UHS APUSH Unit 1 Terms

Dominion of New England

James II and Charles II wanted to bring the colonies in the New World under royal control; British combined Mass., RI, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into one province; this province was ruled by Governor Andros; this lasted from 1686-1692.

Serpent of wealth

Otherwise known as the "serpent of prosperity." This was when merchants entered the community. One of the things they made were ships. Might need to add more information...

"Diesm"

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

Nathaniel Bacon

Farmer in the back country, his resentment of Gov. Berkeley and his refusal to allow him and farmers to fight nearby Indians and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion led by him on a rampage against Indians and colonial government. He went into Jamestown, leading his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town. Bacon's Rebellion happened in 1676.

James Oglethorp

Founded Georgia as a place for poor people of England to settle; some thought his leadership style bordered on dictatorship; banned slavery; Georgia eventually became one of 13 colonies

First Continental Congress

gathering of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies in; discussed action to be carried out in response to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, adopted a Declaration of American Rights, urged MA to arm for defense, adopted the Continental Association to boycott British goods

Pilgrims

immigrants, specifically those who rode to America on the Mayflower. 1620

covenant of works

(in Calvinist theology) the agreement between God and humanity that was broken by Adam's sin at the Fall. Right definition?

William Bradford

1590-1657. a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. He was the second signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact. first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving!

"triangular trade"

1600-1800; Pick up slaves in Africa--> drop them off at Barbados and load up on sugar--> make rum out of sugar and trade rum for slaves

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation"

Quebec Act

1774 Organize the Canadian's lands gained from France; Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly; extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River; Americans viewed it as attack on American colonies, b/c it took land from them; feared would try to steal American gov't; resented recognition given to Catholicism.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France . France gave up territories in mainland North America. Ended any foreign military threat to the colonies there.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

Visible Saints

A religious belief developed by John Calvin held that a certain number of people were predestined to go to heaven by God. This belief in the elect figured a major part in the doctrine of the Puritans who settled in New England during the 1600's. Puritans only let those become members of the church if they could outwardly show that they had an encounter with God.

Enlightenment

Also known as the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe and America in the eighteenth century. Followers championed the principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought - religious, political, social, and economic. Their skepticism toward beliefs that could not be proved by science or clear logic naturally led to Deism.

"actual representation"

Americans thought thought that they should be able to elect their representative which came to be known as the theory of actual representation.

Sugar Act

British law enacted in 1764 that put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies; this law effected the manufacture of rum in New England

London Company- Virginia Company

An English joint stock company established in 1606, purpose was to establish colonial settlements in North America. The Company charter granted land to its two branches—the London branch was to settle a colony near the Chesapeake Bay, while the Plymouth branch was granted land in the New England area. The Company paid all the costs of establishing each colony, and in return controlled all land and resources there, requiring all settlers to work for the Company.

Stamp Act Congress

Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765. The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone of a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. The meeting marked a new level of colonial political organization.

Antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson preached this. she believed that you could be faithful and still go to heaven without having to follow the convential rules. She was kicked out of the church for believing this.

Quakers

Believed within each individual lies a seed of truth and enlightenment. In pious living, contemplation and a state of receptivity, a person can allow this seed to grow and spread its inner questioning. Many were conspicuous because they rejected outward forms, customs, and social hierarchy. It was a common practice among quakers, for example, to address even people of high social station with the familiar "thou" and "thee." They were persecuted in England and in Massachusetts Bay.

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan at 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

William Byrd

British planter, slaveholder and author from Charles City County in colonial Virginia. He is considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia. Served on Virginia's Governor Council from 1709-1744

Glorious Revolution

Caused end of great dominion of New England; English revolution where James II was overthrown; he was replaced with William and Mary; 1691, Mass. became a royal colony and the right to vote was extended to all Protestants under the new monarch's rule (this was different than before, as before only puritans could vote

"virtual representation"

Colonies and Ireland were represented in Parliament even though they didn't get to elect their representatives. This was the theory of virtual representation.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

John Smith

English explorer, soldier and writer; best known for his role in establishing the first permanent English colony in the New World in 1607 (Jamestown)

General Court

Elected legislature in Massachusetts; Each puritan town had representatives that they sent to the General Court. Restricted to church members only; however, preachers/ministers were not allowed to hold office (although they had a lot of influence).

Roger Williams

Extreme Separatist; he disagrees with teachings of the church of England; he founded Rhode Island as an offshoot of Mass. because General Court kicked him out of Mass; was a minister in Salem; did not like the Puritan system; he also thought settlers had no right to their land unless they paid the Indians for it and he thought Puritanism was too similar to Anglicanism; encouraged religious tolerance; wanted separation of church and state.

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia from 1605 to 1677. Advocated diversification and promoted trade between the colonists and the Virginia Indians.

Jonathan Edwards

He is considered America's minister. He was very intelligent and said that people saw the Enlightenment incorrectly and that science made mistakes. He said that the five senses are are our only source of ideas. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. In my opinion, he speaks almost as if he uses scare tactics to make people want salvation.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. His speeches were really incredible. Thousands of people converted after hearing him speak. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. His core message was: the need for new birth.

