs in both the bone marrow and the ________. spleen liver thymus lymph nodes thyroid
thymus
The largest laryngeal cartilage is the ________ cartilage, commonly called the Adam's apple. thyroid arytenoid cricoid corniculate cuneiform
thyroid
The ________ are a series of irregular muscular folds formed on the internal surface of the ventricles. trabeculae carneae papillary muscles chordae tendineae moderator bands pectinate muscles
trabeculae carneae
Which of the following cartilages is C-shaped? cricoid thyroid tracheal corniculate arytenoid
tracheal
Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis and ureters? cuboidal columnar transitional squamous glandular
transitional
At the right colic flexure, the ________ curves anteriorly and crosses the abdomen from right to left. descending colon cecum transverse colon sigmoid colon ascending colon
transverse colon
Ribs 1-10 articulate with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and facets on (the) ________. spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae xiphoid process of the sternum none of the above
transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
The deepest lateral layer of the abdominal muscles is the ________. transversus abdominis rectus abdominis internal oblique external oblique psoas major
transversus abdominis
Oxygen-poor blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the ________ valve. bicuspid aortic mitral tricuspid pulmonary
tricuspid- also known as AV valve
Choose the correct combination matching the type of rib to its associated number of ribs. true ribs; 6 false ribs; 4 true ribs; 4 floating ribs; 4 true ribs; 10
true ribs; 6 -true ribs are ribs 1-7 or vertebrosternal -False ribs are 8-10 or vertebrochondral The last two pairs are floating ribs because they have no connection with the sternum. (11-12)
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur due to sympathetic activation of which vessel layer? endothelium tunica interna tunica media tunica externa adventitia
tunica media
The outer covering of the testis and inner lining of the scrotum is the ________. tunica albuginea perineal raphe tunica vaginalis scrotal mediastinum none of the above
tunica vaginalis
The capsule that covers the thymus divides it into ________. two thymic lobes many lobules several unstructured nodules several reservoirs for storage of hormones lacteals
two thymic lobes
The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the ________. vagina urinary bladder uterus ovary mammary glands
urinary bladder
The epithelium of the ________ has both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar cells. vagina uterine tube ovary cervix none of the above
uterine tube
Blood exits the nephron via ________. efferent arteriole renal artery afferent arteriole various venules lobar artery
various venules
Ribs 8-10 are called ________ ribs. floating vertebrosternal true vertebrochondral tubercle
vertebrochondral (false)
The serous membrane that lines the outer surface of a lung is called the ________. visceral peritoneum parietal pericardium visceral pleura parietal mesentery none of the above
visceral pleura
The ________ of the spleen contain(s) indentations that follow the shapes of the stomach and kidneys. hilum visceral surface medulla trabeculae diaphragmatic surface
visceral surface
The enteric nervous system division of the ANS has neurons located in (the) ________. lymphatic vessels skeletal muscle walls of the digestive tract reticular layer of the dermis heart wall
walls of the digestive tract
Which of the following splenic structures forms lymphoid nodules? red pulp trabeculae white pulp medulla cortex
white pulp
The most inferior portion of the sternum to which the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles attach is called the ________. manubrium body xiphoid process sternal angle sternal groove
xiphoid process
The ________ of the suprarenal gland represents about 78 percent of the cortical volume in the kidney. zona fasciculata chromaffin cells zona reticularia capsule zone glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
