Unit 1-5 Review (1491-1877)

The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the

passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

When the Civil War started, President Lincoln's primary objective was to

preserve the Union

The Proclamation of 1763 sought to

prevent conflicts with American Indians on the colonial frontier

The Louisiana Purchase proved politically troubling for Thomas Jefferson because of his

previous support for a strict interpretation of the Constitution

That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish ...any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, ...or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against United States, then such person, ...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years. The above section of the Sedition Act of 1798 was designed to

punish Democrat-Republican newspapers and individuals criticizing the Federalist Party

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) heightened the sectional crisis because it

repealed the Missouri Compromise

The controversy surrounding the Tariff of Abominations and nullification in 1832-1833 was significant, in part, because it

signaled the triumph of pro-tariff forces

Economic hardships and political instability in Europe

significant cause of the trend from 1843 to 1854 shown in the graph

A major defect in the national government established by the Articles of Confederation was that it lacked

the authority to tax

The emergence of an industrialized economy

the main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with

What gave the Jacksonians the edge in the 1828 election was their portrayal of Andrew Jackson as

an authentic man of the common people

The concept of republican motherhood includes the idea that women should

be educated to raise their children to be good citizens

An upsurge in nativist sentiment

direct effect of the trend in immigration after 1845 shown on the graph

result of the Market Revolution between 1815 and 1860

-Increasing economic specialization -The application of machinery to the mass production of goods -A greater disparity of wealth between rich and poor Americans -The beginnings of an organized labor movement

characteristics of the Whig Party

-Many of its members eventually became Republicans. -It opposed President Jackson's policies. -It favored protective tariffs. -It supported internal improvements paid for by the federal government.

Henry Clay's "American System" called for

-a tariff for the protection of industry -internal improvements at national government expense -participation of the Second National Bank in strengthening the nation's economy -increased trade among the sections of the nation

The development of the early nineteenth-century concept of "separate spheres" for the sexes encouraged

-idealization of the "lady" -designation of the home as the appropriate place for a woman

Historians have argued that all of the following were causes of the Civil War

-the clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrializing regions -the actions of irresponsible politicians and agitators in the North and the South -differences over the morality and future of slavery -a constitutional crisis pitting states' rights against federal power

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. . . Here too is the design an end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[G]overnments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The excerpts were written in response to the

British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies

"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of

Concepts of republican democracy found in the Declaration of Independence

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's open-air preaching contributed most directly to which trend?

Greater independence and diversity of thought

Thomas Jefferson opposed some of Alexander Hamilton's programs because Jefferson believed that

Hamilton's programs favored wealthy financial interests

had the greatest impact on the institution of slavery in the United States in the first quarter of the nineteenth century

Invention of the cotton gin

During the Market Revolution, the main waves of immigration came from

Ireland and Germany

Marbury v. Madison

It affirmed the principle of judicial review.

principle established by the authors of the Declaration of Independence in its final draft

It is the job of government to protect its citizens natural rights.

correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia

It spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as Blacks displaced White indentured servants in the tobacco fields.

Dred Scott decision

It stated that Black people were not citizens of the United States.

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 Which group would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt?

Northern abolitionists

most likely increased Mexican suspicion of United States territorial objectives in the 1830's and 1840's

Rhetoric on "manifest destiny" in the American press

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of

The Second Great Awakening

"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 Which event in the late 19th and early 20th centuries seems to most represent a continuation of the process described in the passage above?

The United States gaining possession of overseas territories

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The preaching described in the excerpt is an example of which development in the 1700s?

The expansion of Protestant evangelism

In the presidential campaign of 1860, what position was asserted by the Republican party platform with respect to slavery?

The extension of slavery to United States territories should be prohibited by the federal government, but slavery should be protected in the states where it already existed.

-The number of Africans imported to the New World increased from the arrival of Columbus until the start of the nineteenth century. -The eighteenth century saw the largest number of Africans transported to the Americas. -Over ten million Africans were transported to the New World between 1450 and 1900.

