UMD 382 COMM final
What is health communication (see definition from the Centers for Disease Control, text p. 387)?
"the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual decisions that enhance health."
collectivistic learning styles
(Kolb) individuals tend to have a more abstract learning style in cultures that are collectivistic and uncertainty avoidant (Kolb) individuals may have a more reflective learning style in countries that are high in collectivism and uncertainty avoidance.
What are the four modes of acculturation discussed in the text and in lecture?
(a) assimilation (b) integration (c) separation (d) marginalization
Be familiar with Chinese management practices discussed in the chapter.
- Confucian ideals form the foundation of management - Decision-making is an important; manager is expected to make decisions on behalf of the entire group - Communication between managers and workers is restricted
How do dimensions of cultural variability in *collectivists* affect organizational communication across cultures?
- Organizations in *collectivistic* cultures are more likely to emphasize group harmony and teamwork--more like a community than an entity. -
What are some of the causes for acculturative stress?
- Ppl adapting to new cultures face changes in their diet, climate, housing, communication, role prescriptions, and media consumption, as well as in myriad rules, norms, and values of a new and (relatively) dissimilar culture - ppl are isolated from familiar social networks and may experience problems with language, unemployment, and discrimination
How does culture affect health care resources?
- available resources to manage health care differ considerably across cultures - disparities in terms of cost, the number of physicians, and life expectancy, to name only a few, the differences in how cultures address health issues (within these contexts where communication plays a key role)
Be familiar with Chinese commerce practices discussed in the chapter.
- collectivistic, high context, & large power distance culture - gift giving was once an important part of Chinese culture (should be done in privacy) but Chinese business culture prohibits giving gifts - better off giving a gift to the entire company but pick an appropriate time to team leader - Where the meeting takes place, who is invited, and who is presenting all are critical ingredients in a successful business meeting - go to great lengths to establish trust and a social bond in their international business relationships - do not approach conflict but, rather, avoid it in an effort to maintain harmony
How may culture affect perceptions of teacher immediacy?
- culture determines how much teacher immediacy is conducted - teacher immediacy is almost always associated with positive learning outcomes - cultures where teachers may not be perceived as immediate—as U.S. teachers are—as immediacy increases, students report that they learn more cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally - high power distance might have limited teacher immediacy
How may culture affect information-processing?
- culture plays a much more influential role in human learning processes - specific information-processing abilities (i.e., learning styles) are acquired via culture and the socialization process
What is patient-provider communication?
- face-to-face interaction between the patient and his or her individual health care provider, which includes physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors, among others
Be familiar with Japanese, management practices discussed in the chapter.
- firm's authority (managers appeal to the entire organization itself, independent of their superiors) - personal development (manager convinces his employees to comply with a request to enhance their careers within the organization) - socializing (managers ask to spend time with their employees after hours) - managers use influence tactics that are subtle and indirect - managers use strategies that rely on the influence of the organization and group harmony.
Be familiar with German, management practices discussed in the chapter.
- have professional rather than academic degrees - quality of skill & amount of experience are the most important promotional considerations - managers choose and train their own replacements (shadow program) - managers isolate themselves in their offices behind closed doors (Doors are an important cultural symbol and ppl should always knock) - closed door indicates that a manager respects the privacy of subordinates and is not looking over their shoulders
How do dimensions of cultural variability in uncertainty avoidance affect organizational communication across cultures? (high uncertainty aviodence)
- high (or strong) uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Mexico, innovative or risk-taking behavior is considered inappropriate
colletivism classrooms
- in Collectivistic classrooms you will find students working in groups. Tasks among students will not be divided equally, however students share their information with one another even on a test
How does individualism-collectivism affect the use of these approaches? (outcome-oriented approach & process-oriented approach to conflict)
- individualists tend to follow an outcome-oriented approach - collectivists tend to follow a process-oriented approach
How may cultural dimensions and verbal & nonverbal codes affect communication in an organizational culture?
- language - verbal style - kinesics - paralanguage - olfactics - touch
Be familiar with Mexican, commerce practices discussed in the chapter.
- large power distance culture - group oriented (concerned about any behavior that would upset the harmony of their household, church, or workplace) - workers do not wish to call attention to themselves for outperforming coworkers and may be ashamed and embarrassed if recognized above others - individual effort and self-starting are met with suspicion (need reasons for why coming to work early)
How do dimensions of cultural variability in power distance affect organizational communication across cultures? (Large power distance)
- large power distance cultures will be status conscious. has top-down communication, and will be mindful of employee welfare. Formality between employer and employee will be the rule. Employees will not be expected to participate in management decision-making
Which type of culture (high vs low context) is more likely to separate a conflict issue from the persons involved?
