U8 L1: The Republic of Rome

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)

- Brilliant military general, writer, and orator - served as a consul (executive branch) - captured vast new lands for Rome - was assassinated by his political rivals

The End of the Republic

- Caesar marched on Rome • supported by his army and the plebeians ○ became threat to senate • action led to civil war - named dictator for life • people feared monarchy - assassinated • dozens of senators took part - civil war erupted • Caesar Augustus became emperor ○ end of roman republic

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)

- brilliant military general, writer, and public speaker - elected consul in 59 BCE - expanded the Roman Empire into Gaul - started a civil war and became a dictator of rome - assassinated by his rivals

From Republic to Empire

- government of Roman Republic inspired features of the US government - julius Caesar marched on Rome and ended the republic - roman empire expanded across the mediterranean Region and lasted for 500 years - pax Romana was the golden age of the roman civilization (27 BCE-180 CE)

As he lays dying on the floor of the senate in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, Caesar says these words. "Et tu, Brute?" [And you, Brutus?] -Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene I, 1599 What is the most likely reason that Shakespeare has Caesar say these words? A) Brutus was Caesar's friend but has betrayed him. B) Brutus tries to save Caesar from the assassination attempt. C) Caesar wants Brutus to succeed him as the ruler of Rome. D) Caesar has expected Brutus to kill him as a result of the omens he has received.

A) Brutus was Caesar's friend but has betrayed him.

The Story of the city's origins was based on: A) a foundation myth B) historical documents C) ancient artifacts

A) a foundation myth

The Founding of Rome

According to its foudnation myth, Rome was founded by twin brotehrs Romulus and Remus Rome's position on a peninsula protected it from invasion its central location also allowed it to become a center for trade

Ancient Romans believed their city had been founded by: A) a military general B) the twins Romulus and Remus C) the gods Mars and Jupiter

B) the twins ROmulus and Remus

According to the reading, in what year did Julius Caesar start a civil war in Rome? A) 60 BCE B) 58 BCE C) 49 BCE D) 46 BCE

C) 49 BCE

Why did the senators decide to assassinate Julius Caesar? A) They wanted more power for themselves. B) They wanted to replace him with Marcus Brutus. C) They were worried he had grown too powerful. D) He refused to bring Cimber's brother back from exile.

C) They were worried he had grown too powerful.

Rome's geographic advantages included its location on the: A) Adriatic Sea B) Nile River C) Tiber River

C) Tiber River

Under the mass of wounds, he fell at the foot of Pompey's statue. Everyone wanted to seem to have had some part in the murder, and there was not one of them who failed to strike his body as it lay there, until, wounded thirty-five times, he breathed his last. Under the mass of wounds, he fell at the foot of Pompey's statue. Everyone wanted to seem to have had some part in the murder, and there was not one of them who failed to strike his body as it lay there, until, wounded thirty-five times, he breathed his last. Background information: Nicolaus of Damascus wrote this account of the murder of Caesar a few years after the event. Although he did not directly witness the event, he did have the opportunity to interview many of the people who were there. Is this a reliable source for a historian to use when writing about Caesar's death? A) No, because Nicolaus was not an eyewitness to the assassination. B) No, because this account was written long after Caesar's death. C) Yes, because Nicolaus interviewed many of the people there. D) Yes, because this account was written in the same year as Caesar's death.

C) Yes, because Nicolaus interviewed many of the people there.

But Brutus, one of the conspirators who was then thought of as a firm friend, came up and said, "What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out, although it has honoured you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me, cast aside the forebodings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early this morning." Why does Brutus make this argument to Caesar? A) Brutus hopes to get Caesar to the senate so he will respond to Calpurnia's petition. B) Brutus believes that Calpurnia is preventing Caesar from ruling effectively. C) Brutus hopes to get Caesar to the senate so he will respond to Cimber's petition. D) Brutus is one of the leaders of the assassination.

D) Brutus is one of the leaders of the assassination.

According to the reading, to which position was Julius Caesar elected in 59 BCE? A) senator B) dictator C) emperor D) consul

D) consul

Which feature of the Roman government is also found in the US government? A) election of all government officials B) limited terms for all government officials C) class limitations to certain branches of government D) separation of powers among different branches of government

D) separation of powers among different branches of government

Rome's Three-Branch Government

Executive Branch: - Two consuls • patricians (-367 BCE) • military leaders Legislative Branch: - Senate: patricians - assemblies: plebeians • some will serve for life, soldiers Judicial Branch: - eight praetors • one year term

Which of these factors contributed to the development of Roman civilization? Select all that apply: I. Rome's geography protected the city from invaders II. Rome's central location made it a center for trade throughout the Mediterranean. III. Rome's lack of natural resources encouraged expansion. IV. Rome's distance from Greece protected its culture from Greek influence.

