Unit 1, 2, and 3 APES

An earthquake that measures 8.0 on the Richter scale is how many times stronger than an earthquake that measures 5.0? 3 300 3,000 1,000

1,000

A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m2/year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the NPP? 6.2 kg C/m2/year 1.4 kg C/m2/year 1.0 kg C/m2/year 9.12 kg C/m2/year

1.4 kg C/m2/year

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? 1.5kcal 150kcal 1,500kcal 13,500kcal

150kl

The American bison population at the time of European settlement was estimated to be about 70 million animals. Today the population is approximately 500,000 animals. By approximately what percent has the population of bison decreased? * 50 percent 75 percent 1 percent 99 percent 9.9 percent

99

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers? Tertiary consumers are the largest organisms in an ecosystem and require the most space to survive. Plants can only perform photosynthesis during the day, so tertiary consumers cannot get enough energy from consuming plants. A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level. Tertiary consumers are often indicator species and are the first to be affected by environmental disturbances.

A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

How does an algal bloom affect the oxygen content of the water? An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall. An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions. An algal bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water. An algal bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water.

An algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions.

In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds? Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation Ammonification

Assimilation

Which letter correctly identifies a process of the hydrologic cycle in which the phase of water is changed from a liquid to a gas? A B C D

B

The least weathered zone in a soil is the A horizon. O horizon. E horizon. C horizon.

C - Horizon

Which endangered population in the United States has benefitted from a highly successful captive breeding program? California condor Wolf Bison Florida panther American alligator

California condor

Which material is best as a liner for a landfill?* clay sand silt basalt

Clay

Which activity is currently changing the carbon cycle? Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Formation of fossil fuels Combustion of fossil fuels

Combustion of fossil fuels

Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650kcal/m2/year, and forest B has a net primary productivity of 1,110kcal/m2/year. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? Forest A has a higher rate of decomposition by bacteria than forest B . Forest A has more biodiversity than forest B . Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers. Forest A producers have more biomass than forest B producers.

Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers.

What is the best way to connect separate populations in order to promote gene flow? Catch and release programs Captive breeding in zoos Habitat corridors An increase in edge habitat Introduction of exotic species

Habitat corridors

Increased emissions of CO2 has led to an increase in ocean acidification. This increase in ocean acidification (decrease in pH) can cause calcium carbonate to dissolve, and therefore disrupt the ability of marine organisms to make or protect shells. What does this example illustrate? * How climate change can decrease marine biodiversity How climate change can increase marine biodiversity How artificial selection operates in marine biomes How natural selection affects survival How calcium carbonate bioaccumulates in the ocean

How climate change can decrease marine biodiversity

Which is the best example of artificial selection? Bees pollinate different species of flowers. Finches adapt to different sources of food on different islands. An isolated population of frogs develops a phenotype distinct from the original population. Humans breed horses for speed.

Humans breed horses for speed.

Acid precipitation is destructive to I. limestone gravestones. II. marble statues. III. granite outcrops. * 0/1 I only II only I and II I and III

I and II

Which of the following is true about El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? I. It suppresses upwelling off the coast of South America. II. It contributes to global climate change. III. It causes the trade winds to weaken, allowing warm water to move eastward. * I only II only III only I and III

I and III

Fossils, formed from plant or animal remains, are found in I. sedimentary rock. II. metamorphic rock. III. igneous rock. * I only II only III only I and III

I only

You are on a town committee formed to determine the borders for a new local nature park. You explain that according to the theory of island biogeography, if the committee wishes to promote species richness it should I. increase the size of the park. II. decrease the distance between the park and a nearby protected forest. III. isolate the park by building a wall around its borders. I only II only III only I and II I, II and III

I only

Resilience of ecosystems depends greatly on I. the ecosystem's cultural services. II. species diversity. III. the ecosystem's instrumental value. I only II only III only I and II I, II and III

I, II and III

Humans have a considerable effect on the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following has a direct effect? I. Deforestation II. Urbanization III. Mining of fossil fuels I only II only III only I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which of the following types of organisms carry out cellular respiration? I. Producers II. Scavengers III. Secondary consumers I II I &II I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which poses the greatest obstacle to the protection of threatened or endangered species? I. Too much regulation II. Lack of international treaties to protect species III. Poor enforcement of laws I and II II only I, II and III I and III III

III

Which group of organisms represents the largest number of species listed in the Endangered Species Act? Insects Fish Mammals Amphibians Plants

Insects

What is the importance of the ozone layer? It contributes to the greenhouse effect. It prevents gamma radiation from reaching Earth's surface. It absorbs incoming UV rays. It reflects incoming heat back into space.

It absorbs incoming UV rays.