- low-context cultures, such as the United States, individuals are more likely to separate the conflict issue from the persons involved - high-context cultures, such as China, the conflict issue and the persons involved are typically connected
Can organizations have their own culture?
- organizations can be thought of as mini-cultures - each organization represents a pattern of values by the ppl. - they have a common goal that uses verbal and nonverbal symbol system
How does culture affect lay theories of illness?
- people from different cultures generally attribute illness to one of four causes - (Helman) these attributions for health and illness reflect the particular culture's general value orientations-- persons in many cultures make multi-causal attributions for illness (e.g.; someone will use biomedical care to heal themselves but believe that bad luck or witchcraft caused the illness)
Be familiar with Japanese, commerce practices discussed in the chapter.
- principal of wa (harmony) - some groups begin their day by exercising together (taiso) engages group members in coordinated activity - after work employees to eat and drink together to maintain harmonious group relationships - the phenomenon of the Japanese salaryman (78 hours of work and 35 hours of sleep weekly) expected to put the company first, even before family - two key features are lifetime employment (shushin koyo) and seniority grading (nenko joretsu) - employees who change their employers are penalized - a common attitude among Japanese businesspersons is that foreigners are always outsiders, called Gaijin
How do dimensions of cultural variability in power distance affect organizational communication across cultures? (small power distance)
- small power distance cultures; (US) employees are routinely asked for their opinion on work-related issues(participatory) --if workers are allowed to participate in decision-making, they will be more committed to the decision.
How does culture affect health communication?
- the health care provider - the patient - the locale or setting - the method to be employed to ignore the cultural differences in any of these elements is to court disaster (e.g.) paternalism (the doc. makes recommendations and you don't question them) v. consumerism (making joint decision with the doc)
What are some factors discussed in the chapter that affect cross-cultural business negotiations? (for example, perceptions of time, specificity of written communication, etc.)
- the process of building trust (depending on the culture, it may take days, weeks, or even months) - managers should not impose artificial deadlines for the sake of efficiency (pace of negotiations to develop on its own time) - managers be conscious of terms and phrases that may be well understood within their corporation but will be misunderstood by outsiders - kinesic, paralinguistic, olfactory, haptic, and proxemic behaviors can be interpreted differently across cultures
How do dimensions of cultural variability in uncertainty avoidance affect organizational communication across cultures? (low uncertainty aviodence)
- uncertainty avoidance cultures such as the United States, employees are encouraged to innovate and take risks
The two-dimensional model (self-concern vs other-concern) 3 main take aways
1. The 5 conflict styles should be 4 (MMDS shows that compromising & integrating have the same meaning) 2. The 2-D model (self-concern v. other concern) "grossly understates the complexity of conflict management" 3. The meaning go the 5 styles are clearly not universal. Only dominating style was interpreted similarly by I&C.
What are the types of face needs?
1.Positive Face Need is the desire to be liked 2.Negative Face Need is the desire to be autonomous & unconstrained
cultural context
An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behavior held by an identifiable group of people with a common verbal and nonverbal symbol system
Marginalization (mode of acculturation)
An individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture (ppl can experience alienation from both cultures--they feel a sense of abandonment)
What type of framework is being used if someone involves a 3rd part?
Avoiding
Examples of micro level kim model
Cognitive simplicity/rigidity In-group bias,Insecurity /frustration:
Collectvist style of dealing with FTA
Collectivists tend to use/prefer integrating, obliging, and avoiding styles more during conflict
Dominating facework
Communicative behaviors characterized by an individual's need to control the situation and defend his or her self-face. Defend self
What is the Platinum Rule (vs the Golden rule)? Why should medical professionals adopt & practice the Platinum Rule?
Golden rule is to treat others how you would want to be treated, Platinium rule is to ask others how they want to be treated.
Example of Macro kim
History of subjugation: Minority group strength:
How do dimensions of cultural variability in individualistic affect organizational communication across cultures?
Individualistic corporations emphasize personal goals and within-organization promotion. Employees compete for resources and promotions--the organization is seen more as an entity than as a community.
