Treatment of Disorders
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive distortion according to Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy model of treatment?
"If I don't get all As in college, then my degree will be worth nothing."
During therapy sessions, Gerry's therapist often rephrases things that Gerry has said or asks for clarification. This action is consistent with what aspect of client-centered therapy?
Active listening
Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him.
Amygdala
Which of the following examples best represents a behavioral approach to treatment?
Annaleise's psychologist has her identify a fear hierarchy of spider-related experiences to work through systematically as she practices relaxation techniques.
Dr. Xi conducted an experiment on the effectiveness of an antidepressant medication. Given her research design, if she finds that the drug is effective, which of the following will she be able to conclude?
Antidepressants decrease the severity of depression, and the experiment demonstrates cause-and-effect because she used random assignment.
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: You are entering a large building. You are pressing a button for an elevator. You are stepping into an elevator. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. Which of the following categories would most likely represent the diagnosis associated with this set of behaviors?
Anxiety disorder
Which of the following is a type of therapy for alcoholism that involves the administration of a drug that will induce nausea after a person consumes alcohol?
Aversion
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: You are entering a large building. You are pressing a button for an elevator. You are stepping into an elevator. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. Which type of therapy is most closely associated with the technique used in this method?
Behavioral
Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen?
Behavioral
Token economies are based on which theoretical perspective?
Behavioral
Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder?
Behavioral
While working with individuals who have a spider phobia, Dr. Nielsen wants to determine whether exposing them to spiders will reduce their fears. Dr. Nielsen asks one participant to watch a ten-minute video about spiders and report the anxiety they experienced on a ten-point scale (1 equals "not at all anxious," and 10 equals "extremely anxious") every two minutes. The data Dr. Nielsen obtained from the participant are presented in the graph.
Behavioral
Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous. Which of the following psychotherapeutic approaches is being used?
Behavioral therapy
Dr. Mummer believes that his patient experiences nervousness and aggression because of a problem with the amygdala and prescribes a treatment that targets how the amygdala functions. Dr. Mummer's treatment is most in line with which of the following psychological perspectives?
Biological
A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality?
Biomedical
Chris has always been rebellious and self-centered. His high school English teacher has always accepted and respected him and has never criticized or acted judgmentally toward Chris's behaviors. The attitude that Chris's teacher is showing him supports the therapeutic approach of which of the following individuals?
Carl Rogers
A clinical psychologist believes that Caroline's problems stem from the lack of consistency between her self-concept and reality. According to the psychologist, this discrepancy makes Caroline feel anxious and threatened. Caroline's psychologist most likely adheres to which of the following orientations?
Client-centered
How would a clinical psychology researcher know whether client-centered therapy is effective in treating anxiety?
Clients randomly assigned to be spoken to with unconditional positive regard have lower cortisol levels than those in a control group.
Dr. Ofori is helping a client who reports feeling overly stressed due to a heavy workload. Dr. Ofori believes an important first step is to help reframe the situation so that the client will see the workload as a challenge to be overcome rather than as an obstacle. This is most consistent with which treatment orientation?
Cognitive
In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using?
Cognitive
Phil's therapist believes that Phil's negative thoughts of personal incompetence and an inability to achieve his goals are the cause of Phil's depression. The therapist is most likely a proponent of which of the following perspectives?
Cognitive
The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to help clients
Correct self-defeating thoughts about their lives
Dr. Antonio conducted a study on a patient who was experiencing extreme depression and was suicidal. Dr. Antonio recorded the patient's thoughts and actions in an attempt to determine what thoughts most likely led to the suicidal ideation. What type of study is Dr. Antonio conducting, and what conclusion can he make?
Dr. Antonio is conducting a case study, and he can conclude that for this patient certain thoughts are related to suicidal ideation.
Which of the following has been most effective in the treatment of schizophrenia?
Drug therapy that blocks neurotransmitter sites
Which of the following treatments assumes a biological cause for a disorder?
Electroconvulsive therapy
Client-centered therapists try to appreciate how the world appears from the client's point of view. This is an example of which of the following concepts?