I and II

"Et tu, Brute?" [And you, Brutus?] Is this quotation a reliable source for historians to use if they are writing about the death of Julius Caesar? Explain your answer in 2-3 sentences.

No, this is not an accurate source. Shakespeare lived long after Caesar and could not have witnessed the event or talked to anyone who was present.

Comparing and Contrasting Roman Social Classes

Patricians: - Roman Citizens - wealthy nobles - elected members to the senate Plebeians: - roman citizens - merchants, farmers, artisans, and laborers - elected chosen representatives, called tribunes patricians had most power. Plebeians protested and demanded a code of laws that later was known as the Twelve Tables

Decide whether each statement describes the patrician class or the plebeian class: - demanded the twelve tables - included the wealthiest citizens - had little wealth - elected tribunes to represent them - included merchants and laborers - came from noble families - controlled the senate

Patricians: - included the wealthiest citizens - came from noble families - controlled the senate Plebeians: - demanded the twelve tables - had little wealth - elected tribunes to represent them - included merchants and laborers

Achievements of the Pax Romana

Roman Empire experienced many important advancements during this time - civil service system established • government more efficient - coins minted to make trade easier - great advancements occurred in the areas of technology, art, and literature

The Twelve Tables

Romans created a written code of laws - engraved on bronze tablets and posted in public areas - allowed citizens to understand their rights and duties

The Roman Republic

Rome became a republic in 509 BCE - republic: government run by representatives of that country's citizens - idea originated in the civilization of ancient greece Picture: - SPQR: The Senate and The Roman People

Expansion of Rome

Rome expanded its territory, beginning about 300 BCE: - defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars to take control of the Mediterranean

Effects of Roman Expansion

Rome expands - Economic problems increase • rich vs poor - Generals become more influential • soldiers are loyal to their leaders • armies are used for personal gain

Wrap-Up

Rome is considered a classical civilization it has greatly influenced Western civilization and culture in the areas of - language - government - art and architecture - philosophy

Geographical Advantages

Rome was protected by its geography: - located on a peninsula - surrounded by hills and mountains - located on the Tiber River Location helped influence trade, allowed connection to fresh water source, plenty of farmland around the city. Made Rome the prime place during the Roman empire

Prompt Compare and contrast the characteristics of the Roman Republic with the present government of the United States.

Rome's executive branch involves two consuls while the US has the president. Rome's legislative branch involves the senate which is made up of the patricians, and the assemblies which is made up of the plebeians. Rome's judicial Branch has eight praetors while the US's supreme court is made up of nine justices. Rome's legal code is the Twelve Tables while the US has the US Constitution.

Romulus and Remus

Rome's foundation myth tells the story of twin brothers, Romulus and Remus - their father war Mars, the god of war, but they were raised by a wolf - they grew up to be warriors who built Rome

Center of Trade

Rome's geography was important for trade and the spread of ideas: - location on Tiber River provided access to the sea - area had good farmland and abundant natural resources - proximity to greece made rome heavily influence by greek culture

Which factor helped Rome change from a republic to an empire? [] Its geography made Rome vulnerable to invasion. [] Augustus was proclaimed emperor following a civil war. [] Julius Caesar created a dictatorship. [] The people transformed Rome from a republic to a representative democracy.

[] Its geography made Rome vulnerable to invasion. [x] Augustus was proclaimed emperor following a civil war. [x] Julius Caesar created a dictatorship. [] The people transformed Rome from a republic to a representative democracy.

Though he only ruled from 46 BCE to 44 BCE, what did Caesar accomplish? Select all that apply. [] replaced the republic with an empire [] conquered Spain and expanded the empire [] reformed the Roman calendar [] ended 100 years of civil war [] moved veterans to new cities [] granted citizenship to more foreigners

[x] replaced the republic with an empire [] conquered Spain and expanded the empire [x] reformed the Roman calendar [] ended 100 years of civil war [x] moved veterans to new cities [x] granted citizenship to more foreigners

orator

a gifted speaker

republic

a government run by representatives of that country's citizens

peninsula

a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

The Roman Empire

empire: group of regions or countries that are all inclusive in one territory

The Roman Empire (27 BCE-476 CE)

reign of Augustus marks the beginning of the Roman Empire - his rule began the period known as Pax Romana • golden age; 27 BCE-180 CE

foundation myth

society's folk tale about how it originated

Pax Romana

the long period of peace experienced under the rule of the Roman Empire