Indivdulistic style of dealing with FTA
Individualists tend to use more dominating styles
Integration (mode of acculturation)
Individuals develop a kind of bicultural orientation that successfully blends and synthesizes cultural dimensions from both groups while maintaining an identity in each group (associated with less acculturative stress and conflict)
Separation (mode of acculturation)
Individuals prefer low levels of interaction with their host culture while maintaining a close connection with their native culture (may harbor animosity toward the host culture as a result of social or historical factors)
Integrating Style
Integrating Style conflict resolution style showing high concern for others as well as for one's self`
What is acculturation?
Is the process whereby you adapt to a new culture by adopting its values, attitudes, and practices.
psychomotor component (Model of Intercultural Competence)
It's the actual enactment of the knowledge and affective component The extent to which one can translate cultural knowledge into verbal and nonverbal performance and role enactment
Interpersonal Factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
Language skills Independence Fortitude (courage in pain or adversity) Tolerance of ambiguity Resourcefulness Age Previous travel
can management in a business setting be conducted without consideration of the bounds of culture?
No because the management and sales tactics of one country, no matter how successful they may be in that country, probably are not suitable for another country
Intercultural willingness to communicate (part of affective component)
Predisposition to initiate intercultural interaction with persons from different cultures, even when completely free to choose whether or not to communicate
Paternalism in health comm
Provider holds more power than patients and manage the interaction where as the patients are more passive
examples of intermediary level kim
Segregation/contact,Status discrepancy, race, language
Culture shock (stages of culture)
Stressful confusion lack of control fatique
What are some strategies for managing culture shock (think of the acronym, SLAAMD).
Study host culture & local environment Learn basic verbal & NV lang. skills Assume the principal of difference (perceptual context) Anticipate failure events Maintain an intimate social network Develop intercultural relationships
perceptual context
The attitudes, emotions, and motivations of the persons engaged in communication and how they affect information processing
What is acculturative stress?
The degree of physical and psychological stress persons experience when they enter a culture different from their own as a result of the adaptation required to function in a new and different cultural context
Assimilation (mode of acculturation)
The degree to which an individual takes on the behaviors and language habits and practices the basic rules and norms of the host culture while relinquishing ties with the native culture
Knowledge component (Model of Intercultural Competence)
The extent of one's awareness of another culture's values and so forth; also, the extent to which one is cognitively simple, rigid, and ethnocentric
situational features component (Model of Intercultural Competence)
The extent to which the environmental context, previous contact, status differential, and third-party intervention affect one's competence during intercultural communication
environmental context
The geographical and psychological location of communication within some cultural context
What is cultural transmutation (another possible acculturation mode) how does this differ from seperation
The individual chooses to identify with a third cultural group (microculture) that materializes out of the native and host cultural groups (e.g , someone choosing to join a gang, LGBTQ bc they left their native heterosexual group, changing religions). It is different from separation in that a new cultural identity is created.
Facework
a term that is used to describe the verbal and nonverbal ways we act to maintain our own presenting image
What are the "four causes" cultures may emphasize in their lay theories of illness?
a) factors within the individual, such as poor eating habits b)factors within the natural environment, such as air/water pollution c)societal factors such as intergroup conflict, poor health care facilities etc.. d)supernatural forces, religious beliefs, fate, etc.
quality of information (Degree of Culture Shock)
amount and caliber of information about new environment channels of communication media exposure
Face
an identity, the persona we keep up in the society-a public image
Face authenticity
an individual's personality; authentic self, Indvidualistic, not going to bend your beliefs to appease another face
Provider-Patient Communication
asymetrical**
What are the factors affecting cultural adaptation and acculturation?
communication - environment (degree to which the host culture is receptive to strangers, host conformity pressure; natives exert pressure on newcomers to conform to their culture's values, beliefs, and practices can facilitate or alienate the newcomers) - predisposition (how much ppl know about their new culture, their ability to speak the language, the probability of employment, and their understanding of the cultural institutions, their ethnicity/race/lang./age/sex
integrating facework
communicative behaviors that allow for closure during communication or conflict. Apology, search for middle ground, combined viewpoints
avoiding facework
communicative behaviors that focus on an attempt to save the face of the *other* person during communication or conflict. Give in/succomb, act like your not upset at all.