Which is NOT a benefit of selective cutting? * Mimicking natural canopy disturbances Optimum growth for sun loving species Mature trees that remain in the ecosystem aid in reseeding Less soil erosion than clear cutting Less damage to biodiversity

Less Damage to bioD

What role do lichens play in weathering? * Lichens play a role in chemical weathering because they produce weak acids. Lichens play a role in chemical weathering only when they are in contact with limestone. Lichens play a role in chemical weathering because they create carbon dioxide. Lichens play a role in physical weathering because their roots contribute to erosion.

Lichens play a role in chemical weathering because they create carbon dioxide.

Boreal forests tend to have a thick layer of organic material but the soil is poor in nutrients. What is the best explanation for this? The organic material is low in nutrients. The rapid growth rate of plants uses the nutrients rapidly. The soils have a low permeability and the nutrients do not dissolve in the soils. The soil is too rocky to hold a high content of nutrients. Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition.

Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition.

The movement of oceanic and continental plates is driven by convection in Earth's * inner core outer core mantle crust

Mantle

Magma circulates in convection cells in Earth's * crust mantle/asthenosphere core lithosphere

Mantle/asthenosphere

Which of the following major storage reservoirs of carbon, stored in the form of carbon dioxide, is not represented in this diagram?* Algae Soil bacteria The Moon The ocean

Ocean

What effect could the melting of glaciers caused by global warming have on oceanic thermohaline circulation in the Northern Hemisphere? Overall nutrient levels would decrease. Terrestrial temperatures near western European coasts would increase. Ocean water would be less salty and less likely to sink. Surface and deep water circulation would stop.

Ocean water would be less salty and less likely to sink.

Which is NOT a process that forms sedimentary rock? * Sediments are deposited on an ocean floor. Sediments are deposited in a stream. Overlying sediments are compressed. Other rock is subjected to high temperature.

Other rock is subjected to high temperature.

Which of the following would best describe X in the diagram above?

Phosphorus and nitrogen are both required for plant growth.

What is the difference between the physical weathering of rocks and the erosion of rocks? Physical weathering happens over a few days, while erosion occurs over centuries. Physical weathering breaks down rocks, while erosion removes rock from an ecosystem. Physical weathering leads to deposition, while erosion leads to chemical weathering. Physical weathering requires water to break apart rocks, while erosion relies solely on wind.

Physical weathering breaks down rocks, while erosion removes rock from an ecosystem.

Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem Herbivores - producers - carnivores - scavengers Producers - herbivores - carnivores - scavengers Producers - carnivores - herbivores - carnivores Scavengers - producers - herbivores - carnivores

Producers - herbivores - carnivores - scavengers

Redwoods grow most often by Re-sprouting from stumps Seeds that germinate after fire Wind-borne spores Artificial grafts Cross-breeding with CD Redwoods

Re-sprouting from stumps

Which is NOT likely to characterize pioneer plant species involved in primary succession? Able to tolerate intense sunlight Able to tolerate low nutrient levels Produces many small seeds that can travel great distances Glows slowly, lives a long time Remains small

Remains small

At which stage of the hydrologic cycle are conditions most likely to contribute to the development of an algal bloom? Evaporation Precipitation Runoff Transpiration

Runoff

As water freezes or evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water? * 0/1 Salinity decreases. Salinity increases. Salinity increases as water freezes, decreases as water evaporates. Salinity increases as water evaporates, decreases as water freezes.

Salinity increases as water evaporates, decreases as water freezes.

In the United States, which agency is responsible for monitoring the import of threatened species as well as administering the Endangered Species Act? * The Fish and Wildlife Service The Environmental Protection Agency The Forest Service The National Park Service The Nature Conservancy

The Fish and Wildlife Service

Which of the following is the best description of albedo?* The ability of an object to reflect light The ability of an object to absorb light The ability of an object to absorb gases The ability of an object to reflect gases

The ability of an object to absorb light

How are the elements on Earth distributed? The densest elements are in the center, called the mantle. The least dense elements are at the surface, called the mantle. The densest elements are in the center, called the core. The least dense elements are in the center, called the core.

The densest elements are in the center, called the core.

Following the last ice age over 10,000 years ago, glacial melting in Greenland and the Arctic decreased the salinity of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Lower salinity caused the water to become less dense and therefore less likely to sink. How might this decrease in salinity have affected the temperature in northwest Europe? * 0/1 The temperature would have decreased because the melting glaciers reflected less sunlight back into the atmosphere. The temperature would have decreased because the thermohaline circulation within the Gulf Stream shut down. The temperature would have increased because the end of the ice age led to warmer temperatures everywhere. The temperature would have increased because the decrease in glaciers led to warmer water temperatures.

The temperature would have decreased because the thermohaline circulation within the Gulf Stream shut down.