John Winthrop

He was a minister of a group of English puritans. He was then the governor of the in 1630 of Massachusetts. It was his goal to create a spiritual community.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

Boston Massacre

In 1770, some colonists threw snowballs at a group of British soldiers and the soldiers fired their guns, killing 5 colonists.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who wrote about the governor. He was questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's because he made the governor look bad. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty because of "freedom of press."

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade. A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. They were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

Patrick Henry

Led the opposition on the Stamp Act 1765 and is remembered for "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is regarded as one of the most influential champions of Republicanism and an enthusiastic promoter of the American Revolution and its fight for independence.

Writs of Assistance

Legalized by Parliament during the French and Indian War writs of assistance were general search warrants that allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods, even without probable cause for suspicion. The colonists considered the writs to be a grave infringement upon their personal liberties

Toleration Act of 1649

Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America.

Old vs. New Lights

Old lights were the people of the church who were for the old ways of the church. They did not like the Half Way Covenant and the new thinkers of the church. Much like how Hosmer was against changing the UHS test. The New Lights believed in new thinking and were for the Great Awakening.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament,

Middle Passage

Part of the Triangle Trade Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of her conflict with America; attempted to appease the colonies by modifying the Townshend Acts and imposing the Tea Act, but he just caused tensions to escalate and boil over; forced to resign after the British surrender at Yorktown

Great Migration

Puritan Migration to the New World. 1620-1640; primarily refers to puritans migrating to the Massachusetts; motivated by the fact that they could migrate and create a safe haven for their religion; farmers, artisans, and aaround university trained (nearly all studied divinity) colonists came; first ministers

Sam Adams

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party

Indentured servant

Someone under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time. During 17th century, most white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants.

Mercantilism

State-directed trade; economic activity to benefit the state. (Term coined by Adam Smith) *The mother country will profit off of colonies Economic demand

Headright

System created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia used to attract new settlers to the region and address labor shortage (tobacco farming required large supply of workers). New settlers that paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.

Penn's "Holy Experiment"

Term given to his attempt to create a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas of government, and generate income and profits for himself.

Stamp Act

The 1765 Stamp Act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents. Violators faced jury less trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act. The Stamp Act provoked the first organized response to British impositions.

Tea Act 1773

The 1773 Tea Act eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. This act effectively created a monopoly for the East India Company, which had been in financial difficulties. This, along with the Tea Act's reinforcement of the long-resented tax on tea, outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party.

Thomas Hutchinson

The British official, who was also the Massachusetts governor was determined not to budge under the colonists. He ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargo. His house was pillaged and burned by the colonists.

Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Townshend Act

The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed — beginning in 1767 — by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program.

covenant of grace

The belief that man can be saved by God if they are faithful and obedient; serving and believing in him entirely

Half-Way Covenant

The children of the first Puritans who did not "pass the test" or achieve grace. By this, they were still allowed to partake in some church events. Hosmer compared this to how they lowered the standards on the UHS test.

"seasoning time"

The period of time Virginia's colonists needed to adjust to the colony's climate and health conditions. An immigrant that survived his or her first two years in the colony was 'seasoned.' Also known as starving time, as a result of inexperienced travelers, colonists were forced to eat whatever they could find, including diseased rats, snakes, and even pets like cats and dogs. Colonists would have died out, had it not been for Squanto.

Congregationalism

This was when the people of the Puritan Community got together and held town meetings at the church, which was the center of the community. Essentially, the church was the town hall. This was different from England because, there, they had one big church that guided all of the smaller churches.

Separatists

Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; Also known as Pilgrims.

Robert Walpole and "salutary neglect"

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

French and Indian War

War between colonists of Britian and colonists of France & Native Americans during 1754 to 1760. The purpose was to get North American lands for farming crops and securing a place to live well.

William Pitt

William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him

Coercive Acts

acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials

Anne Hutchinson

another Massachusetts religious dissident who was tried and banished in 1638. daughter of a minister, wife of a prosperous cloth merchant, mother of eleven children. Arrived in 1634 to the New World, emerged as a charismatic amateur theologian. Argued that faith was more important than works when she had informal meetings in her home to discuss Sunday sermons. Espoused Antimonianism, which meant that the burning love of Christ in your heart prevails over reason, custom and government. This interpretation challenged the very foundation of the Puritan community. She left for Rhode Island too.

Plantation economy

is based on agriculural mass production. Few commodity crops grown on large farms (plantations). Rely on export of cash crops as a source of income.

Galloway Plan of Union**

put forward in the First Continental Congress by Joseph Galloway of PA; the idea was to have the colonies stay with Britain and create their own Colonial Parliament, which would act together with British Parliament; due to the already well-established radical wave, the plan was narrowly outvoted by the Congress

House of Burgesses

the lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature. First legislative assembly in the American colonies. Set up in Jamestown in 1619. Each settlement sent representatives and the Virginia Company appointed leaders.