What is an outcome-oriented approach (individualistic)
conflict is a means to reach an end (goals). The goal is to produce tangible resolutions. The conflict is seen as productive/unproductive based on the outcome of the conflict.
control factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
degree of control one has over initiating move to a new culture
Cultual similarity (Degree of Culture Shock)
degree of similarity between native and host cultures, including the physical environment
Macro Level (Kim's model)
factors out of the interactants control history of subjugation - african americans and whites societal differences regarding power, prestige, and economic reward - whites have held most of the power
what is process-oriented approach to conflict? (Collectivist)
focuses on mutual-face or group-face interests. The goal is to meet face needs of all parties. When both parties maintain/boost face, conflict is seen as a win/win
Avoiding Style
ignores both self-face need and other-face need
face needs
important components of one's desired public image
What aspects of culture contexts affect communication in an organizational culture?
individualism & collectivism - high & low context - value orientations - large & small power distance - uncertainty avoidance
Tourist Phase (Stages of Culture Shock)
intense excitement and euphoria associated with being somewhere new
Geopolitical factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
international, national, regional or local tensions
A face-threatening act (FTA)
is an act which challenges the face wants of someone during conversation
Conflict
is an aggravating disagreement process between two interdependent parties over incompatible goals and the interference each perceives from the other in her or his effort to achieve those goals."
What is intercultural communication competence?
is defined as the degree to which you effectively adapt your verbal and nonverbal messages to the appropriate cultural context.
Spatial/temporal factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
length of stay geographical locale
Be familiar with German, commerce practices discussed in the chapter.
low-context--monochronic culture - language is literal - love innovation and high tech products - facts are more important than face--factual honesty is more important than politeness - state-regulated apprentice system; they learn a specialized skill (a state diploma) - learning is both on the job and theoretical - curriculum is determined by the government, an employers' association, and German trade unions - compartmentalization (very important)—isolate and divide many aspects of their lives into discrete, independent units - they do not share information with others except within their own working groups - private people.
Consumerism/Mutual participation in health comm
patients are more actively engaged in decision making
Adjustment Stage (Culture Shock)
people seek out problem solving conflict resolution strategies, understanding no one is out to get you, problems are from differences in new culture vs old
Obliging Style
person who puts the other-face need *ahead* of self-face need
Comprising Style
person who tries to balance both self-face and other-face needs - each party looses something
Adaptation phase (stages of culture shock)
personal growth, bicultural identity, stable adaptations
Organismic/Biological Factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
physical condition medical or dietary needs ability to tolerate biorhythmic disruptions (e.g; daily cycle of of sleeping & waking) (pattern of physical, emotional, or mental activity)
Face adaptability
preserve their own face and the face of others, positive face, collectivist, (think compromise)
teacher immediacy
refers to the verbal and nonverbal communication expressed by teachers that reduces the physiological and psychological distance between teachers and students
Face concern
regard for self-face, other-face, or mutual-face
intrapersonal factors (Degree of Culture Shock)
social support networks intercultural relationships intracultural relationships
Intermediary Level (Kim's Model)
the actual location and context of the conflict. (neighborhoods, schools, work) physical and social differences between the conflicting individuals. (race, language, speech patterns) differences in status along cultural lines
affective component (Model of Intercultural Competence)
the degree to which one approaches or avoids intercultural communication
An individual's level of acculturation depends on what
the degree to which the person approaches or avoids interaction with the host culture & the degree to which the individual maintains or relinquishes his or her native culture's attributes
intercultural conflict
the experience of emotional frustration or mismatched expectations between individuals from different cultures who perceive an incompatibility between their values, norms, goals, scarce resources, or outcomes during an intercultural exchange."
Intercultural communication apprehension ICA (part of affective component)
the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated interaction with persons from different cultures
What is culture shock?
the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.
Host Culture Attitudes/Policies (Degree of Culture Shock)
the host culture's attitudes and policies toward immigrants racism stereotypes of newcomers discrimination
organizational culture
the set of values, ideas, attitudes, and norms of behavior that is learned and shared among the members of an organization
Micro/indvidua Level (Kim's model)
the unique attitudes, dispositions, and beliefs that each individual brings to a conflict
Face Negotiation Theory
the view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face-saving strategies
in large power distance classrooms
there are high levels of respect for teachers and strict formal role performance between teachers and students
What is the W-curve model of reentry culture shock? What does the W-curve depict? (Be able to identify the parts of both of these models in a visual representation)
when people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock, this time in their native culture
Be familiar with Mexican, manegment practices discussed in the chapter.
worker's attitude toward the boss is virtually never confrontational - communication between people of different hierarchical levels are off-putting - workers prefer close supervision - workers prefer to know exactly what they are supposed to do, and they want to be rewarded for doing it - hold to traditional hierarchical roles based on family, education, age, and position
Three kinds of facework strategies
◦Dominating (e.g., defend self, be aggressive) ◦Avoiding (e.g., yield, involve third party) ◦Integrating (e.g., apologize, show concern for other, compromise)
