Training and Development Ch. 4 Cragun
The mental or physical rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge is called
Practice
The process of coordinating activities before, during, and after a training program is known as
Training administration
Match the forms of instructional interactions with their descriptions.
Learner-content interaction: Is required when a task is completed alone. Learner-learner interaction: Is required when a task needs to be completed in a group. Learner-instructor interaction: Is best when a task needs in-depth exploration, critical analysis, and thinking.
Which of the following theories suggests that transfer of training is easy when the training environment and the job environment are similar?
The theory of identical elements
Trainees' ability to apply general principles learned in training to the work situation even though the work situation is not identical to that of the training session is known as
Far transfer
Which of the following provides information about how well trainees are fulfilling the objectives of the training?
Feedback
__________ is a technique that helps reduce memory demands by making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or action.
Automatization
Match the types of skills emphasized by a training with their descriptions.
Closed skills: Objectives of a training that focus on specific skills that are identical to the skills required on the job. Open skills: Objectives of a training that focus on general learning principles.
Which of the following activities are involved in training administration?
Enrolling employees in courses and programs. Informing employees about courses and programs. Making communications between trainer and trainees easy during and after training, Preparing pre-training materials.
__________ ___________ training is the process of providing trainees opportunities to commit errors during training.
Error management
Match the factors that determine an individual's behavior as suggested by expectancy theory with their definitions.
Expectancy: It is the belief that a better behavior will lead to a better performance. Instrumentality: It is the faith that a particular behavior will lead to a particular outcome. Valence: It is the significance of a particular outcome for an individual.
In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, the process of removing positive or negative reinforcers to do away with a behavior is known as
Extinction
______________ occur when employees continue applying previously learned, less effective capabilities rather than using the newly acquired capabilities in a training program.
Lapses
Identify the needs emphasized by David McClelland's need theory.
Need for achievement Need for power Need for affiliation
Which of the following is included in internal conditions that are necessary for learning outcomes?
Storage of information in memory
Identify an accurate statement about the objectives of training programs that facilitate learning among employees.
They help identify the types of training outcomes that are measured to determine the effectiveness of a program.
In a training environment, employees are most likely to learn when the ________ _________, the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs, is similar to the work environment.
Training context
TRUE OR FALSE: It is advisable to incorporate either whole or part practice in a training session.
False
Arrange the components involved in information processing in ascending order.
1. A stimulus or message is received from the environment. 2. The message is registered in the senses. 3. The message is stored in short-term memory. 4. The message is coded for storage in long-term memory. 5. The learners response is organized by the response generator that tells the effectors what to do. 6. Feedback is received from the environment.
Arrange the steps involved in the process of self-management in the order they should be followed.
1. Ascertaining the degree of positive and negative reactions for implementing the newly learned capabilities. 2. Determining goals and implementing newly acquired capabilities. 3. Implementing newly acquired capabilities on the job. 4. Observing the application of acquired capabilities on the job. 5. Pursuing self-reinforcement.
Arrange the processes involved in learning as suggested by social learning theory in ascending order.
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Motivational processes
Arrange the stages involved in the learning cycle in ascending order.
1. Concrete experience 2. Reflective observation 3. Abstract conceptualization 4. Active experimentation
The theory of adult learning is known as
Androgyny
Groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work done are known as
Communities of practice
Match the learning processes with their descriptions.
Expectancy: The mental state that a learner brings to the instructional process. Perception: The ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon. Working storage: The process that allows material to be coded for memory through rehearsal and repetition of information. Retrieval: The process of identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance. Generalizing: The ability to apply learning in similar but not identical situations. Gratifying: The feedback that a learner receives as a result of using learning content.
TRUE OR FALSE: Managers should avoid using learning benefits to reinforce employee behavior.
False
The theory that suggests that individuals' conscious objectives and intentions lead to a desired behavior is ________ theory.
Goal setting
Which of the following theories is relevant to ensure the occurrence of near transfer of training?
Identical elements theory
Social learning theory holds that
Individuals learn by observing the behavior of their role models.
Identify the learning theory that is the basis for the cognitive theory of transfer.
Information processing theory
_________ refers to the manipulation of the environment by a trainer to facilitate learning among trainees.
Instruction
Match the learning outcomes of a training session with their descriptions.
Intellectual skills: Include concepts and rules that are used to solve problems, create products, and serve customers. Motor skills: Include coordination of physical movements. Attitudes: Include beliefs and feelings that cause an individual to behave in a particular manner. Cognitive strategies: Determine the processes of learning.
Identify an accurate statement about practice that contributes to trainees' learning.
It requires employees to demonstrate the learned capability based on training objectives.
Match the types of goal orientation among individuals with their descriptions.
Learning orientation: Motivates individuals to improve their ability or competence in a task. Performance orientation: Motivates individuals to concentrate on the execution of a task.
Match the components of effective learning with their definitions.
Learning: A relatively lasting change in human capabilities that are independent of growth processes. Transfer of learning/training: An effective and continuous application of knowledge gained in a training by trainees to their jobs.
Which of the following are included in task characteristics that along with the frequency of practice influence learning?
Mental requirements Physical requirements Overall task complexity
Match the factors that promote learning in training with their definitions.
Metacognition: Individual control over one's thought process. Self-regulation: The learner's involvement with the training material and checking their progress toward learning.
Match the learning strategies that influence how training content is coded with their descriptions.
Rehearsal: It emphasizes memorization. Organizing: It focuses on finding similarities and themes in the training content. Elaboration: It expects trainees to associate their knowledge, skills, or behaviors with the training material.