Empathy
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a behavioral approach to therapy?
Finn has been acting out at school, so his therapist employs a token economy to reward Finn when he behaves well.
Dr. Whitlock is conducting an experimental study on the effectiveness of antipsychotic medication. Which of the following will most likely be her dependent variable?
Frequency of auditory hallucinations, because this is the variable she is measuring.
Which therapist best illustrates the humanistic orientation to therapy?
Gil's therapist, who engages in active listening during their sessions
Self-help and support groups are an outgrowth of which therapeutic perspective?
Humanistic
The precipitous decline of the inpatient populations of state and county mental hospitals since the 1950's can be attributed to which of the following? I. Declining incidence of severe mental illness II. A policy of deinstitutionalization III. New drug therapies
II and III only
When community psychologists refer to primary prevention, they are describing which of the following goals?
Keeping disorders from developing
Linda is experiencing alternating periods of intense mania and severe depression. A psychiatrist would most likely prescribe which of the following for Linda?
Lithium
Carmen's psychiatrist has prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to help Carmen feel better. Carmen has most likely been diagnosed with what disorder?
Major depressive
Research on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown that it is most effective for treating which of the following disorders?
Major depressive
Which of the following is a type of medication that has been linked to the side effect of tardive dyskinesia?
Neuroleptics
There is a negative correlation between length of time exposed to spiders and anxiety ratings.
Oxytocin
The phenomenon of transference is a recognized component of which of the following therapeutic treatments?
Psychoanalysis
Using psychological techniques such as free association to explore a client's early relationships is characteristic of what type of treatment?
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following approaches to treating psychological disorders includes free association, dream analysis, interpretation, resistance, and transference?
Psychoanalytic
Which type of therapy uses free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference?
Psychodynamic
A therapist who emphasizes helping clients to identify and change irrational beliefs that underlie feelings of anxiety is using which therapeutic technique?
Rational-emotive behavior therapy
Behavior therapists emphasize which of the following in their treatment of clients?
Responses that have been reinforced in the past
If a patient is diagnosed with depression, a cognitive psychologist would likely emphasize which of the following in the patient's course of treatment?
Restructuring the patient's maladaptive and self-defeating thought processes
José's doctor has prescribed antipsychotic medication for him. José is most likely to be diagnosed as having which of the following disorders?
Schizophrenia
Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which of the following?
Specific phobia
Systematic desensitization is most likely to be used in the treatment of which of the following?
Specific phobia disorder
Which of the following scenarios is an example of a therapist using rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Stanley thinks he is never going to get a job, so his therapist says that would be the worst thing that could ever happen to Stanley.
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: You are entering a large building. You are pressing a button for an elevator. You are stepping into an elevator. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. What type of treatment technique is described above?
Systematic desensitization
Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him.
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following behavior-therapy techniques is typically used to reduce fear of heights?
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following treatments would be most effective for someone who experiences a rapid heartbeat, light-headedness, and nausea when speaking in public?
Systematic desensitization
Leonard's therapist suggests that Leonard's anxiety may be the result of an unconscious fear of his father's disapproval. What might a critic say about the therapist's suggestion in terms of treating Leonard's anxiety?
The psychodynamic approach is difficult to support because unconscious drives are untestable.
While working with individuals who have a spider phobia, Dr. Nielsen wants to determine whether exposing them to spiders will reduce their fears. Dr. Nielsen asks one participant to watch a ten-minute video about spiders and report the anxiety they experienced on a ten-point scale (1 equals "not at all anxious," and 10 equals "extremely anxious") every two minutes. The data Dr. Nielsen obtained from the participant are presented in the graph.
There is a negative correlation between length of time exposed to spiders and anxiety ratings.
Dr. Obetz is conducting an experimental study on the effectiveness of antianxiety medication. Which of the following will most likely be her independent variable?
Type of medication, because she will randomly divide participants into groups and give the groups different types of medication.
Gloria is a therapist who believes in humanistic psychology and uses the principles of Carl Rogers. When a client comes to see Gloria with personal issues, which of the following techniques is Gloria most likely to use?