What is one major role that gyres play in global climate? * 0/1 They redistribute heat from the north to the south. They redistribute heat from the equator to northern latitudes. They drive global wind patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. They redistribute tropical moisture.

They redistribute heat from the equator to northern latitudes.

During what stage of the hydrologic cycle is water released to the atmosphere from plants? Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Infiltration

Transpiration

In what location does El Niño occur? * 0/1 Tropical Atlantic Ocean Northern Atlantic Ocean Tropical Pacific Ocean Northern Pacific Ocean

Tropical Pacific Ocean

Which is Earth's most diverse biome? Tropical rainforest Temperate seasonal forest Coral reefs Grasslands

Tropical rainforest

What is the best explanation for the amount of rain that occurs at the equator? A high amount of wind at the equator leads to storms and rain. A large amount of water in the equatorial oceans leads to more rain. Warm air rises at the equator condenses at a high altitude, and falls back to Earth as rain. As the air rises, it becomes warmer and releases moisture back to Earth as rain.

Warm air rises at the equator condenses at a high altitude, and falls back to Earth as rain.

Which is NOT an ecological service provided by wetlands? Wetlands store rainwater. Wetlands are frequently used for agriculture because of the suitability of the soil. Wetlands provide breeding site for birds and fish. Wetlands slowly release water into the ground and streams.

Wetlands are frequently used for agriculture because of the suitability of the soil.

Which is an example of an alien species that was introduced by ballast water in ocean freighters? Sea Lamprey Zebra mussel Brown tree snake Rats Mongoose

Zebra mussel

You and a friend decide to spend Saturday afternoon fishing in a nearby lake. Upon arrival, you notice massive algal blooms in the lake and dead fish floating on the surface. A scientist informs you that the cause was an accidental leakage at a biological waste treatment plant located upstream. This is an example of * the tragedy of the commons overshooting maximum sustainable yield. lack of nutrients in the water. urban sprawl a negative externality.

a negative externality.

Glacier National Park is one of America's most beautiful and pristine national parks. Within the park itself, human impact is severely limited through a permitting process. Around the park, the mountainous region serves as a natural laboratory for many scientific experiments related to climate change and glaciers. Sustainable logging sites are located even further away from the park's epicenter. This is an example of conservation land. a biosphere reserve. a scientific reserve. an ecosystem reserve edge habitats.

a scientific reserve.

Where is upwelling most likely to occur? * 0/1 along the west coast of a continent along the east coast of a continent in the center of ocean basins along the equator

along the west coast of a continent

The cost of a good or service that is not included in the economic price is * a supply anomaly an externality a demand equilibrium price gouging a transaction cost

an externality

The aesthetic value of an ecosystem provides a supporting service monetary value a regulating service. an intrinsic value. a cultural service.

an intrinsic value.

Divergent plate boundaries are responsible for creation of new rock material * 0/1 along transform fault boundaries. at the bottom of the ocean. through volcanic activity. above geological hotspots.

at the bottom of the ocean.

Limestone rock is the dominant rock type * in northern Illinois in former ancient seafloor both of these answers neither of these answers

both of these answers

A gyre is an oceanic pattern of circulation that moves _________ in the Northern Hemisphere and ____________ in the Southern Hemisphere * clockwise, counterclockwise clockwise, clockwise counterclockwise, clockwise north, south

clockwise, counterclockwise

Many of the hot spots for biodiversity are located in____ nations. developed transitional developing industrialized post-industrial

developing

Massive forest fires that burn large areas and destroy forest canopy are most likely to benefit * early succession species seeking to fill a niche. late succession species that are easily reestablished apex species that dominated prior to the fire. density-dependent parasites such as bark boring species mobile canopy species such as upper canopy warblers

early succession species seeking to fill a niche.

Why does the Hawaiian island chain get smaller as you go further west? erosion is the only force acting on the islands with inactive volcanoes earthquakes caused the islands to shrink in size vegetation on the islands used up the volcanic rock for its nutrients the question itself is inaccurate: the islands don't get smaller

erosion is the only force acting on the islands with inactive volcanoes

Macroevolution refers to evolution that: affects only an organism's phenotype cannot be seen on a micro level gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla alters the genetic makeup of the species, without creating a new species

gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

A larger preserved area of land generally contains ________ biodiversity, and makes species ________ susceptible to extinction greater, less less, greater greater, greater less, less some, more

greater, less

In Europe, half of all livestock breeds from 1900 are now extinct. Of the remaining livestock, over one third are currently at risk of extinction. This decline in livestock diversity is largely the result of famines and droughts over the last century, which have limited the quantity of food natural selection of species in domestic settings, which has limited genetic diversity humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species climate change in Europe, which has caused many species to go extinct. pesticide use across the continent, which has caused inbreeding depression

humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species

Select the correct rock type connected with its mode of origin. * igneous: liquid magma sedimentary: exposure to high temperatures and pressures metamorphic: compression of mud by overlying sediments sedimentary: compression of magma

igneous: liquid magma

The diagrams above show an area that was once a pasture that has since undergone changes to the vegetation over time. Which of the following changes in the hydrologic cycle is most likely to occur as a result of the change in vegetation in the area?(cows) increased infiltration Increased runoff Decreased transpiration Decreased precipitation

increased infiltration

The Lacey Act was designed to provide a framework for the trade of organisms encourage harvesting alien species inhibit the interstate commerce of illegally harvested species raise funds to promote international conservation prevent the transport of invasive species across state lines

inhibit the interstate commerce of illegally harvested species

In the hydrologic cycle, evaporation generally occurs immediately after condensation. can only be initiated in the ocean. cannot be affected by human activities. is caused by heat from the Sun.

is caused by heat from the Sun.

The infiltration of pollutants into groundwater * is rare in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily. is common in areas with clay soils because water flows through these soils easily. is more likely in regions that contain basaltic bedrock. is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily

is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through these soils easily

The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as * herbs and conifers grasses and weeds broad-leaf trees and conifers lichens and mosses woody shrubs and conifers

lichens and mosses

In a particular freshwater ecosystem, phosphorous is required to sustain plant growth. Regardless of the amounts of nitrogen or other mineral nutrients in the lake, aquatic plants in this system have been unable to mature without an increase in phosphorous. In this example, phosphorous can be described as a micronutrient recycled element. negative feedback. limiting nutrient.

limiting nutrient.

You and a friend are exploring the regrowth of a clear-cut forest. During your first expedition you observe a beetle species in which 50 percent of the population has a brown exterior coloration and 50 percent has a green exterior coloration. Five years later you return to the same spot to study the beetles. However, you now observe that 75 percent of beetles have a brown exterior. This is an example of microevolution macroevolution genotypes biodiversity

microevolution

Climate change would most likely have a greater impact on * organisms with a varied diet organisms in extreme environments such as the Arctic marine organisms in communities around deep sea thermal vents extremophile bacteria such as those that live in hot springs. organisms in habitats that experience seasonal change

organisms in extreme environments such as the Arctic

The Hawaiian Islands formed* over a hot spot near tectonic plate boundaries as an offshoot of an older tectonic plate since the end of the last ice age

over a hot spot

The freeze-thaw cycle is an example of * chemical weathering. physical erosion. physical weathering. chemical erosion.

physical weathering.

Soil drains most rapidly when it is made up of primarily sand. roughly equal proportions of silt and clay. primarily clay. roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

primarily sand.

Over 12,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, the Laurentide Ice Sheet began melting and retreating in North America. The melt water and glacial erosion created glacial lakes across the northern half of the United States. Following the formation of a glacial lake, algae and phytoplankton in the lake begin to grow and reproduce rapidly. This is an example of * biodiversity primary succession secondary succession tertiary succession biogeography

primary succession

A population of rabbits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. The depression fills in with water and becomes a river that separates the population into two groups. Over a very long period the two populations develop into entirely different species, no longer capable of reproducing with each other. This is an example of artificial selection mutation speciation the bottleneck effect

speciation

When surface area of a rock increases * 0/1 the rock is less vulnerable to chemical weathering. the rock is less vulnerable to physical weathering. the rock weathers less rapidly. the rock weathers more rapidly.

the rock weathers more rapidly.

A farmer overgrazes his sheep in a common pasture. This is an example of * urban blight the tragedy of the commons the invisible hand a positive externality free market enterprise.

the tragedy of the commons

The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act out of self-interest for short-term gain is generally referred to as Capitalism Communism the invisble hand the tragedy of the commons the Hardin effect

the tragedy of the commons

The intrinsic value of an ecosystem is * the value that humans do not recognize within an ecosystem the cost of maintaining and conserving an ecosystem. the value of an ecosystem as determined through a cost-benefit analysis the value of an ecosystem dependent on human benefit the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit.

the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit.

A tragedy of the commons can occur when farmers use the same pubic land for grazing because law enforcement is not adequate in places where there is a lot of land sheep reproduce so quickly that the farmers are not able to feed them all the market does not need so many sheep there is no reason for any one farmer to protect the land.

there is no reason for any one farmer to protect the land.

Exotic species often pose a threat to native species because they are more genetically diverse than native species. they often crossbreed with native species. native species are vulnerable to the same parasites as exotic species. they are more desirable for human use. they can establish themselves quickly and become invasive.

they can establish themselves quickly and become invasive.

The abundance of producers and fish off of the west coasts of certain continents is caused by * the Coriolis effect prevailing winds low salinity upwelling

upwelling