The graph supports all of the following

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which development in the mid-19th century?

The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. . . Here too is the design an end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[G]overnments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The principles expressed by Paine and Jefferson best account for which of the following features of the United States during and immediately after the American Revolution?

The growth of conflict between wealthy elites and poor farmers and laborers

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. . . Here too is the design an end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[G]overnments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The ideas about government expressed by Paine and Jefferson are most consistent with

The ideas of the Enlightenment

direct effect of the Second Great Awakening in the United States

The increased participation of women in reform movements

situation of freedmen in the decade following the Civil War

The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters.

passage of the Missouri Compromise

The map above shows the United States immediately following the

The Northeast

The migrants represented by the graph most typically settled in which region of the United States?

The replacement of indigenous labor and indentured servitude by enslaved Africans in New World colonies

The pattern depicted on the graph from 1450 to 1800 best serves as evidence of

"The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to far in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock - honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle - and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 The trends described by Taylor most directly illustrate which major historical development in the Atlantic world?

The phenomenon known as the Columbian Exchange

"The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to far in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock - honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle - and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which development?

The population decline in Native American societies

popular sovereignty

The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there

Why were many Americans were suspicious of the Second Bank of the United States?

They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite

"Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for Kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island." This quotation best represents:

Thomas Paine's thesis for independence in Common Sense

For John Winthrop and the Puritans "City Upon a Hill" to succeed,

maintaining a strict adherence to the teachings of the Church of England was necessary

The outlawing of the international slave trade by Great Britain and the United States

What contributed most directly to the change in the number of Africans transported to the New World after 1800?

The Federalist Papers challenged the conventional political wisdom of the eighteenth century when they asserted that

a large republic offered the best protection of personal rights

By the time of the Revolution, Enlightenment thought had convinced the majority of the American colonists that creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic would establish

a small, limited government responsible to the people

During the debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, a primary argument of the Anti-Federalists was that

a strong central government was dangerous to individual liberty

After the Pueblo Revolt (1680), the Spanish

adopted a new policy of respect of Pueblo culture and religion

"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 The process described in the passage above most directly led to political controversies in the 1840s and 1850s over the

expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories

A significant result of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was that the United States

experienced increasing tension over the issue of slavery

The encomienda system was primarily designed by the Spanish government in order to

extract tribute and labor from natives.

The primary reason for the early struggles that confronted the Jamestown colony in the Chesapeake was the

fact that colonizers were ill-equipped for survival

Perfectionism in the mid-nineteenth century is best defined as

faith in human capacity to achieve a better life on earth through conscious acts of will

The "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" issued by the Seneca Falls Convention demanded

greater rights for women

In his "Gettysburg Address," President Lincoln

harkened back to the ideals found in the Declaration of Independence

In part, President Lincoln refrained from taking action to emancipate slaves until the Civil War had been in progress for almost two years because

he sought to retain the loyalty of the border states

The French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) was a pivotal point in America's relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to

impose revenue taxes on the colonies

"The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to far in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock - honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle - and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 The export of New World crops to the Old World transformed European society mostly by

improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth

The major purpose of England's mercantilist policy was to

increase England's prosperity

During the first three decades of English colonization, a majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were

indentured servants

The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were notable accomplishments because they

initiated a territorial policy that provided for the orderly creation of new states

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by

trans-Atlantic exchanges

President Monroe articulated the Monroe Doctrine in his 1823 address to Congress primarily in order to

warn European nations against further colonial ventures in the Western Hemisphere

In his Farewell Address, George Washington

warned against the dangers of permanent alliances between the United States and foreign nations

The North American colonies took advantage of Great Britain's policy of salutary neglect to

work out trade arrangements to acquire needed products from other countries

During the 1800s the most common form of resistance to slavery by slaves themselves was

working slowly and breaking tools