Unconditional positive regard
Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from which of the following?
Unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
Which of the following illustrates an application of behavioral principles in the treatment of an anxiety disorder?
Using systematic desensitization to treat a specific phobia
Which of the following scenarios best describes the psychodynamic approach to treatment of psychological disorders?
With the help of a therapist, Carla deals with her persistent anxiety by discussing the relationship she had with her parents.
Rochelle is anxious because she believes that nearly everyone must approve of everything she does. Which of the following is a cognitive therapist most likely to do to help Rochelle overcome her anxiety?
Work on changing the way she interprets her circumstances
A client whose improvement during therapy is the result of his or her expectation of improvement rather than the result of the therapy itself is showing
a placebo effect
According to Carl Rogers, the role of the therapist in person-centered psychotherapy is to
accept the client unconditionally so that the client's own desire for mental health and positive growth will flourish
Albert Ellis' view of psychological problems was that they
are due to irrational thinking
Shock is sometimes used when treating clients with a drug addiction. First, clients receive electric shocks while imagining and describing behaviors leading up to drug use. Then they visualize a drug-free condition, which is paired with the removal of the shock. The treatment technique being used is most likely
aversion therapy
Thomas gained a lot of weight because he was eating too many sweets. A psychologist suggested to Thomas that he pair the pleasant taste of sweets with the taste of something he finds unpleasant. So, Thomas put broccoli, which he hates, in his ice cream, cake, and pie. He now feels nauseated at the sight of dessert and avoids eating it. This technique is known as
aversion therapy
Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of
bipolar disorder
Lithium carbonate is used to treat
bipolar disorder
Fluoxetine (Prozac® ) has been shown to reduce depression primarily by
blocking reuptake and increasing the level of serotonin in the synapses
Behaviorally oriented therapists seek to modify a client's behavior by
changing the contingencies of reinforcement for the client
Electroconvulsive therapy has been most successful in the treatment of
clinical depression
In rational-emotive therapy, the therapist helps clients by
confronting clients with their faulty logic
The release of those with mental disorders from mental hospitals for the purpose of treating them in their home communities is called
deinstitutionalization
Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they
design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur
Liza exhibits characteristics of schizophrenia. The medication most likely to be prescribed for her symptoms most directly affects the receptor sites for
dopamine
An advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that group therapy
enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique
A primary goal of humanistic therapy is to have clients
establish greater congruence between their actual and ideal selves
Aaron T. Beck would most likely
focus on a client's catastrophic thinking patterns
The role of the therapist in cognitive therapy is to
identify the client's irrational beliefs and provide alternative ways of believing
Bipolar disorders are most effectively treated with a combination of tricyclic antidepressants and
lithium carbonate
After consulting psychological and medical therapists, Murray participated in a program of cognitive-behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Murray is most likely being treated for
major depressive disorder
The cognitive theory of depression states that depression results from
maladaptive interpretations of life events
A therapist using systematic desensitization to help a client overcome a fear of big dogs would probably begin treatment by asking the client to
master a set of relaxation techniques
A goal of cognitive therapists is to help their clients
modify the irrational interpretations of their experiences
In psychoanalysis, transference refers to the
patient's projection onto the therapist of feelings associated with significant figures in the patient's past
A therapist who invites clients to clarify their verbal and nonverbal expressions, reflects clients' feelings, and paraphrases clients is using
person-centered therapy
Tardive dyskinesia is caused by a medication most often used to treat
schizophrenia
Intense artificial light is most successfully used as therapy for
seasonal affective disorder
Light exposure therapy is most effective in treating
seasonal affective disorder
Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him.
start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake
According to rational-emotive behavior therapists, the source of much unhappiness is the individual's
system of inappropriate beliefs
Amelia unconsciously began to regard her therapist in the same way that she regarded her mother. This process is known as
transference
During a therapy session, a client acts very angry toward the therapist, just as she acts toward her mother. A psychoanalytically oriented therapist would say the client's behavior is an example of
transference
According to psychoanalytic theory, the bases for the development of mental disorders are
unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety
